scholarly journals The Spread of RS-virus Infection and other ARVI not Influenza Etiology in Children and Adults in the Regions of Russia from 2014 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Karpova ◽  
E. A. Smorodintseva ◽  
T. J. Sysoeva ◽  
T. P. Stolyarova ◽  
N. M. Popovtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Relevance.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus is the cause of the primary  infection. Goal. The aim of the study is to study the spread of diseases with MS infection in federal districts of RussiaMaterials and methods.The Federal Influenza Center collects and automates the processing of weekly information from 24 cities on the number of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in  the total and diagnosed cases (according to polymerase chain  reaction) of influenza, RS virus and other acute respiratory viral  infections in children (0-2, 6, 7-14 years) and adults (15 years and  older).Results.The average annual incidence of influenza and ARVI, RS virus and Rhino-viral infections, Paragripp and Adenovirus, Boca, Meta and coronas-viral infections in total and in age groups is  shown. The structure of the total incidence of influenza and ARVI in  the population is presented. An increase in the proportion of acute  respiratory viral infections not influenza etiology with a decrease in  age, especially, in children 0–2 years old (up to 16.2%) is shown.Conclusions. Differences in the total incidence of influenza and ARVI and RS infections by age groups, in districts and cities, and in  different years have been revealed The earlier onset of incidence of  RS infection and the onset of the peak in Khabarovsk and Chita are  revealed earlier than in Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg in all 3 observation seasons.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infections in the elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 175346662199505
Author(s):  
Alastair Watson ◽  
Tom M. A. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Prolonged Hospital

With the global over 60-year-old population predicted to more than double over the next 35 years, caring for this aging population has become a major global healthcare challenge. In 2016 there were over 1 million deaths in >70 year olds due to lower respiratory tract infections; 13–31% of these have been reported to be caused by viruses. Since then, there has been a global COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused over 2.3 million deaths so far; increased age has been shown to be the biggest risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Thus, the burden of respiratory viral infections in the elderly is becoming an increasing unmet clinical need. Particular challenges are faced due to the interplay of a variety of factors including complex multimorbidities, decreased physiological reserve and an aging immune system. Moreover, their atypical presentation of symptoms may lead to delayed necessary care, prescription of additional drugs and prolonged hospital stay. This leads to morbidity and mortality and further nosocomial spread. Clinicians currently have limited access to sensitive detection methods. Furthermore, a lack of effective antiviral treatments means there is little incentive to diagnose and record specific non-COVID-19 viral infections. To meet this unmet clinical need, it is first essential to fully understand the burden of respiratory viruses in the elderly. Doing this through prospective screening research studies for all respiratory viruses will help guide preventative policies and clinical trials for emerging therapeutics. The implementation of multiplex point-of-care diagnostics as a mainstay in all healthcare settings will be essential to understand the burden of respiratory viruses, diagnose patients and monitor outbreaks. The further development of novel targeted vaccinations as well as anti-viral therapeutics and new ways to augment the aging immune system is now also essential. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

Effectiveness of protected aminopenicillins in treatment of non-social pneumonia in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Е. Краснова ◽  
В.В. Чемоданов ◽  
Е.Г. Кузнецова
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Natural Activity ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Пневмония – острое инфекционно-воспалительное заболевание легких преимущественно бактериальной этиологии, характеризующееся выраженной в разной степени дыхательной недостаточностью, токсическими и респираторными нарушениями, локальными физикальными симптомами, а также инфильтративными изменениями на рентгенограмме. Заболеваемость внебольничными пневмониями повышается в октябре-декабре, достигая максимума в январе-апреле, коррелируя с сезонным повышением уровня острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Схожесть симптомов дебюта пневмонии с проявлениями острых респираторных вирусных инфекций может привести к несвоевременной ее диагностике и, как следствие, к отсроченному началу лечения. Поэтому в период сезонной заболеваемости респираторными инфекциями должна повышаться настороженность врачей-педиатров в отношении внебольничной пневмонии. Антибактериальная терапия оказывает решающее влияние на прогноз пневмонии, поэтому при достоверном диагнозе или у больного в тяжелом состоянии с вероятным диагнозом ее следует начать незамедлительно. Выбор антибиотика в каждом случае внебольничной пневмонии проводят индивидуально с учетом природной активности препаратов в отношении предполагаемого возбудителя и их возможной приобретенной резистентности, тяжести и течения заболевания, наличия у пациента противопоказаний к использованию тех или иных антибиотиков. В статье приводятся сведения о диагностических критериях внебольничных пневмоний. Рассмотрены вопросы антибактериального лечения типичной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разных возрастных групп амоксициллином с клавулановой кислотой и показана его эффективность. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют заключить, что пероральное использование одного курса защищенного аминопенициллина эффективно при лечении типичной внебольничной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разного возраста, о чем свидетельствует ликвидация основных клинических проявлений болезни в короткие сроки. Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory lung disease of predominantly bacterial etiology, characterized by respiratory failure, toxic and respiratory disorders, local physical symptoms, and infiltrative changes on the roentgenogram. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia increases in October-December, reaching a maximum in January-April, correlating with the seasonal increase in the level of acute respiratory viral infections. The similarity of the symptoms of the onset of pneumonia with the manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections can lead to its untimely diagnosis and, as a consequence, to a delayed start of treatment. Therefore, during the period of seasonal morbidity with respiratory infections, the alertness of pediatricians in relation to community-acquired pneumonia should increase. Antibiotic therapy has a decisive influence on the prognosis of pneumonia, therefore, with a reliable diagnosis or in a patient in serious condition with a probable diagnosis, it should be started immediately. The choice of antibiotic in each case of community-acquired pneumonia is carried out individually, taking into account the natural activity of the drugs in relation to the alleged pathogen and their possible acquired resistance, the severity and course of the disease, the patient's contraindications to the use of certain antibiotics. The article provides information on the diagnostic criteria for community-acquired pneumonia. The issues of antibacterial treatment of typical non-severe pneumonia in children of different age groups with amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are considered and its effectiveness is shown. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the oral use of one course of protected aminopenicillin is effective in the treatment of typical community-acquired non-severe pneumonia in children of different ages, as evidenced by the elimination of the main clinical manifestations of the disease in a short time.

scholarly journals Prescription Surveillance and Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing to Identify Pathogens during Outbreaks of Infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Sugiura ◽  
Tsuguto Fujimoto ◽  
Tamie Sugawara ◽  
Nozomu Hanaoka ◽  
Masami Konagaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Syndromic Surveillance ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Syndromic surveillance, including prescription surveillance, offers a rapid method for the early detection of agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. However, it has the disadvantage of not considering definitive diagnoses. Here, we attempted to definitively diagnose pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immediately after the prescription surveillance system detected an outbreak. Specimens were collected from 50 patients with respiratory infections. PCR was used to identify the pathogens, which included 14 types of common respiratory viruses andMycoplasma pneumoniae. Infectious agents includingM. pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, enterovirus, and parainfluenza virus were detected in 54% of patients. For the rapid RSV diagnosis kit, sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 85%. For the rapid adenovirus diagnosis kit, no positive results were obtained; therefore, sensitivity could not be calculated and specificity was 100%. Many patients were found to be treated for upper respiratory tract infections without the diagnosis of a specific pathogen. In Japan, an outbreak ofM. pneumoniaeinfection began in 2011, and our results suggested that this outbreak may have included false-positive cases. By combining syndromic surveillance and PCR, we were able to rapidly and accurately identify causative pathogens during a recent respiratory infection outbreak.

scholarly journals Potential Neurocognitive Symptoms Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Catalina A. Andrade ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis ◽  
Karen Bohmwald
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory infections are among the major public health burdens, especially during winter. Along these lines, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the principal viral agent causing acute lower respiratory tract infections leading to hospitalization. The pulmonary manifestations due to hRSV infection are bronchiolitis and pneumonia, where the population most affected are infants and the elderly. However, recent evidence suggests that hRSV infection can impact the mother and fetus during pregnancy. Studies have indicated that hRSV can infect different cell types from the placenta and even cross the placenta barrier and infect the fetus. In addition, it is known that infections during the gestational period can lead to severe consequences for the development of the fetus due not only to a direct viral infection but also because of maternal immune activation (MIA). Furthermore, it has been described that the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus can be affected by the inflammatory environment of the uterus caused by viral infections. Increasing evidence supports the notion that hRSV could invade the CNS and infect nervous cells, such as microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, promoting neuroinflammation. Moreover, it has been described that the hRSV infection can provoke neurological manifestations, including cognitive impairment and behavioral alterations. Here, we will review the potential effect of hRSV in brain development and the potential long-term neurological sequelae.

scholarly journals Clinical-epidemiological peculiarities of acute respiratory infections in children from 3 to 12 years and evaluation of effectiveness of antivirus therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
S. A. Khmilevskaya ◽  
N. I. Zryachkin ◽  
V. E. Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

The aim: to study the etiological structure of acute respiratory infections in children aged 3 to 12 hospitalized in the early stages of the disease in the department of respiratory infections of the children’s hospital, and to reveal the features of their clinical course and the timing of DNA / RNA elimination of respiratory viruses from nasal secretions, depending on the method of therapy. Materials and methods: 100 children with acute respiratory infections aged 3 to 12 years were monitored. The nasal secrets on the DNA / RNA of respiratory viruses were studied by PCR. Depending on the method of therapy, patients were divided into 2 groups: patients of group 1 (comparison) received basic treatment (without the use of antiviral drugs), in patients of the 2nd group (main), along with basal therapy, the drug was used umifenovir in a 5-day course at the ageappropriate dosage. Results: In the etiologic structure of ARVI in children from 3 to 12 years, the leading place was taken by rhinovirus, influenza and metapneumovirus infections (isolated – 18%, 19% and 20% respectively, in the form of a mixed infection – 11%). The main syndromic diagnosis at the height of the disease was rhinopharyngitis. Complications were observed in 42% of cases, as often as possible with flu – 53% of cases. Features of metapneumovirus infection in children of this age group were: predominance of non-severe forms of the disease in the form of acute fever with symptoms of rhinopharyngitis, as well as a small incidence of lower respiratory tract infections. The use of the drug umiphenovir in children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies contributed to significantly faster elimination of viral DNA / RNA from the nasal secretion, which was accompanied by a ecrease in the duration of the main clinical and hematological symptoms of the disease, a decrease in the incidence of complications, and reduced the duration of stay in hospital. Conclusion: application of modern molecular genetic methods of diagnostics made it possible to identify the leading role of influenza, metapneumovirus and rhinovirus infections in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infection in patients aged 3 to 12 years, and to determine a number of clinical features characteristic of this age group. The results of the study testify to the effectiveness of umiphenovir in the treatment of children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies and allow us to recommend this drug as an effective and safe etiotropic agent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the prevalence and seasonality of human parainfluenza virus over five year period in pediatric patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Meryem Colak ◽  
Selin Yigit ◽  
Anil Tapisiz ◽  
Hager Muftah ◽  
Kenan Yuce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: Human Parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause respiratory tract infections, and the second most common cause of acute respiratory illness-related hospitalizations after the respiratory syncytial virus in children <5 years of age. The aim of the study; determination of HPIVs positivity and common types in pediatric patients with respiratory tract infection; investigation the distribution of HPIV positivity by age groups, months and seasons, respectively. Material and Method: HPIV results of 1613 pediatric patients who were sent to the molecular virology laboratory from various pediatric clinics of Gazi Hospital between March 2016 and February 2021 (five years period) were investigated. Nucleic acid isolation was performed on the EZ1 Advanced (Qiagen, Germany) device using the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit by the manufacturer's protocol. Results: HPIV positivity was detected as 4.1% in clinical samples and, the most common HPIV type was found to be HPIV-3 (55%). The distribution of other HPIV types were; HPIV-2, HPIV-4 and HPIV-1 with 26%, 23% and 14%, respectively. HPIV-3 is the most common type in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019; however, HPIV-1 is the most common type in 2020. HPIVs co-infection was detected with other respiratory tract viruses in 51% of samples. The highest HPIV co-infection was detected in Rhinovirus. The highest HPIV positivity rate (45%) were determined in the 0-2 age group compared to other age groups (p<0.05). The highest positivity rate was in October in the autumn season (p<0.05), the lowest was in January and February in winter. The highest rate (8.1%) of HPIV positivity was found in 2016 and the lowest rate (0.7%) was in 2020. Conclusions: Since it is not possible to diagnose viral etiology of respiratory tract infections based on clinical findings, viral respiratory tract panel and Multiplex real-time PCR test are a fast and useful method in early diagnosis, treatment decision and prevention of unnecessary antibiotic use. HPIVs positivity is seen at higher rates in children aged 0-2 and in autumn months with seasonal differences.

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological Semiotics in the diagnosis of etiology of acute respiratory viral infections in adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Aleksandr F. Popov ◽  
S. L Kolpakov ◽  
A. I Simakova ◽  
K. A Dmitrenko
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adenovirus Infection ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Etiological Diagnosis ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
The City

For etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections the improvement of clinical semiotics and searchfor epidemiological consistent patterns are advantageous. Aim the establishment of consistent patterns of the clinical picture of etiologically AIRS decoded by PCR method and validities of epidemiological signs in the Primorsky Krai in the recent period. The material of the study were medical history cases on 276 patients admitted to the infectious department of Primorye Regional Clinical Hospital №2 in the city of Vladivostok in 2014 with a diagnosis of AIRS. Results. In the etiological structure of patients there was dominated influenza (48.2%). Hereafter there were: rhinovirus infection (13.0%), parainfluenza (11.2%), metapneumovirus infection (9,8,5%), adenovirus infection (8.0%). The minimum share was presented by bocavirus (HBoV)) infection (5.16%) and the respiratory syncytial virus, (HRSV) infection (4.7%). There were established the most sensitive and specific symptoms of considered infections. There were revealed features of the seasonality and the age structure of the patients, affecting on the efficiency of diagnosis.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AGGREGATION OF THE DRUG DERINAT IN THE COMPLEX TREATMENT OF ARVI IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE PRACTICE OF THE DISTRICT PEDIATRICIAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
Анна Александровна Зуйкова ◽  
Ольга Николаевна Красноруцкая ◽  
Юлия Александровна Котова ◽  
Даниил Юрьевич Бугримов
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Outpatient Settings

Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции (ОРВИ) представляют собой серьезную проблему для общественного здравоохранения во всем мире, вызывая значительную заболеваемость и смертность среди людей всех возрастных групп. Дети заражаются в среднем в два-три раза чаще, чем взрослые. Целью исследования является оценка эффективности препарата Деринат в комплексном лечении острых респираторных вирусных инфекций у детей дошкольного возраста в условиях амбулаторно-поликлинического приема. В исследование были включены дети в возрасте от 3 до 7 лет (включительно) не являющиеся школьниками, с клиническим диагнозом острая респираторная вирусная инфекция (ОРВИ), с симптомами, проявляющимися не длительнее 48 часов, не подвергавшихся противовирусной и иммуномодулирующей терапией в течение 30 дней до текущего посещения врача. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что комплексное лечение ОРВИ у детей дошкольного возраста с применением препарата Деринат с первого дня терапии позволяет устранить отдельные симптомы ОРВИ значительно быстрее и эффективнее, чем при стандартных схемах терапии: ринорея и заложенность носа купируется на 2 день терапии, а гиперемия ротоглотки и отечность миндалин - на 3 день. Назначение изучаемого препарата в комплексном лечении ОРВИ в 2,4 раза повышает «Индекс здоровья» у дошкольников по сравнению с показателем при стандартных схемах лечения Acute respiratory viral infections are a serious public health problem worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality among people of all age groups. Children are infected on average two to three times more often than adults. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug Derinat in the complex treatment of acute respiratory viral infections in preschool children in outpatient settings. The study included children aged 3 to 7 years (inclusive) who are not schoolchildren, with a clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infection, with symptoms that manifest no longer than 48 hours, who were not subjected to antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy for 30 days before the current doctor's visit. As a result of the study, it was found that the complex treatment of acute respiratory viral infections in preschool children with the use of the drug Derinat from the first day of therapy can eliminate individual symptoms of ARVI much faster and more effectively than with standard therapy regimens: rhinorrhea and nasal congestion are stopped on day 2 of therapy, and oropharyngeal hyperemia and tonsillar edema - on day 3. The administration of the studied drug in the complex treatment of acute respiratory viral infections increases the "Health Index" in preschool children by 2.4 times compared to the indicator for standard treatment regimens

scholarly journals Contribution of Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells to Protective Immunity Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Their Impact on Vaccine Design

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retamal-Díaz ◽  
Covián ◽  
Pacheco ◽  
Castiglione-Matamala ◽  
Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Effective Immune Response ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiological agent for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). RSV-ALRI is the major cause of hospital admissions in young children, and it can cause in-hospital deaths in children younger than six months old. Therefore, RSV remains one of the pathogens deemed most important for the generation of a vaccine. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on the development of immunological memory against the pathogenic agent of interest. This memory is achieved by long-lived memory T cells, based on the establishment of an effective immune response to viral infections when subsequent exposures to the pathogen take place. Memory T cells can be classified into three subsets according to their expression of lymphoid homing receptors: central memory cells (TCM), effector memory cells (TEM) and resident memory T cells (TRM). The latter subset consists of cells that are permanently found in non-lymphoid tissues and are capable of recognizing antigens and mounting an effective immune response at those sites. TRM cells activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thus establishing a robust and rapid response characterized by the production of large amounts of effector molecules. TRM cells can also recognize antigenically unrelated pathogens and trigger an innate-like alarm with the recruitment of other immune cells. It is noteworthy that this rapid and effective immune response induced by TRM cells make these cells an interesting aim in the design of vaccination strategies in order to establish TRM cell populations to prevent respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of TRM cells, their contribution to the resolution of respiratory viral infections and the induction of TRM cells, which should be considered for the rational design of new vaccines against RSV.

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