scholarly journals Sketching Victorian Society: A Corpus Assisted Study of Social Class in Dickens' Great Expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Athar Rashid ◽  
Ameer Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pos Tagger

The present work deals with the adjectives used by Charles Dickens to portray the social class in the novel Great Expectations. The study used a corpus linguistics methodology for data preparation, corpus development, and data analysis. The text of the novel was collected from online sources and used in the compilation of the corpus. The corpus was filtered of additional information and tagged using a part-of-speech tagger (POS tagger). The tagged data was analyzed using AntConc software. The findings of the study suggest that the use of adjectives plays a substantial role in the portrayal of the social class in the novel Great Expectations. The findings also show that there was a clear divide between upper and lower classes. The members of the lower class were humiliated and looked down upon by the members of the upper class.

scholarly journals Depiction of Victorian Era in the Novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p17
Author(s):  
Farhana Haque
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Great Expectation ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Class System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Middle Class Family

Charles Dickens’ Great Expectation actually did reflect the Victorian society and therefore the morality of that era’s people inside of the novel. Since we know that Victorian era basically present some features such as virtue, strength, thrift, manners, cleanliness, honesty and chastity. These are the morals that Victorian people used to hold with high esteem. In this novel Great Expectations, Dickens has created some Victorian characters whom we have seen both in good working way or not at all. But the protagonist named Pip was dynamic and he went through some several changes and dealt with different and significant moral issues. Somehow Pip left behind all the values he was raised with. Because Miss Havisham and Estella have corrupted Pip with rich life. Greed, beauty and arrogance were his ingredient of immoral life. The other characters like Joe and Biddy were static characters throughout the entire novel and became noticeable to be the manifestation of what we call as ideal Victorians. The main heroin of this novel was Estella with whom Pip thought he had some love connection. Hence, Estella has been presented as a good in the sense of potentiality and turned morally bad. Miss Havisham, who was basically a corrupt woman and she engraved the center of the novel. Great Expectations did disclose how was the situation of Victorian society through some important features such as higher class, corrupted judicial system between rural and urban England. Here in this novel, Dickens was concern about the education system in Victorian era where the lower class people get less opportunities of getting proper education. From the beginning to the end of this novel, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding higher and lower class system of Victorian society which did fluctuate from the greatest woeful criminal named Magwitch to the needy people of the swamp country, where Joe and Biddy were the symbol of that regime. After that we can proceed to the middle class family where Pumblechook was the person to represent that regime. Last but not the least Miss Havisham symbolized and bear flag of very rich and sophisticated Victorian woman who has represented the higher class society in the novel Great Expectations. Hence we can say Great Expectations has talked and displayed the class system of Victorian England and the characters of this novel therefore also did uphold the true reflection of Victorian era.

scholarly journals The Impact of Capitalist Psychology of Mid Victorian Erain Charles Dickens’ Novel Great Expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Muna Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
First Person ◽  
Central Character ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The Impact

My thesis argues that Charles Dickens reflects the capitalist psychology of mid Victorian London in his novel Great Expectations. It is fully narrated in the first person and a time conquering master piece of Charles Dickens. In this novel, he touches on expectations in the life of diverse characters, the greatest of which being the expectation of Pip, the central character of the novel and also his moves from childhood to adulthood. He portrays how difficult it is for a lower class person to become a gentleman. The life for the upper class is easy but the life for the lower class is hard and painful in Victorian England. He vividly represents the existing picture of the society working in the minds of various characters and their expectations. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection and the eventual triumph of good over evil.The purpose of this study is to describe the writer’s view of capitalism and its consequences such as ending of family units, illness, mutual exploitation, human passions, expectations and selfishness through character and plot.

scholarly journals Kindness towards Others in Great Expectations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Saed Jamil Shahwan
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Difference ◽  
Great Expectation ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Contents ◽  
Shed Light

The novel, Great Expectation (1861) revolves around the universal theme of love and conflict, which influences the protagonist, Pip. Many critics have commented on the plot and background of the novel. The main aim of this study is to reveal various instances projecting kindness and sympathy in between the social conflict and social tension at the background of the novel “Great Expectation. The study will focus on the concept of kindness towards others which has been incorporated throughout the story of the novel between the narrator and the characters. Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) has shed light upon the theme of social mobility, manners, social injustice and prospect towards tangible reality. This study answers the question whether Dickens could be able to reflect the concept of kindness in the novel or not? Moreover, it will search whether the concept of kindness has been explored well in the story of the novel that it contains probable educational contents of kindness for research. To prove that, the article will explore various aspects of kindness, which has been observed during the course of the novel. The study would be based on qualitative research method from secondary resources. The aspect of kindness would be analyzed and highlighted through multiple scenes from the novel. The study would be concluded on the point where Dickens stresses on the dialect for up gradation of social status in Pip in order to establish himself as a desired partner of Estella despite having a social difference of class during the Victorian period.

scholarly journals Social Class and Poverty in American Society in the 2000’s Era as Seen in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games Novel

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidy Putri Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Hunger Games ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Hunger Games ◽  
American Society

The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins tells about the survival game in one country and the participant of the game is obtained by random election in each district of the country. The objective of this paper is to reveal the economic inequality in American society in the 2000’s era that is depicted in the novel. The method used is based on library research. The main data of the study were The Hunger Game novel. The secondary data to support the analysis were books, articles, and encyclopedias. Additional information is also taken from the internet.The theory applied in this article is mimetic approach. It analyses the character, setting, plot, and theme. The findings show that there is a gap between the upper class and the lower class. The lower class has to struggle to still alive, while the upper class becomes richer. The upper class also has more power than the lower class. Then, the lower class is suffering from the poverty. Social class is one of thing that determines people to have more opportunity in the society.It can be concluded that the novel is about the reflection of the society condition of American society in the 2000’s era. The author of the novel describes the social gap, social class, and poverty in American society very clearly and in detail. Therefore,there any differences between The Hunger Games and social background.

scholarly journals SOCIAL CONFLICTS FOUND IN CHARLES DICKENS’ GREAT EXPECTATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Ali Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Research Report ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Literature is the expression of life in the works of beauty, truth, and cannot be separated from feeling, thought, or any activities as part of life. By literature, one can express his knowledge and get entertainment because literature is also defined as simply another way one can experience the world around him through his imagination. Meanwhile, novel as a genre of literature, is a reflection of reality the author writes based on his view. The novelist expresses ideas, or values which the readers can accept. In this research report, the researcher analyzes the novel “Great Expectations” to know better about the conflict happening in it mainly social conflict. It is about sad love and wonderful story of a boy named Pip whose parents died and who was brought up by his elder sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery. He loves a girl named Estella who always disdains him because he is a common and coarse boy. For this, he is eager to be a gentleman and wants to get her love. He has fortune because an escaped convict whom he helped when he was a child by giving some food and a file. The escaped convict whom later known as Provis pays Pip’s study in London and becomes a gentleman. That is why, he chooses the title “The Analysis of Social Conflicts in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations”.           This research is aimed at finding social conflicts undergone by Pip, Miss. Havisham, Provis and Orlick. Therefore, he formulates statement of the problems 1) What are social conflict undergone by Pip? 2) What are social conflict undergone by Miss. Havisham?, 3) What are Social conflict undergone by Provis? And 4) What are social conflict undergone by Orlick?.  The Objectives of this research are: 1) to describe the social conflict undergone by Pip, 2) to describe the social conflict undergone by Miss. Havisham, 3) to describe the social conflict undergone by Provis and  4) to describe the social conflict undergone by Orlick.           The researcher in discussing this problems uses many quotations taken from the Novel Great Expectations, and many references. They are taken in chapter II in form of Review of Related Literature. It looks that this research is Qualitative research by using descriptive text analysis. He uses Phenomenological approach as the basis of discussion. The object is the social conflict undergone by four main characters and the subject is the novel Great Expectations. After being analyzed, he finds that Pip undergoes social conflict with Estella, Mrs. Joe Gargery, Herbert, Orlick, Bentle Drummle and Miss. Havisham. Miss. Havisham experiences social conflict with Estella, Campeyson, and her relatives. Provis has social conflict with Compeyson,  Orlick has social conflict with Mrs. Joe and Biddy. In fact, if it is examined closely, the conflicts happen around the problems of love either love relationship between Pip and Estella, Estella and Drummle, Compeyson and Miss. Havisham and Orlick with Biddy.

scholarly journals Representation of Social Class in the Illustration of Sketches by Boz by Dickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-517
Author(s):  
Nurul Imansari
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The study object in this research is the representation of social class in the illustration of Sketches by Boz by Charles Dickens (1895). Social class is one of the most prominent themes raised by Charles Dickens in his work to satirize the condition of Victorian England as a form of empathy towards the lower class people. Dickens tries to portray that phenomenon into a series of story and illustration of people’s everyday life in his work ‘Sketches by Boz’. However, this social phenomenon is always depicted and discussed mostly in term of the narration form. On the contrary, illustration is often being ignored. The aim of this study is to bring together the importance of illustration in its relationship to the text. The method used in this study was a descriptive qualitative. It will examine how social class is portrayed in the illustration of Dickens’ Sketches by Boz by focusing particularly on the variety of techniques used by the illustrators in producing the illustrations. The result shows that both narration and illustration highlights the social class reality in the Victorian era. The narration and the illustration cannot be separated in Charles Dickens’ Sketches by Boz since it is created to be a description of people’s everyday life in Victorian London. Keywords: Charles Dickens, Illustration, Narration, Social Class

Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Schofield ◽  
James D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.

We Are Not Free to Choose: Class Determinism in Zadie Smith’s NW

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zadie Smith ◽  
Divide And Rule ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractNW by Zadie Smith opens with a multicultural and multiracial scene and revolves around the crises in the lives of four people with longstanding connection to Northwest London. The Northwest London in NW is a besieged city, and the people therein could not see any possibility of getting out because the gate has been latched with the concept of social class. In NW, the social class is materialized as space, economic position and race. Geographically NW features the main areas of London, and considers the role of that city in shaping the consciousness of the major characters, a partly spatial configuring of identity. In addition, the major characters in NW also suffer from occupational exclusion and economic exploitation, which then lead to their lower-class position since social class is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed according to their positions in the statistical distribution based on the economic and cultural capital. Finally the racial discrimination encountered by the characters in NW shows that class relations shape the form that racial oppression takes. The racialization of class issues becomes a politically effective tool for the wealthy to divide and rule the lower classes. In NW, Smith thus has adopted a more political attitude than in her previous books, so the relatively new perspective of her fiction might be the attention she draws to the persistent obstacles to class crossing and the acknowledgment of the rigid lines that still define the social classes.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Karin Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Media Ecology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
4E Cognition ◽  
The Media

The conclusion shows that several of the embodied aspects of writing fiction discussed for the eighteenth-century novel can be traced into the nineteenth century through an example from Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. It is shown that, like the earlier authors in the case studies in this book, Dickens features shifting embodied stances and involves elements of the media ecology of his day rather than deploying the concrete particulars that “formal realism” considers central to the novel. Links to larger arguments about the role of the novel in literary history are then drawn in contrast with accounts, based on Adorno/Habermas and Benjamin, that argue that eighteenth-century fiction becomes rationalised and disembodied with the novel and its culture industry. Rather than impoverishing experience, it is argued that the novel as a lifeworld technology depends profoundly on readers’ embodied engagements and that 4E cognition is a critical perspective that affords such an alternative take.

scholarly journals The social class of the Baptist: Dissident retainer or peasant millennialist?

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Strijdom
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psalms Of Solomon ◽  
The One ◽  
Named Groups

In this article the Baptist is compared with the upper-class/literate millennialists behind the Psalms of Solomon, the Testament of Moses, the Similitudes of 1 Enoch, and the Qumran scrolls on the one hand, and with the lower-class/illiterate millennialist movements in Josephus on the other hand. The argument is developed in constant dialogue with the analyses of John Dominic Crossan. After an initial statement of historical facts about the Baptist, these are compared with the named groups in terms of each one’s (1) criticism of the social-political and religious status quo, (2) depiction of the imagined mediator through whom God was expected to intervene, (3) portrayal of the violent/non-violent intervention of God and the group respectively, and (4) social ethics. It is concluded that John shows closer resemblance to the literate than illiterate millennialists, and should therefore rather be considered as a dissident retainer.

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