scholarly journals Biotesting of petroleum sorbents on the basis of polymer waste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Malyshevska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Polymeric Sorbent ◽  
Purification Of Water

Introduction. Biotesting is considered to be an effective method of assessing the potential hazard of chemical, physical or biological effects on an ecosystem. Biotesting is carried out experimentally using, as a rule, standardized laboratory test systems, by recording changes in biologically important indicators (test reactions) under the influence of the studied samples. Hydrobionts act as biologically sensitive sensors: protozoa, algae, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, etc. Biotic indicators can provide information about the transformation of the ecosystem, the state of organisms and the degree of acceptability of influences to preserve the diversity of life forms and their balanced development. During the bioremediation of oil-contaminated water bodies at low temperatures and at high water flow rates (mountain streams) there are significant difficulties and traditional approaches and sorbents can not always be applied. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new non-traditional sorbents. At the same time, it is ecologically expedient to use multi-ton waste of packaging polymeric materials extracted from solid household waste, which are biologically and chemically inert, have unique sorption properties and are suitable for multiple use. Two ecologically dangerous problems have been solved - water pollution by oil products and the growth of polymer packaging in the share of household waste. The goal is to biotest the change of oil-contaminated environment during purification in model conditions with the use of polymer hydrophobic sorbents from raw materials extracted from solid household waste as bioremediators. Research objectives: to establish biological and toxicological safety of the use of secondary polymer raw materials from packaging waste as oil sorbents; to investigate the safety of using environmentally friendly surfactants from vegetable raw materials common in Ukraine to increase the extraction of petroleum products from water. Methods and techniques: toxicological - determination of water toxicity on Daphnia magna acute according to DSTU 4173: 2003 (ISO 6341: 1996, MOD) and chronic according to DSTU 4166: 2003 (ISO 10706: 2000, MOD), photometric method for determining the amount of oil in water according to GOST 17.1.4.01-80. The research results show the effectiveness of hydrophobic polymer sorbents made from secondary polymer raw materials extracted from solid waste in water contaminated with petroleum products to ensure their localization-sorption. The mortality rates of daphnia in all samples with sorbents at the beginning of the experiment were much lower than in the control, because the bulk of the contaminant was adsorbed on the surface of hydrophobic sorbents. At the end of the experiment, the best result in terms of the number of viable daphnia was observed in the cut of a sorbent made of polypropylene, the surface of which is covered with surfactants extracted from Milnyanka medicinal (Saponaria officinalis L). In this sample, the mortality of the test culture is 23%, which is 32% less than the control - 72%. Conclusions. Studies of the impact on aquatic ecosystems and the toxic effect of developed petroleum sorbents on Daphnia magna Straus have established the effectiveness of hydrophobic polymeric sorbent in water contaminated with petroleum products, ensuring their localization-sorption. The mortality rates of daphnia in all studied samples of sorbents except the sorbent from PVC waste were significantly lower than in the control, because the bulk of the contaminant was adsorbed in the polymeric sorbent. Biotesting showed that the sorption material based on polymeric secondary raw materials did not have a toxic effect in the process of purification of water from hydrocarbons. Therefore, it can be considered promising as a basis for bioremediators and for further use in the purification of water bodies from dissolved and spilled petroleum products. However, further in-depth toxicological studies require PVC-based sorbents, although their effects have not gone beyond what is acceptable and it is necessary to study their behavior under the influence of temperature changes and the reaction of other test organisms.

The current issues of using innovative solutions in waste-free management systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
Olga Vytvytska ◽  
Mykyt Pundyk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Energy Technology ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical foundations and practical innovative solutions for the reuse of waste resources with a proposal for improved waste management technology with prospects for implementation in Ukraine. Research methodology: theoretical and practical aspects of the introduction and implementation of eco-management, because for Ukraine such an approach to the introduction of innovative processing technologies in enterprises is completely new. Methodical toolkit of substantiation of innovative decisions of reuse of resources from waste, structure of prime cost of the improved system for the Goloseevsky area. Kiev. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to optimize the existing garbage problem in most regions and replace waste trucks based on the method of the pneumatic system manufactured by Envac. The system allows you to reduce the cost of moving cargo over time sorting or disposal points. Conclusions. The introduction of innovative systems in Ukraine for the year saves UAH 34 billion 499 million, in addition, the sorting of household waste is gaining popularity, recycling tanks are being installed in cities, the population is beginning to treat waste with understanding, and a behavioral strategy has been introduced to stimulate waste recycling. In addition, the proposed technology of sorting raw materials allows you to sort up to 97% of household waste, and the rest to burn for energy. All this makes the development of the processing industry in Ukraine promising. Keywords: innovations, waste-free systems, secondary raw materials, energy, technology.

DETERMINATION OF CORROSION INFLUENCE ON FUEL METAL, OBTAINED FROM SECONDARY POLYMER RAW MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
K. Сhevchenko ◽  
A. Grigorov ◽  
I. Sinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Corrosive Effect ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
Sulfur Containing

The article proposes to determine the corrosion effect on fuel metals under dynamic conditions, when washing the prepared copper plate of a certain size, a significant amount of fuel at a certain speed and temperature of the study. This approach will significantly reduce the duration of the study (up to 100 minutes) and is closer to the real conditions of contact of the fuel with a metal surface, in comparison with the standardized method, which is widely used today. Using the proposed laboratory setup, the study was subjected to fuel (200–360 °C), which was obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials, in particular polypropylene. The obtained results showed that the investigated fuel, despite the temperature, the amount of circulating fuel and its water content, does not have a corrosive effect on the copper plate, which can be explained by the absence of corrosive substances in the fuel: water-soluble mineral acids and alkalis, active sulfur compounds and organic acids. However, it should be kept in mind that in polyolefin raw materials, in the form of contamination, there may be products made of other materials, such as rubber and polyvinyl chloride. This can happen when the sorting technology is violated or during the preliminary preparation of raw materials and, in turn, will contribute to the increase in sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds in the fuel, which are characterized by high corrosion activity and should be necessarily removed from the fuel. Note that the fuel obtained from secondary polymer raw materials, in the absence of sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds, is quite promising for the creation on its basis of modern synthetic fuels, analogues of classic petroleum products.

Utilization of open pit burned household waste ash – a feasibility study in Dhaka

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Md. Obaidul Haque ◽  
Ahmed Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Peripheral Area

Informal incineration or open pit burning of waste materials is a common practice in the peripheral area of Dhaka, one of the fastest growing mega-cities in the world. This study deals with the effect of open pit burned (i.e. open burned) household waste bottom ash on fired clay bricks. Between 0 to 50% (by weight) of open pit burned household waste bottom ash was mixed with clay to make bricks. The molded specimens were air-dried at room temperature for 24 h and then oven dried at 100 °C for another 24 h to remove the water. The raw bricks were fired in a muffle furnace to a designated temperature (800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively). The firing behaviour (mechanical strength, water absorption and shrinkage) was determined. The microstructures, phase compositions and leachates were evaluated for bricks manufactured at different firing temperatures. These results demonstrate that open pit burned ash can be recycled in clay bricks. This study also presents physical observations of the incinerated ash particles and determination of the chemical compositions of the raw materials by wet analysis. Open pit burned ash can be introduced easily into bricks up to 20% wt. The concentrations of hazardous components in the leachates were below the standard threshold for inert waste category landfill and their environmental risk during their use-life step can be considered negligible.

scholarly journals Impact of Operational Research on Performance Control of a Project in the Oil and Gas Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-326
Author(s):  
Ionut Nica
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Extraction Refining

The explosive development of the human society in contrast to the limited character of resources determines the need for successful implementation of mathematic models in the decision-making process concerning the use of available resources. The oil industry includes a series of global processes such as mining, extraction, refining, transport (road, rail, ship and pipeline) and oil products. The products of this industry with the highest degree of utilization are gasoline and diesel but the portfolio is much broader, kerosene, bitumen, fuel and raw materials for other chemicals such as solvents, pesticides, fertilizers and materials plastic. The oil industry comprises three major areas: "upstream" extraction; refining - "midstream" and transportation and marketing of downstream products. In most cases refining is considered to be part of downstream, Oil and petroleum products are essential for many industries and their importance is vital in maintaining and developing the industrial area in the current configuration.

scholarly journals Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6333
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar Yadav ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Vineet Tirth ◽  
Govindhan Gnanamoorthy ◽  
Nitin Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Coconut Shells

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

scholarly journals WEEE collection and CRM recovery trials: piloting a holistic approach for Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

<p>Re-Tek UK and its partners, Enscape Consulting and the University of West of Scotland commenced trials for the collection and recovery of critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic (WEEE) products in July 2016. Sponsored by the EU LIFE funded project ‘Critical Raw Material Closed Loop Recovery’ coordinated by WRAP with EARN, ERP UK Ltd, KTN Ltd and Wuppertal Institute as beneficiaries. The trials are aimed at boosting the recovery of critical raw materials (CRMs) from household waste electrical and electronic products (WEEE) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) in particular, after functioning equipment is separated out for re-use. The new collection models provided residents with the opportunity to drop-off unwanted electrical and electronic appliances at a time and place that suits them, through a collaborative approach which encourages local authorities, educational establishments, businesses, and Social Enterprises, etc to act as hub sites. Hubs were designed to minimize product damage and encourage drop-off, rather than hoarding. Extraction methods developed after the collection phase of the trial looked at the opportunity to recover cobalt, gold and silver from ICT products, with the potential to inform how a more sustainable supply chain could be developed in Scotland. The elements studied were selected to demonstrate financial opportunity (gold/silver) and a strategic priority material (cobalt) for long term supply. These are based on bioleaching and electrochemical recovery using novel carbon based electrode systems, and chemical processing methods using extraction techniques with an assessment of pilot performance and scale up challenges. Our report is on the state of progress towards practical solutions to WEEE and CRM recovery.</p>

The longevity and efficacy of 1080 meat baits used for dingo control in central Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie E. Twigg ◽  
Steve R. Eldridge ◽  
Glenn P. Edwards ◽  
Bernie J. Shakeshaft ◽  
Nicki D. dePreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Bodies ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Australia ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
Artificial Water

In central Australia, most 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) meat baits placed on soil in predator-proof cages remained toxic to dingoes, foxes and feral cats for at least 8 months regardless of whether they were protected from rain or not. Thus, untaken baits will remain a potential hazard to non-target species, particularly farm dogs, for a considerable period. However, when dingo-control programs were monitored (n = 3 stations), approximately 85% of meat baits were taken within 4 days. Dingo-control programs were undertaken on three stations by placing 1080 meat baits near water points (bores) with known dingo activity. Baiting was effective on two stations but not on the third. Where successful, dingo numbers were reduced by 50–70%. The failure on the third station was not due to the lack of bait-take as approximately 80% of these baits were taken within 4 days; it was probably caused by the presence of ephemeral water-bodies that could not be baited. However, this technique was effective in removing those dingoes that utilised the artificial water points, and hence were likely to be interacting with cattle. Such an outcome has benefits to both conservation and the pastoral industry, as problem dogs are removed without placing the long-term survival of dingoes at risk.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Ecotoxicological Potential of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete Aggregates Use in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Rodrigues ◽  
José D. Silvestre ◽  
Inês Flores-Colen ◽  
Cristina A. Viegas ◽  
Hawreen H. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Concrete Aggregates ◽  
Recycled Concrete Aggregates ◽  
Natural Aggregates

This study applies a methodology to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of raw materials and cement-based construction materials. In this study, natural aggregates and Portland cement were replaced with non-conventional recycled concrete aggregates (RA) and fly ash (FA), respectively, in the production of two concrete products alternative to conventional concrete (used as reference). The experimental program involved assessing both the chemical properties (non-metallic and metallic parameters) and ecotoxicity data (battery of tests with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) of eluates obtained from leaching tests of RA, FA, and the three concrete mixes. Even though the results indicated that RA and FA have the ability to release some chemicals into the water and induce its alkalinisation, the respective eluate samples presented no or low levels of potential ecotoxicity. However, eluates from concrete mixes produced with a replacement ratio of Portland cement with 60% of FA and 100% of natural aggregates and produced with 60% of FA and 100% of RA were classified as clearly ecotoxic mainly towards Daphnia magna mobility. Therefore, raw materials with weak evidences of ecotoxicity could lead to the production of concrete products with high ecotoxicological potential. Overall, the results obtained highlight the importance of integrating data from the chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of materials’ eluate samples aiming to assess the possible environmental risk of the construction materials, namely of incorporating non-conventional raw materials in concrete, and contributing to achieve construction sustainability.

Implementation of Automated Lines for Sorting and Recycling Household Waste as an Important Goal of Environmental Protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Ivan V. KRECHETOV ◽  
Arkadiy A. SKVORTSOV ◽  
Ivan A. POSELSKY ◽  
Sergey A. PALTSEV ◽  
Pavel S. LAVRIKOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Technological Problem ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Recognition Of Objects ◽  
Technogenic Raw Materials ◽  
Automated Lines

The principles of selection and creation of rational methods of disposal and recycling of wastes are based on the fact that the problem of waste is an interconnected environmental-economic and technological problem, and the waste itself should be considered as technogenic raw materials of complex organo-mineral composition. Therefore, the main purpose of the work is to define methods for recycling waste and their environmental aspects. To achieve this goal, the methods of analysis, spectroscopy were used. It is determined that the final treatment of waste, to date, means either their disposal in a landfill or incineration, which adversely affects the environment. Methods for identifying the material of the object, as well as algorithms for the selection and recognition of objects by processing data from the computer vision system are considered. High accuracy is shown in 94.12% identification of plastic polymers.

Study of Maritime - Road Intermodality in Constanta Port by Evaluating Trips Generation/Attraction Potentials

2014 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 957-962
Author(s):  
Sorin Ilie ◽  
Gabriela Mitran
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Intermodal Logistics

The changes increasingly accentuated in recent years in the global economy, in the context of globalization, have created an environment in which transport sector must adapt continuously. This adaptation process acts especially at intercontinental level, involving that transport and distribution of goods and raw materials on long distances to be as efficient in terms of duration and costs of transport and, at the same time, with reduced negative implications on the environment. The achievement of transport processes, in equilibrium conditions between demand and supply, in relation to limitations mentioned above, is possible by promoting intermodal transport, which requires a very good connection between continental modes (road and rail transport) and shipping. According to European Commission, about 90% of total import / export trades at the level of European Union are done by maritime transport. This paper aims at identifying potentials of generation / attraction of travels made on road transport at the level of intermodal node represented by seaport of Constanta. These trips generation / attraction potentials may be further used as input data in dimensioning processes of intermodal logistics facilities (handling, storage and internal transport) between road and sea transport modes. In the frame of the study are processed and analyzed data obtained through origin - destination surveys conducted during general traffic census carried out in 2010, on the network of European, national and county roads of Romania. Also, were processed data regarding types and volumes of goods transited through this port in the period 2005-2010, and the types of ships used to load these goods. Statistically analyzing these two types of data, it was revealed that grain represents 34% and petroleum products 57% of all goods (in terms of weight) handled in the seaport of Constanta, and also that the continental transport mode predominantly used to move these categories of goods is road transport. The results of performed analyzes, that describe the current situation regarding the trade flows in the port unit, constitute the starting point in traffic modeling for the purpose of freight transport planning at future time moments. Models for traffic estimation in ports take into account the predictions about economic development in influence area on short, medium and long terms.

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