Foreign exchange earnings of the countries of the world from international trade in fruit and berry products

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Rafail R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
Nikolay G. Platonovskiy ◽  
Akhmed M. Khezhev ◽  
Tatiyana V. Ostapchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Order ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Stability

In the context of the modern global financial world order, an important element of the stability of the national monetary unit of the overwhelming majority of countries in the world, especially developing countries, is foreign exchange earnings. For some countries with favorable natural and climatic conditions, the production, processing and export of agricultural products plays a significant role in the overall structure of foreign exchange earnings in the country. The constantly increasing demand from consumers for fruits, berries, nuts and their processed products allows economic entities of national fruit and berry subcomplexes to increase the volume of growing and exporting these types of products. This study analyzes the change in the volume of exports and imports of fruit and berry products in value terms for the period 2010-2019. It is revealed that some states, being the largest exporters of fruits, berries, nuts and products of their processing, occupy significant positions in the import of these types of products from abroad. Based on the author’s calculations, the top 30 countries of the world have been compiled in terms of net foreign exchange earnings from international trade in this type of product. According to this indicator, the first line with a level of $ 7.506 billion was occupied by Spain, while it increased it by $ 1.675 billion over 10 years. As for Russia, despite the counter-sanctions against the countries of the European Union and some other countries of the world, as well as the ongoing policy of import substitution, including in domestic gardening, it continues to be one of the main importers of fruits, berries, nuts and their processing products in the world. Thus, our country supports both foreign producers and other commercial structures that carry out the processes of commodity circulation of fruit and berry products, and the receipt of foreign exchange earnings in these powers.

FRUIT AND BERRIES WORLD PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1464
Author(s):  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

Horticulture is an important branch of agriculture with particular importance in some countries of the world. The production of fruits, berries and nuts is an important part of forming a high-grade food supply for the population in many countries, including the developing ones. Basing on the statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN), the authors examined the change in the production volume of these products in the world as a whole for 1961-2018, as well as for the period 1992-2018 in some countries - twenty largest producers in 2018; and a number of trends were identified. In particular, it was noted that in 2018 the global gross harvest of fruits and berries increased by 4.34 times compared to 1961, while that of nuts - by 7.04 times. A deeper analysis in the context of states, which are the main producers of fruits, berries and nuts, carried out for 1922-2018, indicates that there is a change in the positions of these countries in the corresponding world ranking. The quantitative and qualitative changes we observe inevitably have a significant impact both on the volume of the world market in terms of production, and, consequently, the supply of fruit and berry products, and on the parameters of international trade in fruits, berries and nuts. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is not among the countries - largest producers of fruit and berry products (in 2018 it was the 31st in the global rating for fruits and berries, and the 52nd for nuts), it occupies a very significant position in the world on its imports, especially on some of them. In connection with the policy of import substitution, deployed in response to sanctions from a number of Western states, some positive changes are also observed in the Russian gardening industry. However, imports in the resources of fruits and berries still amounted to 53.6% in 2018. Naturally, many types of fruit and berry products are economically inexpedient to cultivate on an industrial scale in the natural and climatic conditions of our country, but it is necessary to carry out scientifically grounded and systematic work to increase the production of relatively traditional for Russia fruit and berry plants in the large-scale commodity sector.

scholarly journals Deglobalization ‒ a situational phenomenon or a stable world trend?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Iryna Markovych ◽  
Nataliia Bazhanova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Order ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Institutional Factor ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Globalization ◽  
The Stability

The aim of the article is to identify trends in the world economy in terms of changes in periods of increasing globalization and deglobalization manifestations, supplementing them with a study of the factors that stimulate these manifestations. Economic-financial, social and political globalizations are singled out as planes of globalization processes development. It is shown that economic and financial globalization is characterized by the intensity and conditions of movement of goods and services in international trade flows; organizational and economic transformations of entrepreneurship in the context of innovative changes in the world’s economic development; investment component of the economies functioning; formation of a common financial market, etc. Social globalization finds its expression through cross-cultural and behavioral aspects of interactions in the world; migration processes; the role of the information space in reformatting the world order, etc. Political globalization is manifested in the peculiarities of the influence of the institutional factor on market structures; decision-making procedures at the national and international levels, etc. The cyclical intensification of globalization and deglobalization manifestations in the world economy has been studied, which demonstrates the stability of the tendency to weaken the importance of fragmented supply chains in international trade. It has been proven that the ability to adapt is especially important for companies to be able to use the opportunities that are open to them as actors in today's interconnected world, and not lose their potential under the influence of often contradictory forces, which are due to them. Differences in perceptions of the benefits and threats of globalization forces by different population groups are shown, as well as changes in the geography of global demand, the drivers of skepticism about globalization are outlined, the most important of which are: inequality, and in the interstate context); certainty (vulnerability caused by the possible loss of national identity and its gradual replacement by cultural norms of other countries); impact (vulnerability due to difficult opportunities to counter the decisions and policies of international organizations and multinational companies).

Olive Oil and the Potential for Olive Cultivation in India

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
B.V. Subbiah
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Olive Cultivation

The big gap between the production and consumption of edible oil in India is met by imports of more than a million tonnes annually, which have become a heavy drain on the country's slender foreign exchange resources. It is an urgent necessity to augment edible oil production, without prejudice to the cultivation of other agriculturally important crops. The olive offers an edible oil very much valued in the world market, and efforts to introduce its cultivation are desirable. The special properties of this oil and the soil and climatic conditions required for olive cultivation are described and the possibilities are discussed for its introduction in the marginal lands of India, particularly Rajasthan and adjoining areas.

scholarly journals International trade in services: The role of international shipping

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 376-399
Author(s):  
Ivana Popovic-Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Merchandise Trade

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the World Trade Organization's most important agreements. This accord is the first and only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. It is a framework for international trade in services and a legal basis for resolving conflicting national interests. For the past two decades, trade in services has grown faster than merchandise trade. Currently, they represent more than two thirds of the World Gross Domestic Product. As the term services covers a wide range of intangible and heterogeneous products and activities, there has been an increasing demand for detailed, relevant and internationally comparable statistical information on trade in services. In the last ten years, the share of transportation services in international trade in commercial services was steady and amounted to about one quarter.

scholarly journals IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN DAN DISKRIMINASI PELARANGAN EKSPOR DAN IMPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN BIJIH NIKEL TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-236
Author(s):  
Sekar Wiji Rahayu ◽  
Fajar Sugianto
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
The World

AbstractThe creation of free trade provides a large advantage and role in driving the economic growth of a country, especially for developing countries that have abundant natural resources. One of the systems in free trade carried out by countries in the world in buying and selling produce is known as an export-import system. Where the seller is usually referred to as an exporter and the buyer is referred to as an importer. Like the general trading system, in international trade there are also obstacles that can be detrimental to one party and / or several parties in conducting international trade. These obstacles can be in the form of tariff barriers and / or non-tariff barriers. Non-tariff barriers can take the form of certain discriminations imposed by a particular country, both to protect the value of its production and to redevelop the product into something of even higher value. Both are pursed on one thing, hedging. Discrimination is also imposed by the European Union against the ban on imports of Palm Oil from Indonesia on the grounds that Palm Oil has a negative impact on the environment. Bearing in mind the European Union is one of the countries active in Environmental Health campaigns. Discrimination is also carried out by Indonesia to stop all exports of Nickel Ore and / or other minerals to the European Union with the consideration to hedge minerals that have not been downstreamed. Based on the discrimination actions, the two countries plan to submit complaints and complaints to the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a form of the two countries' objections to the policies taken.Keywords: international trade; mineral downstreaming; oil palmAbstrakTerciptanya perdagangan bebas memberikan keuntungan serta peran yang besar dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, khususnya bagi negara-negara berkembang yang memiliki Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang melimpah. Salah satu sistem dalam perdagangan bebas yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara di dunia dalam melakukan jual-beli hasil produksi dikenal sebagai sistem ekspor-impor. Dimana pihak penjual lazimnya disebut sebagai eksportir dan pihak pembeli disebut sebagai importir. Selayaknya sistem perdagangan pada umumnya, di dalam perdagangan internasional juga terdapat hambatan-hambatan yang dapat merugikan satu pihak dan/atau beberapa pihak dalam yang melakukan perdagangan internasional. Hambatan tersebut dapat berupa hambatan tarif dan/atau hambatan non tarif. Hambatan non tarif dapat berupa diskriminasi-diskriminasi tertentu yang diberlakukan oleh suatu negara tertentu, baik untuk melindungi nilai produksinya maupun untuk mengembangkan kembali produk tersebut menjadi sesuatu yang lebih tinggi lagi nilainya. Keduanya mengerucut pada satu hal, yakni lindung nilai. Diskriminasi tersebut juga diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap pelarangan impor Kelapa Sawit dari Indonesia dengan alasan bahwa Minyak Kelapa Sawit menimbulkan dampak yang buruk terhadap lingkungan. Mengingat Uni Eropa merupakan salah satu negara yang aktif dalam kampanye-kampanye kesehatan lingkungan. Aksi diskriminasi juga diberlakukan oleh Indonesia untuk menghentikan seluruh ekspor Bijih Nikel dan/atau mineral lainnya kepada Uni Eropa dengan pertimbangan untuk melakukan lindung nilai terhadap mineral-mineral yang belum di hilirisasi. Atas tindakan-tindakan diskiriminasi tersebut, kedua negara berencana untuk mengajukan keluhan dan gugatan ke World Trade Organization (WTO) sebagai bentuk keberatan kedua negara terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan yang diambil.Kata kunci: hilirisasi mineral; kelapa sawit; perdagangan internasional

The Principles and Operation of the Bretton Woods International Monetary System in the Years 1944–1971. The Reasons for Its Collapse

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Klimiuk
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability

The subject of the article is an analysis of the role of the US dollar in the development of international trade and the world economy during the period of the Bretton Woods monetary system (1944–1971). The international monetary system existing at that time was, in principle, a gold exchange standard based mainly on the national currency of the United States. However, a relatively small role was also played by other currencies including, in particular, the pound sterling. It should be noted that the Bretton Woods rules did not match the conditions in the world economy which emerged after World War II. The main areas of criticism concerned such assumptions as the maintenance of an official fixed price for gold, or a too narrowly interpreter postulate for the stability of the exchange rate. On the other hand, it should be noted that the introduction of the stability of exchange rates and the abolition of restrictions on payments were fundamentally sound decisions. They led in fact to the minimisation of a risk inherent in international trade and its rapid growth. One should also emphasise the fact that from the very beginning, in the international gold based monetary system there was an internal contradiction (paradox), which eventually led to its collapse. This was namely the fact that the growth in world trade created a growing demand for international liquidity. This was tantamount to a necessity to maintain a permanent balance of payments deficit in respect of the country whose currency was considered the key currency. At the same time, the growing volume of the US currency resulted in an increasing crisis of confidence in the dollar.

scholarly journals Structure and Evolution of the International Pesticide Trade Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-An Li ◽  
Wen-Jie Xie ◽  
Wei-Xing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Clustering ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Local Clustering Coefficient

To meet the increasing demand for food around the world, pesticides are widely used and will continue to be widely used in agricultural production to reduce yield losses and maintain product quality. International pesticide trade serves to reallocate the distribution of pesticides around the world. We investigate the statistical properties of the international trade networks of five categories of pesticides from the view angle of temporal directed and weighted networks. We observed an overall increasing trend in network size, network density, average in- and out-degrees, average in- and out-strengths, temporal similarity, and link reciprocity, indicating that the rising globalization of pesticides trade is driving the networks denser. However, the distributions of link weights remain unchanged along time for the five categories of pesticides. In addition, all the networks are disassortatively mixed because large importers or exporters are more likely to trade with small exporters or importers. We also observed positive correlations between in-degree and out-degree, in-strength and out-strength, link reciprocity and in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength, while node’s local clustering coefficient is negatively related to in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength. We show that some structural and dynamic properties of the international pesticide trade networks are different from those of the international trade networks, highlighting the presence of idiosyncratic features of different goods and products in the international trade.

scholarly journals 75 Years Later, What Has Become of the Principles of Yalta?

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Jacques HOGARD
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
World Order ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Third World War

One of the main goals of the Big Three meeting in Yalta was to guarantee the stability of a new postwar world order in a lasting way. In taking stock today, we can honestly recognize that for 75 years the world has been protected from the worst disaster of a third world war, even if it has been the scene of numerous conflicts. The "Yalta order" was, not without reason, criticized for a kind of “dividing of the world” among the USSR and the Anglo-Saxon Powers. Nevertheless, it was more respectful of nations, of their identity, of their independence then the new globalist order that has gradually replaced it. Today it is necessary to return to some essential principles of Yalta, at least to go back to the Yalta’s spirit, so that the vision of a multipolar world is imposed on all, while respecting sovereignties, identities, and nations.

scholarly journals Notes on the Trade Relations between China and European Union (2008-2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima S C Previdelli ◽  
Luiz Eduardo S de Souza
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

China is the second largest economy and the biggest exporter in the world. Its growth in 2016 reached 6.7% and it is expected that China may be in the way to become the world's largest economy by the end of this decade , with an internal market of over two billion Euro in potential consumers . China's rise as a major global economy was driven by its WTO accession in 2001 which allowed the opening of its economy. This led China to establish itself as a major global trader and largest world exporter. These notes outline a history of recent trade relations between China and the European Union, discussing its evolving dynamics and volume in international trade.

scholarly journals Analysis of the potential investment attractiveness of the Russian fisheries sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Kruchinina ◽  
S. M. Ryzhkova
Keyword(s):  
New Production ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Theoretical Science ◽  
Port Infrastructure

The fishery complex is an integral part of the national economy. Fish and its processed products are an important part of a balanced and healthy diet. They do not have an alternative replacement, therefore, an efficiently functioning fishery complex plays a big role in ensuring the country's food security and preserves aquatic biological resources. In coastal areas, it is a center of labor force employment, since fishing cannot do without related industries: shipbuilding, production of gear, processing, packaging and transportation of fish products, and therefore it is the core of production and port infrastructure, an incentive for the development of the social sphere and a center attraction of innovation. Currently, the industry is experiencing difficulties associated with both internal and external problems. For further progressive development of the complex, it is necessary to attract investors and financing from various sources for the technical re-equipment of the existing material and technical base, as well as create completely new production assets. A potential investor needs information about the possible pluses and minuses, acquisitions and losses. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the potential investment attractiveness of the domestic fisheries complex. In theoretical science there is no definition of investment attractiveness. Therefore, when conducting this study, the authors followed the canons of classical economic theory and used comparison methods, historical, deduction and induction, statistical and others. Analyzing the legislation, regulatory documents, scientific articles, monographs, reviews, they came to the following conclusions: the fishery complex has an investment attractiveness under a set of certain conditions. The potential for investment attractiveness of the fishery complex at the present stage is characterized by the presence of a legislative base, increasing demand for fish in world markets and domestically, the stability of the conditions for obtaining quotas for fishing and aquatic biological resources, government participation in co-financing projects, the availability of a state order for finished products, and scientific opportunities capacity etc.

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