scholarly journals Juxtaposition on Discrete Covid-19 Vaccines: For Rudimentary and Pivotal Cognizance

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kisan Chatki ◽  
Sana Tabassum
Keyword(s):  
Fast Track ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Scanty Information

This paper accomplishes an introduction to diverse types of vaccines against coronavirus. Many countries, researchers and pharmaceutical companies worked abundantly so that they could discover a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19. In response to this, vaccines were discovered on a fast track mode and companies registered for an emergency use authorization, so that it would be helpful to society during pandemic. Manufacturers and various regulatory units are working tirelessly to develop, manufacture and deploy safe and effective vaccines. Scanty information is added on divergent COVID vaccines encompassing information related to the developer, vaccine class, description, efficacy rate, dosing, storage, permitted age groups and authorizations issued.

scholarly journals The UPTAKE study: implications for the future of COVID-19 vaccination trial recruitment in UK and beyond

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonika Sethi ◽  
Aditi Kumar ◽  
Anandadeep Mandal ◽  
Mohammed Shaikh ◽  
Claire A. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Trial Recruitment ◽  
Trial Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Future

Abstract Background Developing a safe and effective vaccine will be the principal way of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, current COVID-19 vaccination trials are not adequately representing a diverse participant population in terms of age, ethnicity and comorbidities. Achieving the representative recruitment targets that are adequately powered to the study remains one of the greatest challenges in clinical trial management. To ensure accuracy and generalisability of the safety and efficacy conclusions generated by clinical trials, it is crucial to recruit patient cohorts as representative as possible of the future target population. Missing these targets can lead to reduced validity of the study results and can often slow down drug development leading to costly delays. Objective This study explores the key factors related to perceptions and participation in vaccination trials. Methods This study involved an anonymous cross-sectional online survey circulated across the UK. Statistical analysis was done in six phases. Multi-nominal logistic models examined demographic and geographic factors that may impact vaccine uptake. Results The survey had 4884 participants of which 9.44% were Black Asian Minority Ethnic (BAME). Overall, 2020 (41.4%) respondents were interested in participating in vaccine trials; 27.6% of the respondents were not interested and 31.1% were unsure. The most interested groups were male (OR = 1.29), graduates (OR = 1.28), the 40–49 and 50–59 age groups (OR = 1.88 and OR = 1.46 respectively) and those with no health issues (OR = 1.06). The least interested groups were BAME (OR = 0.43), those from villages and small towns (OR = 0.66 and 0.54 respectively) and those aged 70 and above (OR = 1.11). Conclusions In order to have a vaccination that is generalisable to the entire population, greater work needs to be done in engaging a diverse cohort of participants. Public health campaigns need to be targeted in improving trial recruitment rates for the elderly, BAME community and the less educated rural population.

scholarly journals Varicella disease after introduction of varicella vaccine in the US, 1995-2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Noah
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
The Us

Chickenpox is now one of the last of the infectious diseases of childhood that remain mostly uncontrolled. An effective vaccine has been available for many years but has not been used for routine immunisation in many countries. This is because the effect of giving the vaccine in early life on the subsequent development of herpes zoster is not known; high immunisation rates are important to ensure that the age distribution does not shift towards older age groups in whom the disease is more serious; and the disease is generally considered innocuous, especially in childhood when about 95% of infections occur.

scholarly journals The diagnostic value of a change in bowel habit for colorectal cancer within different age groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Sofia M McCulloch ◽  
Imran Aziz ◽  
Annikka V Polster ◽  
Andreas-Bernd Pischel ◽  
Henrik Stålsmeden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Bowel Habit ◽  
Cancer Prevalence ◽  
Alarm Symptom ◽  
Alarm Features ◽  
Over 40 Years

Background Change in bowel habit as a sole alarm symptom for colorectal cancer is disputed. Objective We investigated the diagnostic value of change in bowel habit for colorectal cancer, particularly as a single symptom and within different age groups. Methods This retrospective cohort study examined colorectal cancer fast track referrals and outcomes across four Swedish hospitals (April 2016–May 2017). Entry criteria constituted one or more of three alarm features: anaemia, visible rectal bleeding, or change in bowel habit for more than 4 weeks in patients over 40 years of age. Patients were grouped as having only change in bowel habit, change in bowel habit plus anaemia/bleeding or anaemia/bleeding only. Results Of 628 patients, 22% were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. There were no cases of colorectal cancer in the only change in bowel habit group under 55 years, while this was 6% for 55–64 years, 8% for 65–74 years and 14% for 75 years and older. Among subjects under 55 years, 2% with anaemia/bleeding had colorectal cancer, this increased to 34% for 55 years and older ( P < 0.0001). Change in bowel habit plus anaemia/bleeding gave a colorectal cancer prevalence of 16% in under 55 years and increased to 30% for 55 years and older ( P = 0.07). Conclusion Change in bowel habit as the only alarm feature has a low diagnostic yield for colorectal cancer in patients under 55 years.

scholarly journals A RANDOMISED CONTROL STUDY TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF CEFUROXIME, CLARITHROMYCIN, AND LEVOFLOXACIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
GOUTHAMI PADUGUNDLA ◽  
JYOTHIRMAYEE V ◽  
BETHALA RAVALI ◽  
JAGILLAPURAM ARUNDHATHI ◽  
THAKUR SRILATHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: The upper respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity mainly in children due to the fact that they mainly affect children. Accordingly, a study was conducted on antibiotics to compare the effectiveness of clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children. Methods: A prospective observational study for a period of 6 months was conducted in the pediatrics department of RVM hospital. Outpatients under the age of 14 years given antibiotics for the treatment of URTI were included in the study. A total of 99 study subjects were included in the study, divided into three groups each containing 33 sample sizes (clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin). Patient data was collected using a form and verbal consent was obtained from patients/patient representatives, and drugs were given using the lottery method. Follow-up was done and noted for the 3rd, 5th, 7th day through telephonic calls, and the collected data were evaluated using statistical analysis. Results: Pool data from 99 patients shows that many patients belong to 0–5 years age groups (age distribution), and males were more than female (gender distribution). Clarithromycin (cure rate 3 days) and cefuroxime (cure rate 5 days) showed an equal rate of cure percentage (94%), while levofloxacin for 3–5 days with a 3% failure rate. A significant difference of p<0.05 (p=0.000) was observed and no adverse events were noted. Conclusion: The study findings showed, out of 3 drugs, clarithromycin and cefuroxime showed an equal efficacy rate of 94%, but clarithromycin showed shorter duration of outcome, i.e., 3 days. Hence, clarithromycin is effective than the other two drugs in the treatment of URTI.

scholarly journals Retinol Depletion in Severe COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Rodan Sarohan ◽  
Hakan Akelma ◽  
Eşref Araç ◽  
Özgür Aslan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Type I Interferon ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Retinoid Signaling ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractBackground and PurposeVitamin A is depleted during infections. Vitamin A has been used successfully in measles, RSV and AIDS patients and is an effective vaccine adjuvant. In this study, low retinol levels were found in patients with severe COVID-19. Retinoid signaling impairment in COVID-19 disrupts Type-I interferon synthesis.Material and MethodTwo groups were formed in the study. The patient group consisted of 27 (Group 1) severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit with respiratory failure, and the control group consisted of 23 (Group 2) patients without COVID-19 symptoms. Serum retinol levels were analyzed by ELIZA and HPLC in both groups.FindingsRetinol levels were found to be significantly lower in the patient group (P <0.001). There was no difference in retinol between two different age groups in the patient group (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference in retinol between men and women (P> 0.05). Comorbidity did not affect serum retinol levels (P >0.05).ConclusionSerum retinol levels were low in patients with severe COVID-19. Drugs preventing retinol excretion were not stopped in the patient group. Some patients took vitamin A externally. Despite this, retinol was low in COVID-19 patients. Retinol depletion impairs Type-I interferon synthesis by impairing retinoid signaling. Retinoid signaling may be the main pathogenetic disorder in COVID-19. This pathogenesis can serve as a guide for adjuvants, drug targets, and candidate drugs. Retinol, retinoic acid derivatives, and some CYP450 inhibitors may work on COVID-19.

The rising fear of Wuhan Virus ‘2019-nCoV’

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vengadesh Letchumanan ◽  
Hooi-Leng Ser ◽  
Jodi Woan-Fei Law ◽  
Loh Teng-Hern Tan ◽  
Bey-Hing Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
New Type ◽  
In The Beginning

The “Wuhan Virus” was first recognized in the beginning of December 2019 and identified as a new type of coronavirus 2019-nCoV. This coronavirus-induced pneumonia originated from Wuhan (China), and has spread across 27 countries, infected 17,488 people and caused 362 deaths, at the this Editorial went to press. The transmission of 2019-nCoV to individuals of different countries is predominantly through close contact with an infected person. The experts around the global raise the concern on the rising number of infected cases and deaths, and increased the effort to produce an effective drug or vaccine for this virus. Several efforts have been done to aid the detection of the virus and treatment of patients: 2019-nCoV detection kits (BGI), and development of two new hospital, and treating patients with combination of antiviral for flu and HIV. In the United States, doctors successfully treated a 2019-nCoV patient with Gilead Sciences drug – remdesivir, however further test need to be done to confirm the effectiveness of these antivirals. Hopefully, the pharmaceutical companies with the team of researchers will be able to discover an effective vaccine to treat coronavirus 2019-nCoV.  

Faster approvals?: Trends in the use of FDA’s expedited approval programs for oncology medications.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18270-e18270
Author(s):  
Lisa Ambrosini Vadola ◽  
Monique A Pond ◽  
Ann Winter-Vann ◽  
Robin Whitsell
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Priority Review ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Oncology Drug ◽  
Accelerated Approval ◽  
Fast Track Designation ◽  
Speed To Market

e18270 Background: With the importance of speed-to-market and addressing unmet needs, pharmaceutical companies have sought accelerated approvals through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Introduced with the FDA Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) of 2012, Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD) has become an important mechanism for approval of serious and life-threatening conditions that do not have adequate therapies. Notably, these pathways have been ill-understood by both pharmaceutical companies and health care providers. This study assessed how BTD and other FDA designations have played a role in the approval of oncology drug marketing applications and evaluated trends in the use of these regulatory pathways. Methods: We analyzed publicly available data on novel oncology drug approvals by the FDA from 2012-2016, including the 4 expedited programs for serious conditions (BTD, Accelerated Approval, Fast Track, and Priority Review). Results: Of the 43 novel oncology drugs approved by the FDA between 2012-2016, 42 used at least 1 of the expedited approval programs, including 65% that used ≥2 programs and 35% that used ≥3 programs. The BTD has been used by 15 of the 43 (35%) approved novel oncology drugs since 2012. The use of the BTD, Accelerated Approval pathway, and Priority Review designation among approved oncology drugs has generally increased each year from 2012-2016, while the use of the Fast Track designation has decreased over the same time period. Conclusions: Companies seeking oncology approvals often use more than one expediting strategy. Alone or in combinations, the BTD, Accelerated Approval, and Priority Review have been shown to play an increasingly important role in oncology drug development. Data collected between 2012-2016 suggest that use of BTD is growing more common, while use of the Fast Track designation has decreased among approved oncology drugs. Additional expedited approval programs have remained steady or increased since the FDA introduced BTD. Based on these observations, we anticipate use of the BTD, Accelerated Approval, and Priority Review designation will grow in future oncology drug applications.

scholarly journals Estimated varicella incidence on the basis of a seroprevalence survey

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. MUÑOZ ◽  
A. DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
L. SALLERAS
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Delta Method ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Seroprevalence Data

Varicella is a disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. It is transmitted via the respiratory route, is highly communicable and mainly affects young children. An effective vaccine is now available, whose routine use is advised by health authorities in the USA and which can prevent severe disease, although breakthrough infections do occur. In deciding whether or not to include a vaccine in the routine vaccination schedule, knowledge of the morbidity of the disease in question is fundamental. Although reporting of varicella is compulsory in Catalonia, doctors only have to report the weekly number of cases diagnosed, and not their age distribution. Given that recent data on the prevalence of the infection in Catalonia according to age groups is available, it was considered that, using these data, an estimation of age-related incidence could be made.The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of varicella in Catalonia on the basis of the available seroprevalence data. A curve was fitted to the observed prevalence and point prevalence estimates for all ages were obtained. The incidence was derived by smoothed prevalence for each of these age groups. Estimated variance of the estimated incidence was obtained by the delta method. Predicted prevalence in the 0–4 years age group was calculated by the smoothed prevalence.The model that best fitted the sample prevalence was the exponential function. The estimated number of varicella cases in this study was 46419 (95% CI 40507–52270). As the population in Catalonia in 1996 was 6090040, the previous results give an incidence rate of 762·2 per 100000 persons/year with their 95% CI (666·1–858·3).The method described may be applied to the study of incidence rates in relation to the prevalence of diseases if we accept that the infection produces permanent immunity; the risk of mortality is the same for infected and non-infected subjects and that the disease incidence and population remain constant in time.

scholarly journals Assessing seropositivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Ahmedabad city of India: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e044101
Author(s):  
Om Prakash ◽  
Bhavin Solanki ◽  
Jay K Sheth ◽  
Bhavin Joshi ◽  
Mina Kadam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People ◽  
Primary Health Centres ◽  
The Difference

ObjectivesTo study the percentage seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 to understand the pandemic status and predict the future situations in Ahmedabad.Study designCross-sectional study.SettingsField area of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.ParticipantsMore than 30 000 individuals irrespective of their age, sex, acute/past COVID-19 infection participated in the serosurvey which covered all the 75 Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs) across 48 wards and 7 zones of the city. Study also involved healthcare workers (HCWs) from COVID-19/non-COVID-19 hospitals.InterventionsSeropositivity of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was measured as a mark of COVID-19 infection.Primary and secondary outcomesSeropositivity was used to calculate cumulative incidence. Correlation of seropositivity with available demographic detail was used for valid and precise assessment of the pandemic situation.ResultsFrom 30 054 samples, the results were available for 29 891 samples and the crude seropositivity is 17.61%. For all the various age groups, the seropositivity calculated between 15% and 20%. The difference in seropositivity for both the sex group is statistically not significant. The seropositivity is significantly lower (13.64%) for HCWs as compared with non-HCWs (18.71%). Seropositivity shows increasing trend with time. Zone with maximum initial cases has high positivity as compared with other zones. UPHCs with recent rise in cases are leading in seropositivity as compared with earlier and widely affected UPHCs.ConclusionsThe results of serosurveillance suggest that the population of Ahmedabad is still largely susceptible. People still need to follow preventive measures to protect themselves till an effective vaccine is available to the people at large. The data indicate the possibility of vanishing immunity over time and need further research to cross verify with scientific evidences.

scholarly journals Progress towards the 2020 Fast Track HIV/AIDS reduction targets in Ethiopia comparing with neighboring countries and across ages; using Global Burden of Diseases 2017 data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemnesh H. Mirkuzie ◽  
Solomon Ali ◽  
Ebba Abate ◽  
Asnake Worku ◽  
Awoke Misganaw
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Mortality Reduction ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Incidence Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3, targets to eliminate HIV from being a public health threat by 2030. For better tracking of this target interim Fast Track milestones for 2020 and composite complementary measures have been indicated. This study measured the Fast Track progress in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia comparing with neighboring countries and across ages. Methods The National Data Management Center for health’s research team at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute has analyzed the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 data for the year 2010 to 2017 for Ethiopia and its neighbors. GBD 2017 data sources were census, demographic and a health survey, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, antiretroviral treatment programs, sentinel surveillance, and UNAIDS reports. Age-standardized and age-specific HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), incidence:mortality ratio and incidence:prevalence ratio were calculated with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results Ethiopia and neighboring countries recorded slow progress in reducing new HIV infection in since 2010. Only Uganda would achieve the 75% target by 2020. Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda already achieved the 75% mortality reduction target set for 2020. The incidence: prevalence ratio for Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda were < 0.03, indicating the countries were on track to end HIV by 2030. Ethiopia had an incidence: mortality ratio <1 due to high mortality; while Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda had a ratio of >1 due to high incidence. The HIV incidence rate in Ethiopia was dropped by 76% among under 5 children in 2017 compared to 2010; the country would likely to attain the 2020 national target but far behind achieving the target among the 15-49 age groups. Conclusions Ethiopia and neighboring countries have made remarkable progress towards achieving the 75% HIV/AIDS mortality reduction target by 2020, although they progress poorly in reducing HIV incidence. By having an incidence:prevalence ratio benchmark less than 0.03, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda are well heading towards epidemic control. Nonetheless, the high HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Ethiopia for its incidence requires innovative strategies to reach out undiagnosed cases and to build institutional capacity for generating strong evidence to ensure sustainable epidemic control.

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