scholarly journals The unequal cycling boom in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Hudde
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Mobility Behaviour

Over the last two decades, cycling in Germany has increased by more than 40%. This paper analyses how this overall increase is broken down by group, characterised by residence (rural and smaller towns vs. medium-sized and larger cities) and education (high vs. low). It analyses (1) how the composition of the population changes according to these groups, (2) how cycling behaviour develops within these groups, and (3) how the changes in composition and behaviour shape the overall volume of cycling. Data on mobility behaviour comes from the large-scale, representative German Mobility Panel from 1996 to 2018, and the analytical sample covers information on more than 28,000 persons over approximately 730,000 reported trips. Data on changes in population composition comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Results show that the increase in cycling is unbalanced and largely a consequence of highly educated people in cities who now cycle twice as much and whose share of the population has doubled. This reveals that the cycling boom is bypassing important parts of the population, which limits the contribution of cycling to sustainability goals. Furthermore, the uneven evolution of cycling amplifies social inequalities in finances and health. Finally, this paper shows that increased cycling comes not only from changing behaviour within groups, but also from altered population composition. The most impactful compositional shift is the increasing level of education, which will likely continue to boost cycling.

scholarly journals Indonesian MSME E-Commerce among the Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Elya Kurniawati ◽  
Immamul Huda Al Siddiq
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
Transaction Pattern

Objective - This study aims to find out (1) how the e-commerce utilization model before and during the pandemic, (2) the influence of the level of education on the tendency to use e-commerce (3) the marketing media used before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, and ( 4) the average income of MSME actors before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is an explanative quantitative method, using a questionnaire, examining theories and policies related to Covid-19 and the application of e-commerce. Methodology/Technique – This study used a sample of 75 MSME actors and found that there was a significant increase in the use of e-commerce by Indonesian MSME actors during the Covid-19 pandemic. The use of online media in economic activities during the pandemic increased from 21.33% to 54.67%. Meanwhile, the education level of the MSME actors did not influence the decision to change the transaction pattern from offline to online with r score of 0.132. Finding – This means that this pandemic has changed the way of transactions in economic activity to its roots no matter how high the education level of the MSME actors is. The income of MSME actors has actually dropped dramatically during the pandemic, especially the period when the government implemented the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: L81, O32. Keywords: COVID-19, E-Commerce, Social Distancing, MSME Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kurniawati, E; Siddiq, I.H.A. (2020). Indonesian MSME E-Commerce among the Covid-19 Pandemic, GATR Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review, 8(4): 267 – 277. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(8)

scholarly journals Give Me Your Tired and Your Poor: Impact of a Large-Scale Amnesty Program for Undocumented Refugees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dany Bahar ◽  
Ana María Ibáñez ◽  
Sandra Rozo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Market Impacts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Migratory Status ◽  
Roll Out

Between 2014 and 2020 over 1.8 million refugees fled from Venezuela to Colombia as a result of a humanitarian crisis, many of them without a regular migratory status. We study the short- to medium-term labor market impacts in Colombia of the Permiso Temporal de Permanencia program, the largest migratory amnesty program offered to undocumented migrants in a developing country in modern history. The program granted regular migratory status and work permits to nearly half a million undocumented Venezuelan migrants in Colombia in August 2018. To identify the effects of the program, we match confidential administrative data on the location of undocumented migrants with department-monthly data from household surveys and compare labor outcomes in departments that were granted different average time windows to register for the amnesty online, before and after the program roll-out. We are only able to distinguish negative albeit negligible effects of the program on the formal employment of Colombian workers. These effects are predominantly concentrated in highly educated and in female workers.

scholarly journals Origins of Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwest Canada: Adding value to banding data by using stable isotopes and genetic markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Kardynal ◽  
Douglas M. Collister ◽  
Keith A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Northwestern North America

Abstract Stopovers used by birds during migration concentrate individuals from broad geographic areas potentially providing important information on catchment areas of birds moving through these sites. We combined stable isotope (δ2H), genetic fingerprinting and band recovery data to delineate the molt origins of Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla) migrating through a stopover site in southwestern Canada in the fall. We assessed changes in δ2Hf indicating latitudinal origins with ordinal date to show this species likely underwent leapfrog migration through this site. Using the combined approach to determine origins, Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwestern Alberta in 2015 were mostly from the western boreal population (n = 155, 96%) with some individuals from the Pacific Northwest (n = 1, 0.6%), Rocky Mountain (n = 2, 1.2%) and eastern boreal (n = 3, 1.8%) populations. Our results suggest that individuals migrating through our study site come from a broad catchment area potentially from a large part of northwestern North America. Future studies should link population changes at banding stations with other information to determine associations with large-scale landscape-level drivers (e.g. climate, land use).

In the General's Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-197
Author(s):  
Robert Wyrod
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
New Politics ◽  
Development Partner ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Development Approach

Since the turn of the millennium, the landscape of development in Africa has undergone a dramatic shift. China has significantly expanded its foreign aid and investment in the region, decentering the West as Africa's main development partner. What is largely missing from China-Africa scholarship, however, is attention to how the new Chinese presence in Africa is both embedded in and altering everyday social relations. This article examines these issues in a rural setting in Uganda that is in the midst of a large-scale transformation into a China-funded industrial park. It reveals that the complex new politics of Chinese development assistance are intertwined with, and often exacerbate, existing social inequalities based in politics, class, ethnicity, and race. More conceptually, these dynamics demonstrate the need to rethink how we frame development as a transnational field of social practice. China is more than an outlier within the global field of development and instead should be viewed as pursuing its own form of development, what I call “developmental pragmatism.” As this case study illustrates, this developmental pragmatism often turns on synergies between the business-focused development approach of the Chinese and the priorities of more authoritarian governments—synergies that require much greater critical attention.

scholarly journals Round table: Re-thinking health inequalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Government

Abstract Health inequalities - systematically higher rates of morbidity and mortality among people with a lower socioeconomic position - have been on the public health agenda for decades now. However, despite massive research efforts (and somewhat less massive policy efforts) health inequalities have not narrowed - on the contrary, relative inequalities have widened considerably. It is therefore time for a re-think: after decades of research we need to step back and ask ourselves: what went wrong? Johan Mackenbach argues, in a book published by Oxford University Press (2019), that the main problem is that public health researchers and policy-makers have misunderstood the nature of health inequalities. They have too often ignored insights from other disciplines, such as economics (which has a stricter attitude to issues of causality) and sociology (which has a subtler understanding the nature of social inequality). They have also failed to integrate contradictory research findings into mainstream thinking. This workshop will focus on three such contradictions, and will discuss whether it is possible to re-think health inequalities in a way that will allow more effective policy approaches. (1) It has been surprisingly difficult to find convincing scientific evidence for a causal effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on health. Should public health reconsider its idea that health inequalities are caused by social inequalities, and widen their scope to give more room to social selection, genetic factors and other non-causal pathways in their analysis? (2) There is not a single country in Europe where over the past decades health inequalities, as measured on a relative scale, have narrowed. This is due to the fact that all groups have improved their health, but higher socioeconomic groups have improved more. This is even true in the only European country (i.e., England) in which the government has pursued a large-scale policy program to reduce health inequalities. Should public health accept that reducing relative inequalities in health is impossible, and focus on reducing absolute health inequalities instead? (3) The Nordic countries, which have been more successful than other European countries in reducing inequalities in material living conditions, do not have smaller health inequalities. It is as if inequalities in other factors, such as psychosocial and behavioural factors, in these countries have filled the gap left by reduced inequalities in material living conditions. Should public health reconsider its idea that material living conditions are the foundation for health, and re-focus on psychological, cultural and other less tangible factors instead? In this round table Johan Mackenbach will present and illustrate these contradictions and propose his answers to these contentious issues. Then, the four panelists will present their view-points, followed by a general discussion between panelists and the audience. Key messages After four decades of research into health inequalities, it is necessary to step back and ask ourselves why it has so far been impossible to reduce health inequalities. More effective policies to tackle health inequalities will only be possible when public health has come to grips with contradictory research findings. Johan Mackenbach Contact: [email protected] Johannes Siegrist Contact: [email protected] Alastair Leyland Contact: [email protected] Olle Lundberg Contact: [email protected] Ramune Kalediene Contact: [email protected]

scholarly journals Grammaticalization and the linguistic individual: new avenues in lifespan research

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Anthonissen ◽  
Peter Petré
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
Adult Cognition

AbstractThis paper reviews theoretical and methodological advances and issues in lifespan research and discusses how the issues at stake are addressed in an ongoing research project. Summarizing the state of the art, we conclude that next to nothing is known about lifespan changes affecting syntactic or grammaticalizing constructions that goes beyond exploratory or anecdotal evidence. The Mind-Bending Grammars project, which examines the adaptive powers of adult cognition and constraints on these powers, aspires to make headway in this area. In this paper, we introduce some of the major goals of the project and present a new large-scale longitudinal corpus of 50 adults that was established to study grammatical change across the lifespan. Particular attention is paid to the constraints on the adoption of novel grammatical patterns in the aging mind. Taking be going to as a case study, we present evidence that (highly educated) healthy monolingual speakers continue to participate in grammatical innovations across the lifespan.

scholarly journals M108. CONCA: AN ONLINE COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT FOR USE WITH PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S176-S176
Author(s):  
Amy Lynham ◽  
Jeremy Hall ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
James Walters
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Treatment Research

Abstract Background Cognition is impaired in patient with psychosis and is predictive of functional outcomes. Despite this, cognitive function is not routinely assessed in clinical services in the United Kingdom. Collecting cognitive data for research is also labour-intensive and expensive. Web-based assessments may be a solution for these issues but to date, these have not been utilised in patients with psychosis or other psychiatric disorders. Methods We have developed an online cognitive battery for use in psychosis research (and broader mental health research) in collaboration with The Many Brains Project, website developers, patients and clinicians (Cardiff ONline Cognitive Assessment, CONCA). Tasks were selected to measure the domains outlined by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative. We have undertaken a cross-validation study in those with schizophrenia (N=15), bipolar disorder (N=16), depression (N=15) and healthy controls (N=19) to compare the online tasks with the MATRICS battery. Following validation, we invited participants from the Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia Study (CardiffCOGS) and the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH) to complete CONCA. Results Correlations between CONCA and MATRICS tasks ranged from 0.25 to 0.73 in our validation sample (N=65). A total of 6960 individuals were invited to participate and 1227 consented to take part. There was a better response rate from NCMH participants (who were recruited more recently) compared to those from CardiffCOGS. Online participants recruited from NCMH were more highly educated (W=1171600, p<0.001) and more likely to be professionals (χ2(1)=5.4, p=0.02) than the original NCMH cohort. In CardiffCOGS, online participants were more highly educated than non-responders (W=7786.5, p=0.003). A total of 887 individuals met inclusion criteria for our analyses including 43 participants with schizophrenia, 146 with bipolar disorder, 261 with unipolar depression, 187 controls and 250 participants with other psychiatric disorders. Consistent with studies using offline assessments, participants with schizophrenia were the most severely impaired group (compared to controls: g=1.36, p<0.001), exhibiting greater impairments than participants with depression (g=1.04, p<0.001) and bipolar disorder (g=0.71, p=0.002). Of note, lower performance on the battery was associated with poorer functional outcome as assessed using the World Health Organisation’s Disability Assessment Scale (B=-1.77, SE=0.3, p=5.8 x 10–9). Discussion Web-based cognitive testing is a suitable method for collecting large-scale data in psychiatric populations, although there was some evidence of recruitment bias. The results of the validation and recruitment phases were used to inform selection of the final battery. We consulted with patients and health professionals from a youth psychosis service and NCMH’s patient involvement group to create a user-friendly interface and will continue to work with these groups to develop clinically useful feedback to facilitate patient monitoring in early intervention psychosis services.

Predictors of the use of Psychosocial Interventions in Portugal: Results from the SMAILE Project

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S156-S156
Author(s):  
G. Cardoso ◽  
A. Antunes ◽  
A. Loureiro ◽  
P. Santana ◽  
J. Caldas-de-Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Day Hospital ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Different Types

IntroductionThe treatment of psychiatric disorders depends on a combination of different types of care, such as psychiatric treatment and psychosocial interventions. However, there is little research on the factors that determine access to care, particularly to psychosocial interventions.ObjectivesTo characterize the use of psychosocial interventions (psychotherapy, day hospital, and psychosocial rehabilitation) in users of outpatient psychiatric services in Portugal.AimsThis retrospective study analyses all outpatient psychiatric visits in four Portuguese departments of psychiatry in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto, and aims to evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical determinants of psychosocial interventions.MethodsSocio-demographic and clinical variables were obtained from clinical charts of outpatients’ visits in 2002, 2007 and 2012 (n = 2621). All patients were characterized regarding the use of any psychosocial intervention beyond psychiatric consultations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictors of psychosocial interventions use.ResultsBeing followed in 2012, being single, having no professional activity, and having a diagnosis of psychosis or common mental disorder were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with higher odds of accessing psychosocial interventions. On the other hand, a lower level of education was associated with less use of this type of care.ConclusionsSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric services, outpatients are determinants of the use of psychosocial interventions. Evidence suggests that social inequalities may influence the access to psychosocial interventions in Portugal.FundingFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal.

scholarly journals Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Beata Osiewalska
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Different Levels

Education is one of the most important determinants of fertility. The vast majority of previous research on the effect of educational level on reproductive behavior concerns women, while a couple perspective on fertility, although seems natural, is often omitted. Couples’ fertility might be influenced by individual (absolute) characteristics of both partners as well as by their joint (relative) characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyse childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational profile which is a combination of both partners’ educational levels. Different levels of educational exogamy are considered. Based on the two waves of Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) couples who completed their reproduction as well as those who are still in their reproductive ages are analysed. Among homogamous profiles the level of education negatively influences couples fertility, which means that highly educated have the lowest number of children. However, the level of (definite) childlessness is one of the highest among those who are low educated. Family size of heterogamous unions are similar among older generations, but for younger couples hypogamy limits the number of children as compared to hypergamy. This finding suggest that young couples in which women are more educated than their partners encounter more difficulties in combing work and family than unions in which a man is more educated than a woman.

scholarly journals Sport as Culture: Social class, styles of cultural consumption, and sports engagement in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Gemar
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Sports Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

The consumption of culture has often been ascribed the power to reflect and reproduce social inequalities. However, most work in this area has focused upon music and the arts. Sport is an important element of culture that can and should be studied in a similar fashion as others (Bourdieu, 1978). This thesis thus seeks to bring the theoretical frameworks and analytical tools of sociologies of culture further into the realm of sport. Substantively, this thesis provides an updated and comprehensive re-examining of the relationship between direct sports participation and social stratification in the relatively unexplored national context of Canada. I also innovatively provide an examination of the relationship between social stratification and professional sports consumption. Finally, this thesis fills a gap in the literature by analysing where the consumption of sport fits within broader cultural lifestyles. For these investigations, I use large-scale survey data and various statistical methods to test the foundational theories of Pierre Bourdieu, the ‘omnivore’ thesis, and individualisation arguments of social action to explain these patterns. The findings show direct sports participation relying primarily on dispositions towards the body which are stratified by education and income, especially for the most elite sports. They also show the two most selective omnivorous profiles for professional sport, rather than the most omnivorous, with the highest levels of education and income. This thesis thus sheds doubt on the omnivore thesis within sport, while also showing elements of individualisation regarding age and sex differentiation in consumption. Sports consumption in Canada thus cuts across all three theories of the relation between socio-economic position and sport. These more delimitated consumption profiles contrast with the general adherence to the omnivore thesis within broader cultural lifestyles. This therefore suggests that sport may be a cultural domain where general omnivores practise more distinctive consumption.

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