scholarly journals Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Nepalgunj Medical College

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Shyam Kumar B.K. ◽  
S. D. Bassi ◽  
S. Baral ◽  
A. Shah ◽  
A. Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Kala Azar

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmaniadonovani. Kala-azar remains a public health problem in Nepal. The patient presented with a history of high-grade fever, abdominal distension, anemia, and weight loss. The disease is preventable, but various environmental, socioeconomic, health care and health behavior related variables affect its transmission. Objective: Find out the incidence of Kala-azar infection in Nepalgunj medical college. Method: This Hospital based study. Data was collected from April 2018to August 2018. Blood sample collected and test rk39 performed in laboratory of Nepalgunj Medical College Kohalpur. Result: Among 75 patients 16 were diagnosed kala-azar, rk39 positive 14 males and 2 females respectively. It is 12% of total cases. Among 16cases male are 14 and 2 are females. 85.7% male and 12.3% female. Age group between 15-30 years (31.25%), 31-45 years (25%), 46-60 years(18.75%), 61-75 years (12.5%), 76-85 years (12.5%). young people's age group 15-30 years are commonly infected. Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) cases are still major health problem in Nepal. There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in both epidemic and non-epidemic districts of the country. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important.

scholarly journals Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1651
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
District Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by female sand flies. On the Indian subcontinent (ISC), VL is targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination as a public health problem by 2020, which is defined as <1 VL case (new and relapse) per 10,000 population at district level in Nepal and sub-district level in Bangladesh and India. WHO is currently in the process of formulating 2030 targets, asking whether to maintain the 2020 target or to modify it, while adding a target of zero mortality among detected cases. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed various mathematical VL transmission models to gain insight into the transmission dynamics of VL, identify the main knowledge gaps, and predict the feasibility of achieving and sustaining the targets by simulating the impact of varying intervention strategies. According to the models, the current target is feasible at the appropriate district/sub-district level in settings with medium VL endemicities (up to 5 reported VL cases per 10,000 population per year) prior to the start of the interventions. However, in settings with higher pre-control endemicities, additional efforts may be required. We also highlight the risk that those with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) may pose to reaching and sustaining the VL targets, and therefore advocate adding control of PKDL cases to the new 2030 targets. Spatial analyses revealed that local hotspots with high VL incidence remain. We warn that the current target provides a perverse incentive to not detect/report cases as the target is approached, posing a risk for truly achieving elimination as a public health problem although this is taken into consideration by the WHO procedures for validation. Ongoing modelling work focuses on the risk of recrudescence when interventions are relaxed after the elimination target has been achieved.

scholarly journals Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Children of Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Kala Azar

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani. In Nepal, the disease is restricted to the Eastern Terai region which lies adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no active case detection programme in the country. Objective: Objectives of this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in children of Nepal. Method: The epidemiological surveillance team from the NZFHRC visited to eight zonal hospitals in Terai region during the month from September to December of each year 2003 to 2007. The morbidity and mortality data up to the year 2007 were collected every year. The team has also collected 66 blood serum samples of which 18 samples from children were collected for the diagnosis. Results: A total 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006. The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%. Districtwise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence was in Mahottari district (184/100,000), followed by Sarlahi (100/100,000) and Sunsari (96/100,000). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). VL cases recorded from different district of Nepal for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 are recorded. CFR for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 3.2%, 3.7%, 16.67% and 11.42% respectively. Conclusions: There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in endemic area. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs as zoonotic disease should also be considered. This disease is very much serious in children below 15 years of age both in male and female, therefore it is essential to have paediatrician post at least in all VL six endemic districts. Key words: Epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Sandfly   doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.67-73

scholarly journals Serious non-fatal unintentional injuries among in-school adolescents in Sri Lanka: results from the 2016 Sri Lankan Global School-Based Health Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sashimali Wickramasinghe ◽  
Nalika Gunawardena ◽  
Dhanusha Punyadasa ◽  
Shanthi Gunawardena ◽  
Champika Wickramasinghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
School Based ◽  
The World

Abstract Background Unintentional injuries among adolescents is a major public health problem the world over. A great majority of the annual deaths among adolescents is due to unintentional injuries; it is also the leading cause of death among adolescents in the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of injuries and their associated factors among school going adolescents aged 13-17 years using data from the most recent Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Sri Lanka. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, among 3,262 adolescents attending government schools. The sample was selected through a two-staged cluster sampling technique. In the first stage, 40 schools were selected using probabilities proportional to school enrollment size, from all schools in the country that have classes in grades 8-12 . Then, from the selected schools, classes were selected using systematic equal probability sampling with a random start. The weighted prevalence was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the correlates. Results During the 12 months before the survey, 35.8% (95% CI-30.7 - 41.1) of the students reported being seriously injured one or more times. The injuries were more common among males, but were equally common among the two different age groups (13-15 age group vs 16-17 age group). The most common type of injury was cut or stab wounds (5.5%), followed by broken bones/dislocated joints (5.3%). Multivariable analysis revealed that only a few factors were associated with injury, such as being of the male sex, being bullied, being physically attacked, and/or being in a physical fight. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the prevalence of serious unintentional injuries among school going adolescents is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. This timely and comprehensive survey would help policy makers and researchers identify the unmet needs related to adolescent injuries. Furthermore, evidence generated form the study should be given due consideration when designing school-based interventions to prevent adolescent injuries.

scholarly journals Seropositivity of syphilis among individuals screened in a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Nahid H. O. Wanni ◽  
Reem Al Dossary ◽  
Obeid E. Obeid ◽  
Nourah Hasan Al Qahtani ◽  
Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Curative Therapy ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections are a serious public health problem. Syphilis, a multistage, curable chronic disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum , remains a major health problem worldwide. The disease re-emerged in the era of HIV in many countries despite the accessibility of curative therapy and continuing public health efforts to eliminate it. OBJECTIVE: Analyse the seropositivity for syphilis. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied individuals who underwent screening tests for syphilis between January 2014 and December 2018. The samples that were positive by both screening and confirmatory tests were considered as confirmed positive for syphilis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Syphilis positivity identified by chemiluminescence immunoassay, the rapid plasma reagin test, and specific antibodies against Treponema pallidum . SAMPLE SIZE: 11 832. RESULTS: Of the 11 832, 54 (0.45%) were confirmed as seropositive for syphilis. Thirty-three (61.1%) were non-Saudi; 21 (38.9%) were Saudis. Thirty (55.6%) cases were males. Twenty-two (40.74%) were married and 29 (53.70%) were unmarried. Of the 54 diagnosed as syphilis positive, 28 (51.9%) were expatriate workers screened for pre-employment. The percentage of syphilis among Saudis was 0.36%. In an overall chi-square analysis, a P <.0001 indicated a difference among nationalities in the frequency of syphilis. A post-hoc analysis showed that Somalians ( P =.004) and Sudanese ( P =.005) differed significantly from other nationalities. CONCLUSION: The study showed that syphilis was low among the screened population. More than half of the syphilis positive cases in this study were household employees. Screening for syphilis assists in planning complementary services for target populations and improves syphilis control. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. Hospital-based findings may not be representative of the seroprevalence of syphilis in the general population. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in Giza Governorate during the period of 2014–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany Rabea Abd El Malik ◽  
Amany Ezz Elarab Abd El Wahab ◽  
Heba H. Eltrawy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
Middle Aged Male

Abstract Background Tuberculosis in Egypt is a main public health problem. Egypt is categorized among the mid-level incidence countries. The objective of this work is to study the epidemiology of TB in Giza Governorate during the period from 2014 to 2018. Results This study revealed that the total number of TB cases in Giza Governorate during the period from 2014 to 2018 was 3357 (2035 males and 1322 females including 199 children) with the highest number of cases in 2017 (n=770 cases). The highest incidence occurred in the age group 18–65 years (86.3%%, 78.8%, 83.8%, 84.2%, and 87.1%) and male gender (56.8%, 62.8%, 59.9%, 61.3%, and 61.5%) during the study period, respectively, and in urban residence, the higher percentage occurred in PTB than EPTB in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018 (66.2%, 58.9%, 57.3%, and 55.5%), respectively, while the incidence of the extra PTB was higher than PTB in 2017 (51.6% versus 48.4%). The increased incidence of new cases (92.9%, 89.6%, 92.7%, 91.8%, and 92.9%) during the 5 studied years are smear-positive and cure outcome (86.3%, 87.7%, 88.7%, 83.4%, and 83.4%, respectively) Conclusion Young, middle-aged male, and new smear-positive cases were highest in percentage. The highest percentage of PTB (66.2%) was registered in 2014, and the highest percentage of EPTB (51.6%) was registered in 2017. The increased percentage of cure outcome was during the period from 2014 to 2018 in Giza Governorate.

scholarly journals Epidemiological profile of registered meningitis cases by notification region in Brazil in the period of 2015-2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Hora Gomes de Sá ◽  
Anna Carolina Moreira Silva Souza ◽  
Catharine Conceição Martinez Garcia ◽  
Liz Lustoza Brandão ◽  
Ricardo Britto Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The North ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Background: Meningitis is a brazilian public health problem due to annual outbreaks¹. Meningitis morbimortality rate is still relevant and the epidemiological description contributes to preventive actions¹,². Objectives: Describe the epidemiological profile of meningitis cases reported by region in Brazil between 2015-2020. Design and setting: A retrospective descriptive study of meningitis cases. The data were obtained from Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Methods: Information on age, sex, race, etiology, serogroup and case evolution were collected. Results: Between 2015-2020, 87,189 cases of meningitis were reported, among which 58.9% were male. The majority of cases occurred in the Southeast (53.8%). The white race stood out in the South and Southeast, and the mixed race in the North, Northeast and Midwest. The 20-29 age group was the most prevalent, with the exception of the Southeast, where the predominance was 1-4-year-olds. Viral meningitis was the most frequent (47.2%), except in the Midwest, where non-primary meningitis (31.1%) was the main agent. Serotype C (57.8%) was the most prevalent across all regions. Hospital discharge was the main evolution (77.5%), especially in South (79.6%) and Southeast (77.5%). However, the highest death rate occurred in the North (14,6%) and Midwest (12.2%). Conclusions: Male and young people are more affected by meningitis. Despite a higher incidence in the Southeast region, the North has a higher proportion of deaths, revealing a public health problem.

scholarly journals VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 494-500
Author(s):  
ALTAF PERVEZ QASIM ◽  
MUHAMMAD ANWER SULEHRI
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Important Public Health Problem

Background: Violence against women is an important public health problem. It has global significance regarding violation of human rights. Violence is an important risk factor related to ill health of women, having far reaching consequences affecting physical, social, mental and reproductive health of the victims. Objectives: To study the various types of interpersonal violence against women and find out the magnitude of physical violence and sexual assault among the victims. Study Design: A descriptive hospital record based study. Setting & Duration: The study was conducted from January to December 2005 in casualty out patient department of Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College (PMC), Faisalabad. Methodology: Total 286 cases of violence, who reported for medico-legal examination during calendar year 2005, were included in the study. The cases of physical violence / sexual assault were examined in detail. Findings were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among total 286 cases, 221 (77%) victims were married, and commonly involved age group was 21–30 years accounting for 82 (28.68%) victims. Blunt trauma was sustained by 193 (67.50%) victims, sharp edged weapon affected 17 (6.0%) cases, firearm bears the responsibility in 13 (4.54%) victims, a mix pattern of injuries by sharp / blunt objects was observed in 8(2.80%) females and (1.75%) women were said to be burnt. Forty-three (15%) cases were reported as victims of alleged sexual assault with peak incidence during 2nd decade of life in age group 11–20 years involving 23 (53.5%) cases. Among total 43 cases of sexual assault, 27 (63%) victims belonged to rural areas. Twenty Eight (65%) unmarried girls were subjected to sexual assault. In 43 sexual assault victims, semen was detected in 28 (65%) cases, 13 (30%) cases were negative; whereas reports of 2 (5%) cases were not available in the record. Conclusions: The cases of physical violence are common in Faisalabad and incidence of sexual assault is higher in rural areas more commonly affecting the unmarried young girls. There is need to attend this public health problem with concrete efforts to stop the violence against women & reduce the incidence of sexual assaults. 

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Demba Kodindo Israël ◽  
Cheick Amadou Coulibaly ◽  
John C. Beier ◽  
Gunter C. Muller ◽  
Seydou Doumbia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Significant Public Health

In underdeveloped countries, infectious diseases remain one of the most important public health challenges. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as Kala-azar, is a lethal vector-borne parasitic disease with an increasing number of cases. However, it remains one of the most neglected diseases in the world. It is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is endemic in 75 countries. Around 95% of the patients live in seven countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and causes about 20,000-40,000 deaths per year of which 50-70% are children. In Central Africa, this pathology is little known and less documented, making it difficult to access information. We have performed this study to characterize the knowledge on the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Central Africa. We reviewed the literature on visceral leishmaniasis in Central Africa on the number of reported cases, identified parasites, reservoirs and vectors. The documents consulted came from WHO reports, publications of scientific journals, reports of research institutions and abstracts of scientific conferences consulted online on Pubmed and Google Scholar. The information covers the period from the first reporting of cases in each country until December 2020. The review of the situation of visceral leishmaniasis revealed that it is not a significant public health problem in Central Africa. However, a lot of work remains to be done especially surveillance and research in order to present the exact situation of the disease in this part of the continent. This work would include the underreporting of cases inherent to the weaknesses of the surveillance system in these countries, the clarification of the transmission dynamics of human visceral leishmaniasis, canine leishmaniasis, the identity of parasites and vectors.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of COVID-19-related programme interruptions on visceral leishmaniasis in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Epke A Le Rutte ◽  
Luc E Coffeng ◽  
Johanna Muñoz ◽  
Sake J de Vlas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundIn March 2020, India declared a nationwide lockdown to control the spread of COVID-19. As a result, control efforts against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were interrupted.MethodsUsing an established age-structured deterministic VL transmission model, we predicted the impact of a 6 to 24-month programme interruption on the timeline towards achieving the VL elimination target, as well as on the increase of VL cases. We also explored the potential impact of a mitigation strategy after the interruption.ResultsDelays towards the elimination target are estimated to range between 0 to 9 years. Highly endemic settings where control efforts have been ongoing for 5-8 years are most affected by an interruption, for which we identified a mitigation strategy to be most relevant. However, more importantly, all settings can expect an increase in the number of VL cases. This increase is substantial even for settings with a limited expected delay in achieving the elimination target.ConclusionBesides implementing mitigation strategies, it is of great importance to try and keep the duration of the interruption as short as possible, to prevent new individuals from becoming infected with VL, and continue the efforts towards VL elimination as a public health problem in India.

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