scholarly journals Analysis of second wave of COVID-19 cases in Nepal with a logistic model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Radha Krishna Joshi ◽  
Sarita Bhatt ◽  
Tika Ram Lamichhane ◽  
Madhav Prasad Ghimire

Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a newly identified highly infectious disease. It has affected almost every country including Nepal causing a pandemic situation. Most of the properties of SARS-CoV-2 are not known and still under intense investigation. Due to high mutation rate, it reappears in many countries in the form of new variant. In Nepal, second wave impact of COVID-19 is mainly caused by newly found delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. In this case, the mathematical modelling is noted to play important role to understand control strategies for the spread of coronavirus. Aims and Objective: To analyze the second wave impact by modelling the data of COVID-19 cases in Nepal. Materials and Methods: We have analyzed COVID-19 daily cases and deaths reported by Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal from April 1 to May 31, 2021. A logistic model has been used to present the trend line of COVID-19 infection in Nepal, based on the law of population growth developed by Verhulst. Results: The results show a good fit between observed and predicted data by logistic model as indicated by coefficient of determination having value near to unity. The point of inflection from the logistic model predicted a maximum of 9951 daily new cases. The maximum number of cumulative cases estimated at the end of second wave was found to be 307293 with 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: Logistic model properly describes the growth of COVID-19 cases with time. This type of data modelling and analysis will be very useful in predicting the upcoming trend of COVID-19 in Nepal as a basis for making health policy management by the government.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie S Lavine ◽  
Ottar N Bjornstad ◽  
Daniel Coombs ◽  
Rustom Antia

Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is building up globally, but will this be sufficient to prevent future COVID-19 epidemics in the face of variants and waning immunity? Manaus, Brazil offers a concerning glimpse of what may come: six months after the majority of the city's population experienced primary infection, a second wave with a new strain resulted in more deaths than the first wave. Current hypotheses for this surge rely on prior immunity waning due to time and antigenic distance. Here we show this hypothesis predicts a severe endemic state. We propose an alternative hypothesis in which individuals infected in the first wave lose protection against transmission but retain immunity against severe disease and show this hypothesis is equally compatible with existing data. In this scenario, the increased number of deaths is due to an increased infection fatality ratio (IFR) for primary infections with the new variant. This alternative predicts a mild endemic state will be reached within decades. Collecting data on the severity of reinfections and infections post-vaccination as a function of time and antigenic distance from the original exposure is crucial for optimizing control strategies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Beatrix Oroszi ◽  
J. Krisztina Horváth ◽  
Gergő Túri ◽  
Katalin Krisztalovics ◽  
Gergely Röst

Összefoglaló. A Járványmatematikai és Epidemiológiai Projekt egy egyedülálló kezdeményezés Magyarországon, mely jelentős tudást és tapasztalatot halmozott fel a COVID–19 világjárvány során. Jelen tanulmány a pandémia 2. hullámának példáján keresztül áttekinti, hogy miként működött a járványügyi észlelés és monitorozás rendszere, hogyan, milyen eredményekkel végezték a projekt munkatársai a helyzet- és kockázatértékelést, az előrejelzések készítését, végül javaslatokat fogalmaz meg a surveillance- és előrejelző rendszer fejlesztésére a járványügyi biztonság növelése érdekében. A 2. járványhullám 2020. június 22. és 2021. január 24. között zajlott Magyarországon, melynek során a megerősített COVID–19 esetek száma 356 197 fő volt, ami az első hullámban regisztrált esetszám 87-szerese. Összesen 12 226 megerősített COVID–19 halálesetet regisztráltak, az első hullámban jelentett szám 21-szeresét. Az országos R érték először 2020 augusztusában emelkedett 1,0 fölé. Mintegy 3 héttel azután, hogy az R érték augusztus utolsó hetében tartósan 1,0 fölé emelkedett, a halálos kimenetelű COVID–19 esetszámok növekedése is elindult, mivel a fiatalokról a járvány az idősebb korosztályokra is átterjedt. Mindezt a matematikai modellezési eredmények hetekkel korábban jelezték. November elején az előrejelzés 12 000 fő feletti kórházi ápoltat vetített előre a karácsonyi időszakra, melynek elkerülésére kormányzati intézkedéscsomag készült. A 2020. november 11-i szigorítás a járványt az eredeti pályáról eltérítette, így a kórházban kezeltek száma a 2. hullámban az előrejelzésnek megfelelően 8018 főnél elérte a csúcsot, majd csökkenni kezdett. Január elején a modellezés azt mutatta, hogy a lecsengő szakaszban, az akkori intézkedések mellett is képes az időközben hazánkban is megjelent új variáns, a gyorsabban terjedő SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7, járványügyi fordulatot hozni, ami szintén megvalósult. Összességében az epidemiológiai helyzetértékelés és matematikai modellezés képes volt a második hullám minden fő aspektusát időben és jól megragadni, a veszélyes folyamatokat előre jelezni és ezzel lehetőséget adni a gyors reagálásra. A 2. hullám tapasztalatai megmutatták, hogy a járványmatematikai és epidemiológiai képességek milyen hozzáadott értékkel bírnak a döntéstámogatásban. Az észlelési és előrejelzési rendszereink megerősítése és a matematikai modellezéssel egységes keretrendszerben történő továbbfejlesztése további lehetőségeket nyithat meg az észlelés, megelőzés, egészségügyi és gazdasági károk elhárítása érdekében szükséges döntési folyamatok bizonyítékalapú támogatásában, és az ország járványügyi biztonságának növelésében. Summary. The Mathematical Modelling and Epidemiology Task Force is a unique initiative in Hungary that has accumulated significant knowledge and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the example of the second wave of the pandemic, the present study reviews how the epidemiological surveillance and monitoring system operated, how the task force carried out the situation and risk assessments as well as forecasting, and finally, makes suggestions for improving the surveillance and forecasting system to increase health security. The second wave of the pandemic lasted between 22 June 2020 and 24 January 2021 in Hungary. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was 356,197,87 times the number of cases registered in the first wave. A total of 12,226 confirmed COVID-19 deaths were recorded, 21 times the number reported in the first wave. The reproduction number first exceeded 1.0 shortly in early August 2020. About three weeks after the R-value remained consistently above 1.0 in the last week of August, the number of fatal COVID-19 cases started to increase as the epidemic spread from the young to the older age groups. All of this was predicted by mathematical modelling results weeks earlier. In early November, the forecast projected more than 12,000 hospitalized patients for the Christmas period, so the government introduced new measures to prevent this surge. The restrictions, implemented on 11 November 2020, diverted the epidemic from its original trajectory, so the number of hospital admissions in the second wave peaked at 8,018, as projected, and then began to decline. In January, SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 was detected in Hungary. Modelling showed in early January, that even in the declining phase, and with the measures being in place, this new variant was able to change the epidemiological trend. This was in fact observed on 24 January, when the epidemic curve started to increase again. Overall, epidemiological situation assessment and mathematical modelling were able to capture all significant aspects of the second wave in a timely manner and precisely, predicting the possible dangerous changes in the situation, and thus providing opportunity for rapid response. The experience of the second wave has shown the added value of integrating comprehensive epidemiological analysis and mathematical modelling into decision making. Strengthening our epidemiological intelligence and forecasting systems, and further enhancing them in a unified framework can open up further opportunities to provide evidence-based support for decision-making processes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Nana Diana ◽  
Tati Apriani

This study aims to examine the influence of investment returns and Risk Based Capital (RBC) Tabarru Funds to the profit of sharia life insurance in Indonesia from 2014-2019. This study The type of this research is quantitative research with descriptive verification as a method. This research method uses descriptive verification method with quantitative approach. The data used in this study were sourced from the financial statements of Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia for the 2014-2019 period. Then the data obtained were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing consisting of t test and f test with the help of SPSS 21 software. The sampling technique uses non probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the development of investment returns on Sharia Life Insurance in Indonesia has fluctuated and even suffered losses. While the development of Risk Based Capital (RBC) has increased and decreased but overall above 120% as determined by the government. Likewise, the profits earned in each year fluctuate. The results of statistical tests show that investment results partially have a positive effect on profit and Risk Based Capital (RBC) of Tabarru funds partially has a negative effect on profit. Simultaneously investment return and Risk Based Capital (RBC) affect on profit. In addition, the results of the coefficient of determination (R2) were obtained which obtained a value of 81%. This shows that the variable investment returns and Risk Based Capital (RBC) can affect earnings by 81% and the remaining 19% is influenced by other variables not used in this study.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ngurah Pandji Mertha Agung Durya

<p>This study aims to find evidence, the influence of Audit Quality Attributes, Client Satisfaction and Client Loyalty, which are moderated by Fraud Confirmation. The research was conducted at the BKM, a community-based organization, formed by the Government, through the <em>Kotaku</em> Program. The research used Regression statistical analysis and conducted a hypothesis test. Regression analysis used includes Simple Linear Regression Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis, and MRA Regression Analysis, and Path Model Linear Regression Analysis. This study also pays attention to the calculation of the coefficient of determination to give an idea of the ability of the model in explaining the phenomenon of Client Satisfaction and Client Loyalty. The result that both partially and simultaneously, Audit Quality Attributes, Fraud Confirmation affected Client Satisfaction and Loyalty. The research also succeeded in proving that Client Satisfaction mediates the effect of Audit Quality Attributes on Client Loyalty, but failed to provide empirical evidence, that the Fraud Confirmation moderated the effect of Audit Quality Attributes on Client Satisfaction and Loyalty. Contribution to audit practices, where it is important to realize Client Satisfaction through Audit Quality Attributes and Fraud Confirmation, especially in situations where Fraud acts are suspected.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Leon Biscornet ◽  
Christophe Révillion ◽  
Sylvaine Jégo ◽  
Erwan Lagadec ◽  
Yann Gomard ◽  
...  

Leptospirosis, an environmental infectious disease of bacterial origin, is the infectious disease with the highest associated mortality in Seychelles. In small island territories, the occurrence of the disease is spatially heterogeneous and a better understanding of the environmental factors that contribute to the presence of the bacteria would help implement targeted control. The present study aimed at identifying the main environmental parameters correlated with animal reservoirs distribution and Leptospira infection in order to delineate habitats with highest prevalence. We used a previously published dataset produced from a large collection of rodents trapped during the dry and wet seasons in most habitats of Mahé, the main island of Seychelles. A land use/land cover analysis was realized in order to describe the various environments using SPOT-5 images by remote sensing (object-based image analysis). At each sampling site, landscape indices were calculated and combined with other geographical parameters together with rainfall records to be used in a multivariate statistical analysis. Several environmental factors were found to be associated with the carriage of leptospires in Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, namely low elevations, fragmented landscapes, the proximity of urbanized areas, an increased distance from forests and, above all, increased precipitation in the three months preceding trapping. The analysis indicated that Leptospira renal carriage could be predicted using the species identification and a description of landscape fragmentation and rainfall, with infection prevalence being positively correlated with these two environmental variables. This model may help decision makers in implementing policies affecting urban landscapes and/or in balancing conservation efforts when designing pest control strategies that should also aim at reducing human contact with Leptospira-laden rats while limiting their impact on the autochthonous fauna.


Author(s):  
Carla Benea ◽  
Laura Rendon ◽  
Jesse Papenburg ◽  
Charles Frenette ◽  
Ahmed Imacoudene ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective: Evidence-based infection control strategies are needed for healthcare workers (HCWs) following high-risk exposure to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we evaluated the negative predictive value (NPV) of a home-based 7-day infection control strategy. Methods: HCWs advised by their infection control or occupational health officer to self-isolate due to a high-risk SARS-CoV-2 exposure were enrolled between May and October 2020. The strategy consisted of symptom-triggered nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing from day 0 to day 7 after exposure and standardized home-based nasopharyngeal swab and saliva testing on day 7. The NPV of this strategy was calculated for (1) clinical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis from day 8–14 after exposure, and for (2) asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 detected by standardized nasopharyngeal swab and saliva specimens collected at days 9, 10, and 14 after exposure. Interim results are reported in the context of a second wave threatening this essential workforce. Results: Among 30 HCWs enrolled, the mean age was 31 years (SD, ±9), and 24 (80%) were female. Moreover, 3 were diagnosed with COVID-19 by day 14 after exposure (secondary attack rate, 10.0%), and all cases were detected using the 7-day infection control strategy: the NPV for subsequent clinical COVID-19 or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 detection by day 14 was 100.0% (95% CI, 93.1%–100.0%). Conclusions: Among HCWs with high-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2, a home-based 7-day infection control strategy may have a high NPV for subsequent COVID-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 detection. Ongoing data collection and data sharing are needed to improve the precision of the estimated NPV, and here we report interim results to inform infection control strategies in light of a second wave threatening this essential workforce.


Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Augustin T. Twabela ◽  
Lam Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Justin Masumu ◽  
Patrick Mpoyo ◽  
Serge Mpiana ◽  
...  

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly transmissible and devastating disease that affects poultry and wild birds worldwide. Comprehensive knowledge regarding the characteristics and epidemiological factors of the ND virus (NDV) is critical for the control and prevention of ND. Effective vaccinations can prevent and control the spread of the NDV in poultry populations. For decades, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has reported the impacts of ND on commercial and traditional poultry farming systems. The reports were preliminary clinical observations, and few cases were confirmed in the laboratory. However, data on the phylogenetic, genetic, and virological characteristics of NDVs circulating in the DRC are not available. In this study, the whole-genome sequences of three NDV isolates obtained using the next-generation sequencing method revealed two isolates that were a new variant of NDV, and one isolate that was clustered in the subgenotype VII.2. All DRC isolates were velogenic and were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strains. Our findings reveal that despite the circulation of the new variant, ND can be controlled in the DRC using the current vaccine. However, epidemiological studies should be conducted to elucidate the endemicity of the disease so that better control strategies can be implemented.


Author(s):  
Sara Hafeez ◽  
Misbahud Din ◽  
Fatima Zia ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Zabta Khan Shinwari
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Mattoasi Mattoasi ◽  
Didiet Pratama Musue ◽  
Yaman Rauf

PThis study aims to determine the effect of the internal control system on the performance of local government Case Study in Gorontalo Regency. This study uses quantitative research methods, and the data sources use primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed to respondents. Meanwhile, the data analysis used in this research is descriptive quantitative analysis using statistical t-test and coefficient of determination test (ajusted R-Square). The results showed that the internal control system had a positive effect on the performance of local governments with a determinant value of 48.7%. The result of this study contribute to the government to establish and implement a more effectives Internal Constrol Systems (ICS).  


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Nelly Jebitok ◽  
DR. Joyce Nzulwa

Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to establish Critical factors influencing implementation of road projects.Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population of the study was all the road engineers, middle managers in department of KRB. The sample size was 188 respondents. Data collected was cleaned, pretested, validated, and coded, summarized and analyzed using statistical package of SPSS V23.  The study findings were presented using graphs, histograms, bar charts and pie charts.  Conclusions were derived based on the P.value and the coefficient of determination.  Results: The study found that the key significant determinants of sustainability of water projects in Machakos County were capacity of the project management, government policies, monitoring and resource support. The study concluded that project management capacity had the greatest determinant ofsustainabilityofwater projects in Machakos County, followed by resource support, then monitoring while government policy had the least determinant of sustainability of water projects in Machakos County.Contribution to policy and practice: The study recommends that the government should advocate for proper planning with involvement of the benefiting community and timely implementation with the required results. This can be done through making of a policy by the ministry demanding for the practice of the same by the involved organizations. The project committee should set up financial structures considering both rising of funds and dissemination of the same in relation to operating and maintaining of the project. This can be done through learning and training on the same. The study also recommended that water beneficiaries and management should be sensitized to improve their knowledge on conservation and protection of water facilities.


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