Assessment of U.S. Domestic Airline Fuel Efficiency since 2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 2501 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Kwan ◽  
Daniel Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Main Line ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Access Frequency ◽  
Protection Goals ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Major Airlines ◽  
Domestic Airline

Aircraft are responsible for about 2.5% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. Total aircraft CO2 emissions are expected to triple by 2050 if present trends continue. Surprisingly little public information is available about the fuel efficiency, and therefore carbon intensity, of U.S. airlines. This research seeks to address this gap by assessing the fuel efficiency of major airlines serving the U.S. domestic market from 2010 to 2012 by using airline-reported fuel and operations data. A frontier model was used to develop an efficiency metric that accounts for the fuel that airlines burn to provide both mobility (passenger miles traveled) and access (frequency of service and number of airports served). Recognizing that many main-line carriers receive service from their regional partners, the fuel efficiency assessment incorporates the fuel and operations of regional carriers into the fuel and operations of their respective main-line carriers. Airlines that operate circuitous routes are also distinguished. Alaska, Spirit, and Southwest were among the most fuel-efficient airlines, in contrast to less-efficient carriers such as Allegiant and American, which consumed an estimated 26% more fuel than Alaska on equivalent operations in 2012. Airlines that were the most efficient overall did not necessarily transport a given passenger more efficiently between each city–city pair, because of differences in technology utilization and operations. From 2010 to 2012, the average rate of improvement was estimated to be 1.1% per year, short of existing climate protection goals, highlighting the importance of continued efforts in both technology and policy to reduce emissions from aviation.

The effects of DLC-coated journal on improving seizure limit and reducing friction under engine oil lubrication

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110129
Author(s):  
Hidemi Ogihara ◽  
Takumi Iwata ◽  
Yuji Mihara ◽  
Makoto Kano
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Main Bearing ◽  
Dlc Coating ◽  
Lubrication Regime ◽  
Mixed Lubrication Regime ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Internal combustion engines have been improved markedly in recent years through efforts to conserve resources, reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. In this regard, the authors have been working to reduce friction and improve the seizure properties of the crankshaft main journal and main bearing. These mechanical components of internal combustion engines incur large friction losses. In order to reduce friction, journals have been coated with a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating, which has been reported to reduce friction in the fluid lubrication regime in recent years. Another current issue of journals and bearings is the need to improve seizure resistance. Therefore, these properties were evaluated for material combinations of aluminium alloy bearings and DLC-coated journals, which have low affinity. The results revealed that friction was reduced under a fluid lubrication regime and seizure resistance was improved under a mixed lubrication regime.

scholarly journals Effect of Methanol/Water Mixed Fuel Compound Injection on Engine Combustion and Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4491
Author(s):  
Changchun Xu ◽  
Haengmuk Cho
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Due to the recent global increase in fuel prices, to reduce emissions from ground transportation and improve urban air quality, it is necessary to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Water, methanol, and a mixture of the two were added at the pre-intercooler position to keep the same charge and cooling of the original rich mixture, reduce BSFC and increase ITE, and promote combustion. The methanol/water mixing volume ratios of different fuel injection strategies were compared to find the best balance between fuel consumption, performance, and emission trends. By simulating the combustion mechanism of methanol, water, and diesel mixed through the Chemkin system, the ignition delay, temperature change, and the generation rate of the hydroxyl group (−OH) in the reaction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the performance and emission of the engine were analyzed in combination with the actual experiment process. This paper studied the application of different concentration ratios of the water–methanol–diesel mixture in engines. Five concentration ratios of water–methanol blending were injected into the engine at different injection ratios at the pre-intercooler position, such as 100% methanol, 90% methanol/10% water, 60% methanol/40% water, 30% methanol/70% water, 100% water was used. With different volume ratios of premixes, the combustion rate and combustion efficiency were affected by droplet extinguishment, flashing, or explosion, resulting in changes in combustion temperature and affecting engine performance and emissions. In this article, the injection carryout at the pre-intercooler position of the intake port indicated thermal efficiency increase and a brake specific fuel consumption rate decrease with the increase of water–methanol concentration, and reduce CO, UHC, and nitrogen oxide emissions. In particular, when 60% methanol and 40% water were added, it was found that the ignition delay was the shortest and the cylinder pressure was the largest, but the heat release rate was indeed the lowest.

scholarly journals Carbon Risk Analysis Of The South African Banks’ Lending To The JSE100 CDP Companies

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Alfred Bimha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Intensity

There is a pertinent concern over the continued lending to companies that are still pursuing projects that increase the amount of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. South Africa has most of its energy generation being done through coal thermal powered turbines. More so there are a number of new power stations being built in South Africa that are coal powered. Coal on the other hand is deemed as having the highest amount of carbon that contributes to the greenhouse effect which in turn affects the climate leading to climate change consequences. There is also a growing concern on the uptake of renewable energy initiatives by companies that are deemed carbon intensive. Banks are being castigated for not using their economic transformation role to champion the agenda of combating climate change caused by carbon emissions. In this study, the extent of lending in the short and long term to carbon intensive companies by South African banks is examined. Using a sample of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange top 100 companies that participate in Carbon Disclosure Project, an analysis is done through four carbon metrics –carbon intensity, carbon dependency, carbon exposure, carbon risk. The analysis used public information from the banks’ websites, South African Reserve Bank reports and other public databases that contain sustainability information of the JSE100 companies. The analysis was done by comparing the carbon metrics of the recognized seven (7) sectorial industry catergories (SIC) on the JSE, mainly Energy & Materials, Industrials, Consumer Staples, Consumer Discretionary, Financials, IT & Telecoms and Health Care. The major finding of the research is that there is a high carbon risk in short term loans compared to long term loans across the JSE100 companies that are analysed. More so, the Energy & Materials sector seem to have the highest carbon risk compared to the other sectors.

scholarly journals Incentivizing a Carbon-Free Economy: A Method to Identify Free-Riders

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-85
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Top-down approaches to reducing global carbon dioxide emissions have so far met with limited success, even though most countries accept the urgency of mitigating climate change and have en­tered into various agreements that should help reduce emissions. This article does not dismiss the importance of such “top-down” agreements for developing rational strategies to achieve declining total emissions, but it suggests a complementary approach to encourage immediate “bottom-up” progress on climate goals that do not need to wait for global cooperation. This paper develops a framework to identify free-riding behavior among countries that use three readily measured pa­rameters of the country’s economy: carbon intensity, rate of change of the carbon intensity, and per capita GDP. It then goes on to propose a simple formula to calculate trade sanctions against a free-riding country that could be used in bilateral actions to incentivize carbon emissions reduc­tions. The paper argues that the value of the goods, the difference in carbon intensity between the importer and exporter, and the cost of carbon removal can be used to calculate the unfair trade ad­vantage of a free-riding country. The dynamics of the proposed framework are tested through three case studies, highlighting current free-rider behavior—based on historic emissions for the period 1991–2012; an alternate, hypothetical scenario whereby a subset of countries follow aggressive carbon emission reductions; and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario.

scholarly journals The holiday carbon footprint in tourism education: Learning from practice and experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Amelung ◽  
Eke Eijgelaar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Study Programme ◽  
Tourism Education ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Tourism is on course to thwart humanity’s efforts to reach a zero carbon economy because of its high growth rates and carbon intensity. To get out of its carbon predicament, the tourism sector needs professionals with carbon literacy and carbon capability. Providing future professionals in the full spectrum of tourism-related study programmes with the necessary knowledge and skills is essential. This article reports on ten years of experience at a BSc tourism programme with a carbon footprint exercise in which students calculate the carbon footprint of their latest holiday, compare their results with others and reflect on options to reduce emissions. Before they start, the students are provided with a handout with emission factors, a brief introduction and a sample calculation. The carbon footprints usually differ by a factor of 20 to 30 between the highest and lowest. Distance, transport mode and length of stay are almost automatically identified as the main causes, and as the main keys for drastically reducing emissions. The link to the students’ own experience makes the exercise effective, the group comparison makes it fun. As the exercise requires no prior knowledge and is suitable for almost any group size, it can be integrated into almost any tourism-related study programme.

scholarly journals Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics of a High-Speed Motor for Electric Turbochargers in Relation to Eccentricity

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3340
Author(s):  
Tae-Woo Lee ◽  
Do-Kwan Hong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Transportation Technologies

As the demand for eco-friendly, high-efficiency transportation technologies increase due to climate change, a high-speed electric motor, a key component of an electric turbocharger, has been developed that can reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency. Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute with Keyyang Precision Co., Ltd., developed a high-speed surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor. It operates at a power of 3 kW at 100,000 rpm and is intended to fit 1600 cc diesel vehicles. In this paper, the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the high-speed motor were reviewed in consideration of the effect of eccentricity among the various causes that affect vibration. It was confirmed that eccentricity affected the distribution of the electromagnetic force and inductance of the winding due to the uneven air-gap. Additional vibration was generated at the half of pole passing frequency (1666.67 Hz). Diagnosing the presence or absence of eccentricity when driving a motor takes a great deal of time and cost because the load is separated or the motor is diagnosed through disassembly and measurement. The characteristics of eccentricity identified in this paper can be checked using a relatively simple method when diagnosing the presence or absence of actual eccentricity.

scholarly journals Short-Term Price Reaction to Filing for Bankruptcy and Restructuring Proceedings—The Case of Poland

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Błażej Prusak ◽  
Marcin Potrykus
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Public Information ◽  
T Test ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Reversal Effect ◽  
Price Reversal

This study aims to check market reaction to filing for bankruptcy and restructuring proceedings and to verify the short-term effect of a price reversal in the Polish market in the years 2004–2019. The research was conducted by dividing the analysed companies according to the procedure (bankruptcy and restructuring) and market (the main market and the NewConnect market). The research methodology used in the study is the event analysis method (AR, CAR, AAR and CAAR rates were used in the research), with a few statistical tests (T-test, Generalized rank Z Test, Generalized rank T-Test, Patell or Standardized Residual Test, Kolari and Pynnönen adjusted Patell or Standardized Residual Test). It was found that share prices in the Polish share market react quickly to public information about filing an application for bankruptcy or restructuring. For all analysed companies, the mean rate of return on the event day was equal to −14%, and on the next day, it was −3%. Regardless of the type of share market and the form of proceedings, the reversal effect was not confirmed in the short term. It was found that cumulative above-average rates of return fall more strongly for companies listed on the less liquid Newconnect market (−23.6%), and when information on the filing for bankruptcy proceedings is provided (−28.5%), as opposed to the main market (−19.1%) and restructuring proceedings (−17%). The cumulative average rate of return for all analysed companies in the research period (−2, +10 days) was equal to −20.6%.

Improvement of vehicles operation by application of gasoline modified with nano-additive

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Elena Romenovna Magaril ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Acoustic Vibrations ◽  
Noise And Vibration ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Gasoline Consumption ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
Reduce Emissions

The results of studies of the influence of the developed nano-additive on gasoline consumption, acoustic vibrations and vibration in the engine are presented. The conducted tests of the effect of the nano-additive application on fuel efficiency in highway driving conditions showed a decrease in the specific consumption of gasoline modified with a nano-additive up to 14.08 % relative to standard gasoline. Accordingly, the reduction in gasoline consumption will reduce emissions of toxic substances and greenhouse gases. It was found that the introduction of nano-additive into gasoline, which improves the combustion process, reduces the level of noise and vibration during vehicle operation and makes it possible to reduce the pollution of the acoustic environment. The use of gasoline modified with a nano-additive can significantly improve the environmental situation and reduce the consumption of scarce hydrocarbon fuels.

Environmental and Economic Analysis of Low Emissions Yard and Industrial Switchers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ricci ◽  
Bryan Schlake
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Tractive Effort ◽  
Battery Power ◽  
Reduce Emissions

As railroads and local industries served by rail seek to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency, new technologies are being developed to serve this market. Contrary to the minimal competitive options available over the last several decades, new companies are now emerging with a variety of locomotive designs aimed at low emissions and low horsepower solutions. Some technologies involve alternative fuels (e.g. natural gas, bio-diesel, battery power, etc.), while others incorporate very low horsepower diesel engines (400hp–1000hp) in order to meet the Tier 4 regulations set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Yet another option available to railroads and local industries is the mobile railcar mover. Typically used within railroad yard limits or on industry tracks, yard and industrial switchers and mobile railcar movers travel short distances, but must be capable of moving large loads. Subject to high forces when moving cars, these technologies must be both resilient (requiring minimal maintenance) and safe (not subject to derailment or loss of control). As the current market for yard and industrial switchers continues to expand, both railroads and local industries served by rail are placing greater emphases on the environmental and economic benefits of the emerging technologies. This paper aims to analyze the current yard and industrial switcher market and draw conclusions based on emissions data and lifecycle costs. Industrial switchers are compared with yard switchers and mobile railcar movers. Although industrial switchers are more limited in horsepower and operational versatility than yard switchers, many of the daily operations between the two are similar. Mobile railcar movers (e.g. Trackmobile® and Rail King®) offer lower initial costs as well as the versatility of both on-track and off-track movement. However, they may require additional maintenance and offer reduced tractive effort compared to locomotive technologies. As the demands on railroad yard and industry operations grow increasingly complex due to environmental regulations and economic demands, these new technologies have the potential to increase competition in the marketplace and offer improved engineering solutions. By developing a hierarchy of key requirements of yard or industry switchers, this paper provides a framework for identifying the best options available to a railroad or local industries. The scope of this paper will include a review of all options available, but will place a greater emphasis on technologies that are commercially available for wide distribution. By sampling and analyzing the current industrial market, much insight can be gained into daily operational requirements and challenges faced by this sector of the industry.

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