scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Medicinal Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Maharjan ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Mangala D Manandhar ◽  
Shaila Basnyai ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Acorus Calamus ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus

Plant and plant products are used as medicine from the beginning of human civilization. This study compares the antibacterial activity of crude hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of nine different medicinal plants used in traditional Nepalese medicine, tested against 10 species of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 20063), Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 49132), Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae by agar well diffusion method. The selected parts of these medicinal plants namely Acorus calamus (Rhizome), Aegle marmelos (Fruit), Asparagus racemosus (Tuberous root), Mimosa pudica (Root), Terminalia bellirica (Fruit), Terminalia chebula (Fruit), Tinospora cordifolia (Stem), Woodfordia fruticosa (Flower) and Holarrhena antidysenterica (Seed) were taken for study.The result showed that out of nine tested plants, four plant extracts (44%) showed activity against at least five or more tested bacteria and five plant extracts (56%) were active against three or less than three bacteria. None of the tested plant extracts was active against all the tested bacteria. A. racemosus was the least effective against bacterial species. S. aureus was the most susceptible bacteria being sensitive to 18 extracts from 9 medicinal plants. P. vulgaris was the most resistant bacteria being resistant to all selective plants. The MBC value ranges from 3.12 mg/ml to >50 mg/ml. Lowest MBC was shown by ethylacetate extract of T. bellirica against E. coli and ethylacetate extract of W. fruticosa against S. dysenteriae. Largest ZOI (31 mm) was produced by ethylacetate extract of T. bellirica. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 209-214 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7738

scholarly journals In vitro antibacterial activity of several plant extracts and essential oils against Brucella melitensis

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Mazen Safi ◽  
Ayman Al-Mariri
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Fluid Medium

Summary Medicinal plants are considered to be new resources for the production of agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of some plants native to Syria in the treatment of brucellosis. In vitro activities of some essential oils and plant extracts of some medicinal plants against 89 Brucella melitensis isolates was determined by disc diffusion method at a concentration of 5%. The microdilution assay in the fluid medium was used to determine the MICs of essential oils and plant extracts. Among the evaluated herbs, only Thymus syriacus and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils and Laurus nobilis plant extract showed a high activity against B. melitensis strains. Thus, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for T. syriacus, C. zeylanicum, and L. nobilis against B. melitensis were 6.25, 3.125 and 6.25 μl/ml, respectively. Among studied essential oils and plant extracts, T. syriacus and C. zeylanicum essential oils, and L. nobilis plant extract were the most effective ones. Moreover, T. syriacus - C. zeylanicum combination was more effective than use of each of them alone. Then, T. syriacus and C. zeylanicum essential oils and L. nobilis plant extract could act as bactericidal agents against B. melitensis.

Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants against multiple antibiotic resistant uropathogens: a study from Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Narayanan ◽  
S. Raja ◽  
K. Ponmurugan ◽  
S. Kandekar ◽  
K. Natarajaseenivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Kolli Hills ◽  
Agar Disc

The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens necessitates medicinal plants as an alternate therapy in restricting the resistant infectious organisms. In this primitive study, the antibiotic resistance of organisms isolated from urinary tract infected patients was evaluated using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index values, and the MAR values was also calculated for plant extracts. The 10 common medicinal plants collected from Kolli hills, Namakkal, south India were extracted using the chloroform, methanol, acetone, ethanol and saponification procedure. The efficacy of the extracts on the uropathogens was tested by agar disc diffusion method in order to analyse the inhibitory activity of plant extract on the organisms. Azadiracta indica A. Juss., Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) and Euphorbia hirta Linn. exhibited high inhibitory activity against most of the 11 tested organisms followed by Cassia javanica Linn. and Phyllanthus niruri Linn. The maximum zone size of 46.3 mm was exhibited by methanol extract of P. niruri Linn. against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asparagus racemosus Willd. and Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl had the least activity against resistant pathogens. Saponified lipids of most of the plants exhibited maximum antibacterial activity. Among the tested organisms, P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most susceptible and Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloaceae, Citrobacter koseri, and Citrobacter freundii were the least inhibited by most of the extracts of medicinal plants. It is concluded that revised antibiotic policies and more importantly the development of herbal medicine as an alternative may be incorporated in urological practice.

scholarly journals The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against β-lactam-resistant bacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (09) ◽  
pp. 671-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gangoue-Pieboji ◽  
Noelly Eze ◽  
Arnaud Ngongang Djintchui ◽  
Bathélémy Ngameni ◽  
Nolé Tsabang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Garcinia Kola

Background: In effort to identify novel bacterial agents, this study was initiated to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of 17 crude extracts from 12 medicinal plants against beta-lactam-resistant bacteria. Methodology: The antimicrobial activities of plant extracts were evaluated against clinically proved beta-lactam-resistant bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp.) and reference strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 29751, E. aerogenes ATCC 13048, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790) by using disc-diffusion and agar-dilution assays. Results: The crude plant extracts demonstrated broad spectrum activity against all bacteria tested with inhibition zones in the range of 8-30 mm. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of different plant extracts against the tested bacteria were found to range from ≤ 0.3 to ≥ 10 mg ml-1. The most active plant extracts were from Dortenia picta and Bridelia micrantha (MIC: 1.25-10 mg ml-1) on beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative bacilli and the extracts from B. micrantha, Mallotus oppositifolius, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia. kola, Campylospermum densiflorum (leaves) and C. zenkeri (root) on beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive cocci (MIC: ≤ 0.3-5 mg ml-1). Conclusion: Of the 17 plant extracts studied, seven showed good antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. The stem bark of B. micrantha and the leaves of D. picta were most active towards beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacilli. This study shows that medicinal plants could be sources of compounds which can be used to fight against beta-lactam resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Species, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacterial Isolates from HIV-Infected Patients Suspected to Have Pneumonia in Mekelle Zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebre Adhanom ◽  
Dawit Gebreegziabiher ◽  
Yemane Weldu ◽  
Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun ◽  
Tadele Araya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
P Value ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Hiv Patients

Background. Pneumonia is a condition, where bacterial infections are implicated as the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. The actual burden of HIV-infected patients with pneumonia is not well documented in Mekelle region of Ethiopia. This study estimated the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV patients, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens implicated in pneumonia, and associated risk factors in Mekelle zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, during August-December 2016. Methods. Sputum specimens were collected from 252 HIV seropositive individuals with suspected pneumonia. Data on sociodemographics and risk factors were also collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood, Chocolate, and Mac Conkey agar plates (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used to grow the isolates. The isolated colonies were identified based on Gram stain, colony morphology, pigmentation, hemolysis, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 and p-value < 0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. Results. Out of the 252 samples, 110 (43.7%) were positive for various bacterial species. The predominant bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=26, 23.6 %) followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=17, 15.5 %), Escherichia coli (n=16, 14.5%), Klebsiella spp. (n=15, 13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=9, 8.2%), Enterobacter spp. (n=7, 6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4, n=3.6%), Proteus spp. (n=4, 3.6%), Citrobacter freundii (n=7, 6.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3, 2.7%), and Haemophilus influenzae (n=2, 1.8%). Young age (18-29), recent CD4+ count less than 350 cells/mL, alcohol consumption, and HIV WHO stage II showed significant association with the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia. Resistance to penicillin, co-trimoxazole, and tetracycline was observed in 81.8%, 39.8%, and 24.5% of the isolates, respectively. Conclusions. The problem of pneumonia among HIV patients was significant in the study area. The high prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria isolated from the patient’s samples possesses a health risk in immunocompromised HIV patients. There is a need to strengthen and expand culture and susceptibility procedures for the administration of appropriate therapy to improve patients management and care which may aid in decreasing the mortality.

scholarly journals BIO-CONTROL OF MULTIPLE DRUG-RESISTANT UROPATHOGENS USING MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
VIGI CHAUDHARY ◽  
RAGHUVANSHI RK ◽  
NAVEEN CHAUDHARY ◽  
GAURAV SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of some medicinal plants used in Ayurveda in treating multiple drug-resistant human pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Methods: Dried parts of six medicinal plants used in Ayurveda for treating UTI were Soxhlet extracted, and the extract was concentrated in vacuo. Various concentrations of the extract were tested for antimicrobial activity against three clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant bacteria causing UTI. Results: Preliminary results showed the promising antibacterial effect of plant extracts. Escherichia coli, the most common pathogen associated with UTI, was susceptible to aqueous extracts of all the six medicinal plants. Conclusion: This study concluded that the medicinal plants used in Ayurveda to treat UTIs are effective against multiple drug-resistant uropathogens. Further study in this regard may lead to the identification of novel antimicrobial agent for treating multiple drug-resistant urinary tract pathogens.

scholarly journals A review of medicinal plants that modulate nitric oxide activity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Jillian Borchard ◽  
Lily Mazzarella ◽  
Kevin Spelman
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Nitric Oxide Signaling ◽  
Evolvulus Alsinoides ◽  
Sida Cordifolia

Modulation of nitric oxide (NO) may offer novel approaches in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A strategy in the modulation of NO expression may be through the use of herbal medicines. We surveyed medicinal plant research that utilized multicomponent extracts similar to what is used in clinical phytotherapy or in commerce, for demonstrated effects on NO activity. SciFinder Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and BIOSIS were searched to identify human, animal, <em>in vivo</em>, <em>ex vivo </em>or <em>in vitro</em> research on botanical medicines, in whole or standardized form, that act on nitric oxide activity. iNOS was the most frequently investigated enzyme system and this system was up-regulated by many plant extracts, including, <em>Chicorium intybus, Cocos nucifera, Echinacea purpurea, Euonymus alatus, Ixeris dentate, Oldenlandia diffusa, Rhinacanthus nasutus, and Sida cordifolia. Many plant extracts down-regulated iNOS, including Centella asiatica, Dichroa Febrifuga, Echinacea purpurea, Evolvulus alsinoides, Fagonia cretica, Ginkgo biloba, Mollugo verticillata, Lactuca indica, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Pueraria thunbergiana, and Taraxacum officinale</em>. The eNOS system was stimulated by <em>Eucommia ulmoides, Sida cordifolia</em>, and <em>Thymus pulegioides while Fagonia cretica, Rubia cordifolia</em> and <em>Tinospora cordifolia </em>down-regulated nNOS. Given the activity demonstrated by many of these herbal medicines, the increasing awareness of the effects of nitric oxide on a wide variety of disease processes and the growing incidence of these conditions in the population, further study of medicinal plants on nitric oxide signaling may lead to novel therapies and further insight into human physiology.

Development of polyherbal granules and its nutritional characterization

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luna Dutta Baruah ◽  
Asha Arya ◽  
Vijaya Nalwade ◽  
Rohini Devi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Nutrient Analysis

Two poly herbal granules (AVII and SBWII) were developed utilizing the extracts of five medicinal plants on the basis of organoleptic evaluation, nutritional composition and shelf life. Five medicinal plants viz., Asparagus racemosus, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus terrestris and Withania somnifera enriched with general tonic and health promoting property were selected for the formulations which were based on Aloe vera gel and soyabean whey. The nutrient analysis of the formulated granules exhibited that the carbohydrates were the major constituents in both AVII and SBWII, followed by protein and total ash. Fat contents were 0.96 and 1.18 g/100g in AVII and SBWII, respectively. The energy levels of AVII and SBWII were 378 and 377 Kcal/100g, correspondingly. Higher contents of Ca (70.20 mg/100g), Mg (85.27mg/100g) and P (61.55 mg/100g) were observed in SBWII. The trace elements revealed that, Zn and Fe content were 1.84 and 8.63mg/100g in AVII and 1.85 and 7.85mg/100g in SBWII, respectively. The retention and stability of vitamin C, total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar for 270 days illustrated the storage life of the product in ambient condition.

scholarly journals Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial microbiota of freshwater fish

10.5219/1063 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-414
Author(s):  
Alina Klūga ◽  
Miroslava Kačániová ◽  
Margarita Terentjeva
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fish Samples

The fish meat is an essential part of human diet. However, fish may be contaminated with different microorganisms, including pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance of fish microbiota may facilitate the spread of resistant microorganisms causing serious consequences for human health. The aim of the present study was to detect bacterial contamination in fish gill, gut and skin and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial isolates. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and bream (Abramis bram) were obtained from the market in Jelgava city. Chub (Leuciscus cephalus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and tench (Tinca tinca) were collected from fishermen. Fish samples were examined for the total bacterial count (TBC), coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. Testing was done in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. Identification of all bacteria was accomplished with the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization – Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method. The disc diffusion method was used for the detection of antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacterial species. TBC ranged from 2.70 to 7.00 log CFU.g-1, coliforms from 0 to 2.67 log CFU.g-1, Enterobacteriaceae from 0 to 2.85 log CFU.g-1. The highest contamination with Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. was observed in chub gut samples with 1.60 log CFU.g-1 and 2.23 log CFU.g-1, respectively. Altogether, 16 microbial genera and 31 bacterial species were identified. The dominant bacterial species belonged to Pseudomonas spp. (54%) and Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to ticarcillin, susceptibility to ciprofloxacin showed 88% of isolates. All Enterobacteriaceae isolates were susceptible to imipenem. The microbial quality of the fish was acceptable, but the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria may further cause a negative impact on public health.

scholarly journals Determination of Sun Protective Factor of Selected Medicinal Plants from Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Suman Prakash Pradhan ◽  
Kapil Adhikari ◽  
Saroj Nepal ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Absolute Methanol ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts

Plant extracts contain active ingredients that can absorb, reflect or scatter the sunlight, depending on their nature. The effectiveness of plant extracts as a skin protective agent can be determined by measuring the sun protection factor (SPF). The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of selected medicinal plant extracts as a component in sunscreen production in modern cosmetics. The absolute methanol extract of six medicinal plants namely; Asparagus racemosus, Bergenia pacumbis, Melia azedarach, Murraya koenigii, Pleurospermum benthamii, and Thymus linearis were examined in-vitro for their sun protective ability by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method with the application of Mansur equation. Our results revealed that most of the plant extracts possess prodigious SPF values as compared with commercial sunscreen. The greatest SPF value was found in P. benthamii (34.97±0.25), T. linearis (24.98±0.60), and B. pacumbis (24.02±0.15). These results show that these plant extracts can act as a very good antisolar agent.

scholarly journals In vitro Antibacterial Effect of Medicinal Plants Against Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Bishnu Thapa ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Reshma Tuladhar
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Acorus Calamus ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Herbal Plants

Objectives: The aim of this work was to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of herbal plants against the Multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples. Methods: Gram negative bacteria isolated from various clinical samples were processed for antibiotic susceptibility test by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and MDR bacteria were selected. Methanol extracts of six different medicinal plants Acorus calamus (bojho), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Azadirachta indica (neem), Cinnamomum tamala (tejpatta), Aloe vera and Zanthoxylum alatum (timur), were tested for antibacterial activity against the selected MDR bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Results: From clinical samples, 8 different MDR Gram negative bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. with E. coli dominated the number. Out of six medicinal plants extracts, Z. alatum, C. tamala and Ocimum sanctum were found to be effective with zones of inhibition ranging from 9-13 mm. The medicinal plants with antibacterial activity can be an alternative source of medicine against MDR Gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: Several herbal plants extracts exhibit antibacterial activity against MDR Gram negative bacteria. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts can vary with type of plant and extraction methods. Thus, for optimal benefit of plant extract, an appropriate extraction method and use of purified product is essential.

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