scholarly journals Assessment of potential health impacts on surface water sources in Northern Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
ZD Umar ◽  
A Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Physico Chemical

Northern Nigeria represents the most populous region in Nigeria and adequate water supply and sanitation typically leaves a lot to be desired in the region in order to prevent water related diseases to the vulnerable communities of the region. This research work was carried out in Kano state with specific emphasis on Tomas dam which is one of the largest dams established for multipurpose use in Nigeria. The research was aimed at evaluating Physico-chemical and Bacteriological quality of Tomas Dam in Kano State. 240 water samples from 5 sampling stations within eight months were analyzed for bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. The physico-chemical parameters indicated Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Water Current Speed results were not significantly different (P>0.05), while other physico-chemical parameters analyzed varied significantly (P<0.05). The study also revealed that Dissolved Oxygen (DO), BOD, Turbidity, and Nitrates recorded higher values than WHO and Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria (FEPA) limits. Total aerobic bacterial counts (TBC) and total coliform counts (TCC) were determined using pour plate and Most Probable Number (MPN) techniques. TBC and TCC were high and exceeded acceptable limits. Faecal coliforms, faecal Streptococciand Klebsiella species constituted 25% of the indicator organisms identified.The observed parameters indicated the Dam was contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Variations in the weather conditions, animal and anthropogenic interferences were all directly or indirectly related to faecal contamination in the dam. Preventing indiscriminate faecal discharge close to the Dam and sufficient water treatment before consumption are of prime importance to public health as the dam was established for agricultural purposes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10523 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 125-136

scholarly journals Assessment of microbiological and physico-chemical characterıstics of water samples in households of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessen George ◽  
Siri Karthiyayani Nagaraja ◽  
Ajisha A.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bangalore City ◽  
Physico Chemical

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is one of the basic human rights and is essential to human health. The present study investigated the concentration of pathogenic microbial flora and health risk in drinking water samples in households of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. The samples were analysed for microbiological and physico-chemical parameters. In this study, most probable number and heterotrophic plate count were used to assess the microbial load. The results of the study show that most of the household water samples were contaminated with the presence of coliform bacteria. The dominant bacterial species are Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. The bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae showed maximum occurrence in water samples. The overall results of the study showed that the consumption of such contaminated drinking water at the end-user point may cause potential health hazards to the inhabitants.

Occurrence and Levels of Fecal Indicators and Pathogenic Bacteria in Market-Ready Recycled Organic Matter Composts

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. BRINTON ◽  
P. STORMS ◽  
T. C. BLEWETT
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High

Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year−1 of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28% had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1,000 MPN g−1), and 6% had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20% of the samples had levels &gt;1,000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47% had &gt;1,000 MPN g−1. Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.

scholarly journals Cladophora (Chlorophyta) spp. Harbor Human Bacterial Pathogens in Nearshore Water of Lake Michigan

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 4545-4553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ishii ◽  
Tao Yan ◽  
Dawn A. Shively ◽  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Richard L. Whitman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 × 103 cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 × 102 Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.

scholarly journals Distribution of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. recovered from aquatic environment of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhartono Suhartono ◽  
Yulia Sari Ismail ◽  
Zahratul Aini
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstract. Suhartono S, Ismail YS, Aini Z. 2021. Distribution of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. recovered from aquatic environment of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 881-886. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in an aquatic system might increase waterborne infections including salmonellosis. This might raise a concern related to the increasing pathogenic bacteria, including the multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in the two major rivers, namely Lamnyong and Krueng Aceh crossing the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and enumerate Salmonella spp. recovered from aquatic environment in Banda Aceh and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Bacterial enumeration was performed using most probable number (MPN) method followed by bacterial isolations using selective media Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA); whereas, antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using a procedure as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. There was no significant Salmonella spp. densities/mL of both locations (p = 0.200) although, on average there was about 441.67 Salmonella spp. MPN/mL in Krueng Aceh as opposed to 20.47 MPN/mL of Lamnyong river. There were 57 Salmonella spp. isolates recovered in the sampling sites, i.e. 38 isolates of Lamnyong and 19 isolates of Krueng Aceh. The results of antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from Lamnyong and Krueng Aceh showed antibiotic resistance to azithromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Moreover, Salmonella spp. isolates also showed high resistance to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, dan ceftriaxone. All Salmonella spp. isolates were classified as MDR with the number of isolates resistant to 4-6 antibiotics was 33 (57.9%), whereas those that were resistant to 7-9 antibiotics and over 10 antibiotics were 23 (40.4%%) and 5 (8.8%) respectively. The prevalence of MDR Salmonella spp. in the current study suggest that river remain the major reservoirs for the transmission of the pathogen in aquatic systems. An appropriate assessment and monitoring are necessary to reduce the potential health risks and to ensure water quality in the aquatic environment.

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Aulya ◽  
Fadhliani Fadhliani ◽  
Vivi Mardina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

scholarly journals Real time monitoring of water Quality using IoT and Deep learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 01059
Author(s):  
Saloua Senhaji ◽  
Mohamed Hamlich ◽  
Mohammed Ouazzani Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Single Board Computer ◽  
Physico Chemical

Access to safe drinking water is one of the most pressing issues facing many developing countries. Water must meet Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.) requirements. The normal method of measuring physico-chemical parameters is to take samples manually and send them to the laboratory to check the water quality. In this paper, we proposed a new intelligent design of a real-time water quality monitoring system using Deep Learning technology. This system is composed of several sensors that allow us to measure water parameters (physico-chemical parameters), bacteriological parameters and organoleptic parameters) and to detect the presence of certain substances (undesirable substances, toxic substances) and of a single-board/mobile computer module, Internet and other accessories. Water parameters are automatically detected by the single-board computer. Raspberry Pi3 model B. The single board computer receives the data from the sensors and this data is sent to the web server using the Internet module. It is able to detect the water quality situation worldwide. The data will be analysed in real time. The application of deep learning to these areas has been an important research topic. The Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network has been shown to be well suited for processing and predicting large events with long intervals and delays in the time series. LSTM networks have the ability to retain long-term memory.

scholarly journals The Impact of Water Intrusion on Pathogenic Vibrio Species to Inland Brackish Waters of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6781
Author(s):  
Qingyao Wang ◽  
Songzhe Fu ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Jingwei Hao ◽  
Can Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Vibrio Species ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Inland River ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vibrio Spp

The estuary is the ecological niche of pathogenic Vibrio spp. as it provides abundant organic and inorganic nutrients from seawater and rivers. However, little is known about the ecology of these Vibrio species in the inland brackish water area. In this study, their co-occurrence and relationships to key environmental constraints (salinity and temperature) in the Hun-Tai River of China were examined using the most probable number polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) approach. We hereby report 2-year continuous surveillance based on six water indices of the Hun-Tai River. The results showed that seawater intrusion maximally reached inland as far as 26.5 km for the Hun-Tai River. Pathogenic Vibrio spp. were detected in 21.9% of the water samples. In particular, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were isolated in 10 (10.4%), 20 (20.8.5%), and 2 (2.08%) samples, respectively. All V. parahaemolyticus strains were tdh gene negative, 10% were positive for the trh gene. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) divided V. parahaemolyticus strains into 12 sequence types (STs) for the Hun-Tai River. Five STs were respectively present in various locations along the Hun-Tai River. The PCR assay for detecting six virulence genes and Vibrio seventh pandemic island I and II revealed three genotypes in 12 V. cholerae isolates. The results of our study showed that seawater intrusion and salinity have profound effects on the distribution of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the inland river, suggesting a potential health risk associated with the waters of the Hun-Tai River used for irrigation and drinking.

scholarly journals Arsenic and heavy metals contamination, risk assessment and their source in drinking water of the Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1073-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nida Gul ◽  
Mohammad Tahir Shah ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Nimat Ullah Khattak ◽  
Said Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Guideline Values

The present study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics in drinking water of Mardan District, Pakistan. Furthermore, water quality was evaluated for the risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (HMs) and their contamination sources. Representative groundwater samples of shallow and deep sources were collected in the study area. These samples were analyzed for physical parameters, anions, light metals (LMs) and HMs. Results were compared with the drinking water guideline values set by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Average concentrations of anions, LMs and HMs were found within the maximum allowable contaminant levels except for bicarbonates, Fe, Cu, and Pb. Results revealed that hazard quotients &gt;1 were observed for shallow groundwater for 10% samples only, suggesting potential health risk from water consumption. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed a relationship among various physico-chemical parameters in both shallow and deep groundwater. Statistical analyses suggested the geogenic and anthropogenic sources for possible enhancement of various physico-chemical parameters in the aquifer system of the study area.

scholarly journals Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of rainbow trout farms for the evaluation of potential threat to natural streams in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Payaswini Ghimire ◽  
Archana Niraula ◽  
Anuradha Rai ◽  
Aastha Pandey ◽  
Smriti Gurung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Trout Farms

 Three trout farms from Nepal were studied to investigate the changes in physico-chemical parameters and their potential threat to natural water bodies receiving the effluents. Reference and impact sites were determined in each farm so as to find out the level of impacts due to farming activities. Some of the parameters such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, and total dissolve solids were significantly changed in the impacted zones compared to reference sites. Similarly, concentrations of some major ions such as calcium and sodium were increased in the impacted zones. On the other hand, some of the parameters such as pH and potassium did not change in the impacted zone although their concentrations were different among farms studied. Nevertheless, the overall changes in the physico-chemical parameters did not pose health risk to the aquatic ecosystems receiving effluents from these fish farms as the concentrations were below the prescribed levels by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as Nepal Environment Statistics. This is an indication that, although fish farming activities are degrading water qualities, there is no threat to the water quality receiving the effluents yet probably due to small scale farming. The increase in number of fish farms in the same area, however might pose risk to the ecological health in the region which warrants regular monitoring.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-6, Issue-2, Mar-May 2017, Page: 43-55

scholarly journals Relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. León Robles ◽  
E. Acedo Félix ◽  
B. Gomez-Gil ◽  
E. I. Quiñones Ramírez ◽  
M. Nevárez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Vibrio Mimicus ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Relationship Of

Members of the genus Vibrio are common in aquatic environments. Among them are V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. mimicus. Several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of V. cholerae, V, vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. mimicus and the environmental conditions of the seawater off the coast of Guaymas, México. Quantification of all four pathogenic bacteria was performed using the most probable number method, and suspected colonies were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Correlations were found using principal component analysis. V. parahaemolyticus was the most abundant and widely distributed bacteria, followed by V. vulnificus, V. mimicus and V. cholerae. Positive correlations between V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. mimicus with temperature, salinity, electric conductivity, and total dissolved solids were found. The abundance of V. cholerae was mainly affected by the sampling site and not by physicochemical parameters.

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