scholarly journals Syntagma as an object of communicative grammar

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
N. Ilyassova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Unit ◽  
Main Category ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Speech Situation ◽  
Written Speech

The article reviews syntagmatic research and defines syntagma as psycholinguistic, semantic-syntactic, semantic-intonational, functional unit. It is indicated that lexical mixing and syntactic dismemberment are the result of syntagmatic studies. At the same time, this article gives a definition of the role that syntagma plays in communicative grammar. Syntagma is divided into two broad categories: subjective and objective substances. It is characterized as the main category that defines the model of communicants, reveals the essence of communicative meaning, and reveals the types, form, speech situation and the meaning of the oral and written speech correlation

TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI SANDIAGA UNO DALAM TALKSHOW MATA NAJWA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Yulianah Prihatin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Speech Situation

The purpose of this article is to find out the illocutionary speech acts of Sandiaga Uno in the mata najwa talk show in TRANS 7 based on the form and type. The data obtained by the author comes from the utterances spoken by Sandiaga Uno in the Mata Najwa talk show on TRANS 7 which is re-aired on Najwa Shihab's Youtube channel April 15, 2021. The author collects data using listening and note-taking techniques. A speech act is an utterance that contains action as a functional unit in communication that considers aspects of the speech situation. Speech acts are classified into three, namely locutionary speech acts, illocutionary speech acts, and perlocutionary speech acts. In this article, the writer analyzes the illocutionary speech acts. Illocutionary speech acts are speech acts that are usually interpreted with explicit performative sentences. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the forms of illocutionary speech acts obtained are declarative and imperative forms. While the types of illocutionary speech acts obtained are assertive, directive, and expressive.

Toward a concept of the functional unit of mammalian skeletal muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (5) ◽  
pp. R411-R420 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Bloch ◽  
A. S. Iberall
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Mammalian Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Bundle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maximum Area ◽  
Motor End Plate ◽  
Definition Of

The current concepts for the functional unit of mammalian skeletal muscle are reviewed and shown to lack components that are required for determining the unit. To secure a definition for the functional unit, requisite criteria were selected, and the manner by which these criteria were used to define the functional unit are discussed. For deriving a definition of the unit the following values were obtained: the unit is associated with the total length of the muscle fiber, which may achieve a maximum length of 60 cm; it exhibits an average diameter of 40 micrometers/fiber; it is associated with a capillary net whose length (arteriole to venule) is about 750-1,000 micrometers max; the net exhibits a capillary-to-fiber ratio for long capillaries of approximately 1-1.5:1, with a transverse capillaries occurring approximately every 150 micrometers; and it has a fiber-to-motor end plate ratio of 1:1. The correlation between anatomic data and functional data indicate that a functional unit of muscle is delimited by about 1 mm2 of the cross-sectional area of a muscle bundle, since this is the maximum area under autonomic control of its particular arteriolar blood supply, the metabolic throttle that determines the power being expended by the muscle bundle.

scholarly journals Manifestations of Natural Written Speech: Inscriptions on Photos

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
N. A. Krasovskaya ◽  
P. Yu. Kositsina
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Graphical Layout ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Linguistic Means ◽  
Written Speech

The main purpose of this article is to dwell on the consideration of some genres of natural writing. The very concept of “natural written speech” at the present time has not received a complete and comprehensive interpretation. However, recently we have come across its existence much less often. In part, the disappearance of the genres of natural writing is associated with the onset of the digital era, when people stopped writing letters to each other on paper, notes, making notes for themselves, stopped signing photographs. Many genres of writing are capable of giving an idea of the writer in the same way as varieties of oral speech. In natural written speech, some personality traits and linguistic personality are manifested. The aim of the research, presented in the article, is to analyze inscriptions on photographs from the viewpoint of their lexis, punctuation, graphical layout to define the chronotope and personal characteristics of the author, who produces this genre of written discourse. The focus is on the linguistic means of inscriptions on photos, i.e. graphic, lexical, derivational and some others. In the process of analyzing such a genre of writing as inscriptions on photographs, the main varieties of this genre were identified: inscriptions made as a memento, inscriptions that represent the definition of an event or time and place; inscriptions made to convey information to close relatives, etc. In addition, the inscriptions on photographs can be classified by keywords, if possible, determining the chronotope, by the use of graphic means, by the location of the inscription itself in the photograph. To a certain extent, the inscriptions made on photographs reflect the personality traits of a person. The analysis shows, that the inscriptions on photographs have become somewhat of a harbinger of personal pages on Instagram.

scholarly journals Functional Unit for Impact Assessment in the Mining Sector—Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9313
Author(s):  
Julien Bongono ◽  
Birol Elevli ◽  
Bertrand Laratte
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
End Use ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sector Part ◽  
Selection Of

More and more efforts are directed towards the standardization of the methods of determining the functional unit (FU) in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These efforts concern the development of theories and detailed methodological guides, but also the evaluation of the quality of the FU obtained. The objective of this article is to review this work in order to propose, using a multiscale approach, a method for defining the FU in the mining sector, which takes into account all the dimensions of the system under study. In this first part, the emphasis is on identifying the shortcomings of the FU. The absence of a precise normative framework specific to each sector of activity, as well as the complex, multifunctional and hard-to-scale nature of the systems concerned, are at the origin of the flexibility in the selection of the FU. This lack of a framework, beyond generating a heterogeneous definition of the FU for the same system, most often leads to an incomplete formulation of this sensitive concept of LCA. It has been found that key parameters such as the end-use of a product or process, as well as the interests of stakeholders, are hardly taken into account in the specification of the FU.

scholarly journals TO THE DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF "READING COMPETENCE" AND THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ITS DESCRIPTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
М.М. Khavaidarova ◽  
◽  
А.А. Ekibaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Reading Literacy ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Main Category ◽  
Functional Literacy ◽  
Reading Competence ◽  
Definition Of

The article addresses the problem of competence-based approach in solving the problem of reading. The problem of defining competence and various approaches to its solution is considered. The concepts of "competence / competence" at the present stage have become key and determining the goals and content of training. The main ability of the graduate is the ability to form his speech utterance for special purposes. For this reason, the main category of linguodidactics becomes communicative competence. The establishment of a new paradigm of education, on which the updating of the content of education in school is based, requires the development of new approaches to planning the expected learning outcomes. This aspect determines the relevance of the described issue. The authors determine the theoretical basis for the formation of reading competence. At the same time, an attempt is made not only to give its own definition of the term, but also to draw a line between the concepts of "reading competence", "literary competence", "reading literacy". In the course of addressing the problem of the formation of reading competence, the article defines the descriptors of reading competence, which give the teacher a direction that requires the application of efforts. Functional literacy, which is one of the results of learning at school, also includes structural elements of the competence under consideration.

A Framework for the Integration of System Engineering and Functional Analysis Techniques to the Goal and Scope of Life Cycle Assessment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Esterman ◽  
Maria E. Fumagalli ◽  
Brian Thorn ◽  
Callie Babbitt
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
System Engineering ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Boundary Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Goal And Scope

With the increased concern over the impact that product and processes have on the environment several tools for environmental impact assessment have been developed. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is perhaps the most broadly known and used. The use of LCA is common in industry and there is a growing interest to improve the approach since several unresolved problems have been identified with its use. One important issue to resolve is the proper definition of the functional unit. The stated primary goal of the functional unit in LCA is to ensure comparability of LCA results; however, when reviewing the literature, LCA practitioners remark that comparing LCA studies is a very difficult task. The attributed reasons for this problem are the lack of standardized assumptions and practices, including the definition of the functional unit. Even though several unresolved problems present in LCA have had solutions proposed, a clear and actionable solution to the specific problem of functional unit definition is still not available. This paper will introduce system engineering and functional analysis concepts to the goal and scope definition phase of LCA in order to provide a framework for system definition, system boundary definition, and reference flows identification. System engineering principles and functional analysis have been extensively used to aid the design process, yet these approaches have not been effectively applied to the LCA domain. The benefits associated with the proposed framework include improved comparability of LCAs, dynamic updating of LCAs, and the integration of LCA into early stage product development.

(Inter)subjectification in Makhuwa

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenneke van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speech Situation

This study contributes to the research on the development of pragmatic particles from the perspective of the Bantu language Makhuwa. Makhuwa shows synchronic variation in the use of va and vo, which function as locative demonstratives, va (proximal) and vo (medial), but also as pragmatic particles in the left as well as the right periphery, where they draw the attention of the addressee, intensify the illocutionary force and indicate the relationship between speaker and addressee. The supposed development from demonstrative to pragmatic particle confirms the relevance of both peripheries for the change to pragmatic particle. Discussing the (inter)subjective properties of these pragmatic particles, the paper argues for a relatively broad definition of (inter)subjectivity as grounding the message in the speech situation (oriented towards the speaker, addressee or discourse).

scholarly journals Deliberate Distortion of Written Speech as a Subject of Authorship Expertise

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Tamara Izotova
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Diagnostic Signs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Formations ◽  
Written Speech

The article offers generalized practice of text authorship expertise where texts are compiled with deliberate distortion of written speech. The definition of the concept of "disguise of written speech" is given, its types are described. The article cpecifies the subject and objectives of the authorship expertise within this category of cases. It also describes the diagnostic signs of distorted written language. The conclusion has been reached that common signs of distortion are either complex formations of contradicting traditional common signs, or they combine certain particular signs into groups, where presence of at least one of them is mandatory in any distorted text. There are also methods described to help identify signs of distorted written language.

scholarly journals Local retinoic acid signaling directs emergence of the extraocular muscle functional unit

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e3000902
Author(s):  
Glenda Evangelina Comai ◽  
Markéta Tesařová ◽  
Valérie Dupé ◽  
Muriel Rhinn ◽  
Pedro Vallecillo-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cranial Muscle

Coordinated development of muscles, tendons, and their attachment sites ensures emergence of functional musculoskeletal units that are adapted to diverse anatomical demands among different species. How these different tissues are patterned and functionally assembled during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the morphogenesis of extraocular muscles (EOMs), an evolutionary conserved cranial muscle group that is crucial for the coordinated movement of the eyeballs and for visual acuity. By means of lineage analysis, we redefined the cellular origins of periocular connective tissues interacting with the EOMs, which do not arise exclusively from neural crest mesenchyme as previously thought. Using 3D imaging approaches, we established an integrative blueprint for the EOM functional unit. By doing so, we identified a developmental time window in which individual EOMs emerge from a unique muscle anlage and establish insertions in the sclera, which sets these muscles apart from classical muscle-to-bone type of insertions. Further, we demonstrate that the eyeballs are a source of diffusible all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) that allow their targeting by the EOMs in a temporal and dose-dependent manner. Using genetically modified mice and inhibitor treatments, we find that endogenous local variations in the concentration of retinoids contribute to the establishment of tendon condensations and attachment sites that precede the initiation of muscle patterning. Collectively, our results highlight how global and site-specific programs are deployed for the assembly of muscle functional units with precise definition of muscle shapes and topographical wiring of their tendon attachments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document