Personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos in Cuba from 2013 to 2016

Introduction: As risk factor smoking means a social opportunity cost because of the whole goods and services didn´t obtained to satisfice the tobacco and cigarettes demand. While the tobacco and cigarettes spend is increasing these opportunity cost will be increasing too. Objective: To describe the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba since 2013 to 2016. Materials and methods: Was made a descriptive and longitudinal research about the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba from 2013 to 2016. Were utilized two rates: monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos measured in pesos and monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos respect to middle salary measured in percent. Theoric methods: Historic – Logic, Inductive – Deductive, Comparative and Analysis and Synthesis. Empiric methods: documental and bibliographic research and arithmetic calculus. All the statistic processing was in Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: The personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos from 2013 to 2016 shows a stable and defined structure. Conclusions: Havana, Santiago de Cuba provinces and the Special Municipality Isla de la Juventud were the Cuban regions showed consumption rate higher than the national middle.

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Investment marketing strategy for diversified enterprises

Economic Analysis ◽

10.35774/econa2019.04.146 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 146-152

Author(s):

Oleksandr Kalinin

Keyword(s):

Business Models ◽

Growth Strategy ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Global Trends ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

General Scientific ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

Introduction The amount of capital that individual, corporate and institutional investors are willing to invest in certain assets is increasing every year. This leads to a revitalization of entrepreneurial activity and growth of the economy as a whole. It is also very active in creating certain disparities in the distribution of investment flows at the cross-sectoral level. There are industries that perceive investors more positively, and other industries perceive less positively. Among these industries, and even more types of businesses, are diversified companies or conglomerates that are perceived by investors as a chaotic set of assets that management is unable to manage effectively. Purpose The purpose of this article is to study the global trends in managing strategies for competitive advantage in the capital market by diversified enterprises. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of management and planning the choice of growth strategy for diversified enterprises; to analyze the systems of strategic management of investment marketing for diversified companies; develop solutions to improve the marketing management system for various companies in the context of attracting investment. Method (methodology) In the course of the research, the following general scientific methods are used: analysis and synthesis, grouping and systematization of revealing the essence of investment marketing, its structure, principles of its formation, development of the concept of diagnostics of efficiency of investor attraction systems and control of this process; induction and deduction - to summarize the theoretical aspects of the peculiarities of the formation of the structure of investment marketing; statistical and economic - to evaluate the investment attractiveness of a diversified enterprise. Results It was suggested to the conglomerate companies to distance their company brand from its subsidiaries as much as possible so that there was no problem in identifying the main focus of the conglomerate's business activity. For the analysis of companies that should be considered for placement of their own and borrowed funds by conglomerates and to demonstrate this investment policy, investors can distinguish the following areas of analysis of potential companies: whether the leadership of a company in a particular segment can lead to the possibility of controlling the pricing of goods or / or company services; whether it is possible to create a competitive business through the attraction of additional investment opportunities. Thus, solving the problem of finances, and more precisely the ability to run a business for a certain time, can bring to positive indicators of profit and return on invested capital; the impact on the aggregate industry reserve of profits, which makes it possible to receive more profit from the industry of related fields from consumers than competitors can, thus ensuring long-term competitiveness. Also regarding the display of client base of goods and services that we can distinguish for investors is: demonstrating the presence of privileged clients; the existence of diversified profit strategies; availability of special copy - protected goods and business models; the presence of unique and difficult to copy distribution and communication channels; the presence of barriers to competitors (patents. Brand, licensing, large investments in market entry, etc.).

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Remittances and Economic Growth

Wealth Creation and Poverty Reduction ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1207-4.ch018 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 325-343

Author(s):

Mustafe Pllana ◽

Aida Tmava

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Aggregate Demand ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

Financial Capital ◽

Foreign Direct Investments ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Multiplicative Effect ◽

Per Capita

Economic growth has become an important study growth matter. By economists economic growth is defined as capital stock growth, rising per capita GDP, increased access for manufactured goods and services for consumption and so on. In economic growth affect several factors and policies. Corruption, lack of investment, inappropriate institutions, inappropriate education etc. are some of obstacles to economic development. Consumption and investment are important components of aggregate demand with multiplicative effect in development. Remittances of migrants are significant potential financial capital used for investments, reflected in economic development and social prosperity. Remittances in Kosovo since 1960 have always been increasing. Participation of remittances to GDP in Kosovo in 2010 is about 12%. Remittances are the highest contributor to the Kosovo trade deficit coverage and are higher than foreign direct investments. Remittances unfortunately for various reasons are not exploited and are not sufficiently exploited for economic development.

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Dynamics, Characteristics and Prospects of Consumer Spending in Albania

Journal of Educational and Social Research ◽

10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n2p81 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

Alqi Naqellari ◽

Eros Angjeli ◽

Nexhmi Dumani

Keyword(s):

Capita Income ◽

National Income ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Light Industry ◽

The World ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

Alcoholic Drinks ◽

Per Capita ◽

Rates Of Growth

Abstract In this paper analyzes the problem of the dynamics of income and expenditure of households in Albania. Analyzing costs in general, spending on food in particular, both connected with a range of other indicators of welfare, with per capita income, expenses for the basket of goods, according to its elements and structure. Survey basket expenditure according to regions of Albania. Analyzed per capita income, expenses basket compared with countries in the region, Europe and the world. The goal is: to extract an accurate conclusion, the place at which ranks Albania in these indicators. What to do in the future, in order to emerge from this negative situation. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are: Albania ranks last places of the world, the indicator of per capita income and expenditure of households. Ranked in first countries in the region and in Europe for the indication of the percentage of expenditure on food and non-alcoholic drinks to the total cost of items in the basket. This situation has come as a result of lower rates of growth of its economy. It recommended changes in the structure of GDP in terms of growth of light industry and food industry extraction and processing, etc. By developing these branches will grow faster GDP and national income, and consequently will increase per capita income. Methods used are: methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of description and comparison, statistical methods etc.

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Risco do desenvolvimento de doenças renais crônicas versus perfil nutricional de pacientes hospitalizados

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i16.23705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. e287101623705

Author(s):

Moisés Iasley Lima Vasconcelos ◽

Arnaldo Teixeira Braga Júnior ◽

Mariana Bezerra Gomes ◽

Gerusa Matias dos Santos ◽

Andre Ricardo Bindá de Borba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Disease ◽

Microsoft Excel ◽

Per Capita

Correlacionar o estado nutricional com o risco de desenvolvimento da doença renal crônica. A coleta de dados foi realizada em um hospital de Fortaleza-CE. Sendo realizada a avaliação nutricional em adultos e idosos com aplicação de dois questionários, denominados: Screening For Occult Renal Disease (SCORED) e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), juntamente com exames bioquímicos e ingestão hídrica. Vale ressaltar que os dados coletados foram tabulados no programa Microsoft Excel versão 2016, realizados testes estatísticos para confiabilidade das correlações em busca do cruzamento entre perfil nutricional e o desenvolvimento de DRC no paciente hospitalizado. A amostra foi composta por 260 voluntários, sendo 58,1% do sexo masculino, sendo o maior percentual de 34,6% (90) com idades entre 40-69, onde 40% (104) da amostra é negra e renda per capita mediana inferior a um salário-mínimo. Quanto ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) 15,8% (41) dos pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos são eutróficos, já o percentual encontrado para pacientes idosos foi de 20,4% (53) classificados assim, em magreza. Conforme constatou o questionário SCORED 75,4% dos avaliados possui o risco de desenvolver DRC. Quanto aos biomarcadores, os valores de ureia apresentaram-se inadequados em 62,7% dos avaliados e 42,7% estavam com TFG em estágio 2. É de suma relevância a monitorização e reavaliação frequente dos pacientes por parte dos profissionais. O acompanhamento nutricional visa promover uma melhor qualidade de vida, minimizando os riscos nutricionais em âmbito hospitalar.

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Globalization

10.18122/td/1682/boisestate ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Magaly Denisse Carrillo Terriquez

Keyword(s):

Primary Education ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Problem ◽

Women Empowerment ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Data Set ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Pooled Data ◽

Per Capita

Countries have been able to exchange goods and services as well as intellectual property. However, they have not addressed how these changes affect those that are considered a vulnerable population, women. The feminization of poverty is a real problem in our globalized society, where women form 70% of the world's poor. This paper investigates globalization's impact on women empowerment by focusing on maternal mortality and female primary education in eighty-seven developing countries. The literature suggests that an increase of globalization leads to a decrease in maternal death and to an increase in female primary education. The pooled data set was subject to a regression analysis, controlling for democracy, equality, and GDP per capita. The results demonstrate a strong negative correlation between globalization and mother mortality rates. In addition, there is a positive correlation between globalization and primary education for females demonstrating that globalization improves the lives of females in the developing world.

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Hypothyroidism syndrome as a risk factor for parasympathetic innervation disorders

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2020.147.31 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Gunay Ilham Aliyeva ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Autonomic Neuropathy ◽

Comprehensive Treatment ◽

Parasympathetic Innervation ◽

Microsoft Excel ◽

Thyroid Pathology ◽

Fasting Glycemia ◽

On Line ◽

Deep Breathing Test

The objective: to study the significance of the presence of hypothyroidism syndrome as a risk factor for the development of autonomic neuropathy (AN). Materials and methods. The study involved 77 women, of whom 31 had hypothyroidism syndrome, and 46 had euthyroid thyroid pathology. The age of patients with hypothyroidism syndrome ranged from 24 to 57 years and averaged 42.4±9.20 years, mean age patients of the euthyroid pathology group of the thyroid gland was equal to 40.0±12.22 years (age interval 20–63 years). Patients underwent an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, fasting glycemia levels, A1c, TSH, T4s, T3s, blood creatinine levels, and GFR were calculated using CKD-EPI on line equations. In addition, antithyroglobulin and antithyroperoxidase levels were determined. To diagnose autonomic neuropathy, a Valsalva test and a deep breathing test were used. Statistical analysis was performed using the standard computer program Microsoft Excel. Results. The state of autonomous innervation was normal in 71.0% of the examined hypothyroidism group and in 97.8% of the euthyroidism group. AN was absent both in hypothyroidism syndrome (0.0%) and in euthyroid thyroid pathology (0.0%). Moreover, the “borderline state” of autonomic innervation was observed in 29.0% of the examined groups of hypothyroidism syndrome and only 2.2% of the examined groups of thyroid euthyroid pathology (p=0.0019). The chance of finding parasympathetic disorders in the hypothyroidism group was 0.409, and in the group of euthyroid thyroid pathology was 0.022. Conclusions. Thus, in the presence of hypothyroidism, the chances of finding autonomic disorders were 18.409 times higher than those for euthyroid thyroid pathology, which requires appropriate correction when planning comprehensive treatment tactics. Key words: autonomic neuropathy, hypothyroidism syndrome, euthyroid pathology of the thyroid gland.

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Remittances and Economic Growth

International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management ◽

10.4018/ijsem.2016100105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 47-64

Author(s):

Mustafe Pllana ◽

Aida Tmava

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Aggregate Demand ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

Financial Capital ◽

Foreign Direct Investments ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Multiplicative Effect ◽

Important Study ◽

Per Capita

Economic growth has become an important study growth matter. By economists economic growth is defined as capital stock growth, rising per capita GDP, increased access for manufactured goods and services for consumption and so on. In economic growth affect several factors and policies. Corruption, lack of investment, inappropriate institutions, inappropriate education etc. are some of obstacles to economic development. Consumption and investment are important components of aggregate demand with multiplicative effect in development. Remittances of migrants are significant potential financial capital used for investments, reflected in economic development and social prosperity. Remittances in Kosovo since 1960 have always been increasing. Participation of remittances to GDP in Kosovo in 2010 is about 12%. Remittances are the highest contributor to the Kosovo trade deficit coverage and are higher than foreign direct investments. Remittances unfortunately for various reasons are not exploited and are not sufficiently exploited for economic development.

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Is India Really Competing with China on a Macro Economic Base

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v8n11p150 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Desti Kannaiah ◽

Hemalatha J. N.

Keyword(s):

Capital Accumulation ◽

Global Economy ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Asian Country ◽

Total Production ◽

Total Employment ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Per Capita

<p>Macroeconomics has been aptly defined as “the study of the major economic ‘totals’ or aggregates-- total production (GNP), total employment and unemployment, the average price level of all goods and services, the total money supply, and others” (Gordon, 1978). The word macro is derived from the Greek word macros meaning large</p><p>The economy of India has seen rapid growth in recent years. Spurred by good domestic demand, steady and significant reforms, lower crude prices and increased skilled labor India is the fastest growing economy among the BRICS nations. Another Asian country which is also in the fast lane with respect to macroeconomic growth is China. China’s growth has primarily been attributed to a sharp sustained increase in productivity accompanied by increase in capital accumulation, improved infrastructure and cheap labor force (Hu & Khan, 1997).</p>Both India and China have emerged as significant forces in the global economy over the last two decades. Both countries are geographically very large and have a huge population. Both countries have also achieved remarkable rates of economic growth and poverty reduction since 1980,with India doubling its per capita GDP and China posting a seven fold increase in its per capita GDP (Bosworth & Collins, 2008) .A PWC report titled “World in 2050” predicts China and India to be world leading powerhouse economies by 2050.

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Factor-Cost Relationships for Sludge Recycling Through Land Disposal

Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council ◽

10.1017/s0163548400000832 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 114-123

Author(s):

Daniel Rossi ◽

Donn A. Derr ◽

Victor Kasper

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Secondary Effects ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Proper Management ◽

Sludge Recycling ◽

Land Disposal ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Cost ◽

Per Capita Consumption

As population increases and per capita consumption rises, secondary effects in the form of pollutants, which originate from the production of goods and services, have become increasingly evident. More of the nation's energies are required to bring about the proper management and utilization of these pollutants. Until recently, most pollutants were considered something to be disposed of at minimum or no cost. Further analysis has revealed that they are to a large extent “misplaced resources.” Many can be utilized, thus reducing the cost of waste management and the use of virgin materials.

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