scholarly journals Representation of Social Class in the Illustration of Sketches by Boz by Dickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-517
Author(s):  
Nurul Imansari
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The study object in this research is the representation of social class in the illustration of Sketches by Boz by Charles Dickens (1895). Social class is one of the most prominent themes raised by Charles Dickens in his work to satirize the condition of Victorian England as a form of empathy towards the lower class people. Dickens tries to portray that phenomenon into a series of story and illustration of people’s everyday life in his work ‘Sketches by Boz’. However, this social phenomenon is always depicted and discussed mostly in term of the narration form. On the contrary, illustration is often being ignored. The aim of this study is to bring together the importance of illustration in its relationship to the text. The method used in this study was a descriptive qualitative. It will examine how social class is portrayed in the illustration of Dickens’ Sketches by Boz by focusing particularly on the variety of techniques used by the illustrators in producing the illustrations. The result shows that both narration and illustration highlights the social class reality in the Victorian era. The narration and the illustration cannot be separated in Charles Dickens’ Sketches by Boz since it is created to be a description of people’s everyday life in Victorian London. Keywords: Charles Dickens, Illustration, Narration, Social Class

scholarly journals Depiction of Victorian Era in the Novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p17
Author(s):  
Farhana Haque
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Great Expectation ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Class System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Middle Class Family

Charles Dickens’ Great Expectation actually did reflect the Victorian society and therefore the morality of that era’s people inside of the novel. Since we know that Victorian era basically present some features such as virtue, strength, thrift, manners, cleanliness, honesty and chastity. These are the morals that Victorian people used to hold with high esteem. In this novel Great Expectations, Dickens has created some Victorian characters whom we have seen both in good working way or not at all. But the protagonist named Pip was dynamic and he went through some several changes and dealt with different and significant moral issues. Somehow Pip left behind all the values he was raised with. Because Miss Havisham and Estella have corrupted Pip with rich life. Greed, beauty and arrogance were his ingredient of immoral life. The other characters like Joe and Biddy were static characters throughout the entire novel and became noticeable to be the manifestation of what we call as ideal Victorians. The main heroin of this novel was Estella with whom Pip thought he had some love connection. Hence, Estella has been presented as a good in the sense of potentiality and turned morally bad. Miss Havisham, who was basically a corrupt woman and she engraved the center of the novel. Great Expectations did disclose how was the situation of Victorian society through some important features such as higher class, corrupted judicial system between rural and urban England. Here in this novel, Dickens was concern about the education system in Victorian era where the lower class people get less opportunities of getting proper education. From the beginning to the end of this novel, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding higher and lower class system of Victorian society which did fluctuate from the greatest woeful criminal named Magwitch to the needy people of the swamp country, where Joe and Biddy were the symbol of that regime. After that we can proceed to the middle class family where Pumblechook was the person to represent that regime. Last but not the least Miss Havisham symbolized and bear flag of very rich and sophisticated Victorian woman who has represented the higher class society in the novel Great Expectations. Hence we can say Great Expectations has talked and displayed the class system of Victorian England and the characters of this novel therefore also did uphold the true reflection of Victorian era.

scholarly journals Sketching Victorian Society: A Corpus Assisted Study of Social Class in Dickens' Great Expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Athar Rashid ◽  
Ameer Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pos Tagger

The present work deals with the adjectives used by Charles Dickens to portray the social class in the novel Great Expectations. The study used a corpus linguistics methodology for data preparation, corpus development, and data analysis. The text of the novel was collected from online sources and used in the compilation of the corpus. The corpus was filtered of additional information and tagged using a part-of-speech tagger (POS tagger). The tagged data was analyzed using AntConc software. The findings of the study suggest that the use of adjectives plays a substantial role in the portrayal of the social class in the novel Great Expectations. The findings also show that there was a clear divide between upper and lower classes. The members of the lower class were humiliated and looked down upon by the members of the upper class.

Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Schofield ◽  
James D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.

We Are Not Free to Choose: Class Determinism in Zadie Smith’s NW

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zadie Smith ◽  
Divide And Rule ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractNW by Zadie Smith opens with a multicultural and multiracial scene and revolves around the crises in the lives of four people with longstanding connection to Northwest London. The Northwest London in NW is a besieged city, and the people therein could not see any possibility of getting out because the gate has been latched with the concept of social class. In NW, the social class is materialized as space, economic position and race. Geographically NW features the main areas of London, and considers the role of that city in shaping the consciousness of the major characters, a partly spatial configuring of identity. In addition, the major characters in NW also suffer from occupational exclusion and economic exploitation, which then lead to their lower-class position since social class is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed according to their positions in the statistical distribution based on the economic and cultural capital. Finally the racial discrimination encountered by the characters in NW shows that class relations shape the form that racial oppression takes. The racialization of class issues becomes a politically effective tool for the wealthy to divide and rule the lower classes. In NW, Smith thus has adopted a more political attitude than in her previous books, so the relatively new perspective of her fiction might be the attention she draws to the persistent obstacles to class crossing and the acknowledgment of the rigid lines that still define the social classes.

scholarly journals The social class of the Baptist: Dissident retainer or peasant millennialist?

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Strijdom
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psalms Of Solomon ◽  
The One ◽  
Named Groups

In this article the Baptist is compared with the upper-class/literate millennialists behind the Psalms of Solomon, the Testament of Moses, the Similitudes of 1 Enoch, and the Qumran scrolls on the one hand, and with the lower-class/illiterate millennialist movements in Josephus on the other hand. The argument is developed in constant dialogue with the analyses of John Dominic Crossan. After an initial statement of historical facts about the Baptist, these are compared with the named groups in terms of each one’s (1) criticism of the social-political and religious status quo, (2) depiction of the imagined mediator through whom God was expected to intervene, (3) portrayal of the violent/non-violent intervention of God and the group respectively, and (4) social ethics. It is concluded that John shows closer resemblance to the literate than illiterate millennialists, and should therefore rather be considered as a dissident retainer.

Rules of address in Italy: a sociological survey

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bates ◽  
Laura Benigni
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractStudies of address forms have almost always concentrated on a single set of rules, as they would be used by one idealized speaker. We proposed instead to examine the use of address pronouns in Italy as a function of the classical sociological parameters of age, sex and social class. A modified version of the Brown and Gilman questionnaire was administered in interviews with 117 Italian adults. Results indicate a powerful age—class interaction in overall degree of formality. Young upper class Ss are by far the least formal of the social groups — a particularly interesting finding, since Brown and Gilman's original study was drawn entirely from this population. Lower class youth are the most formal, with older Ss falling in between. Most Italians are likely to expect to receive the same address form that they give; the only clearly functional non-reciprocal relationships involve differences in age rather than status. The relationship of the results to political measures are also discussed. Several issues are examined from the point of view of sociolinguistic ‘ideals’ tapped by the questionnaire, vs. actual behavior in social settings. (Address forms (T/V pronouns); social class, age, and sex differences; Italy (Rome).)

scholarly journals Diversidade e desigualdade em um contexto de fragmentação socioespacial: avanços e recuos

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-38
Author(s):  
Angelo Serpa
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Classe Sociale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structure Sociale ◽  
Dialectical Relationship

Resumo O artigo busca problematizar a relação dialética entre diversidade e desigualdade em uma perspectiva geográfica e em um contexto de fragmentação socioespacial. Parte-se da premissa de que pensar em diversidade social remete às particularidades do social, enquanto refletir sobre desigualdade social requer, em termos mais gerais, uma análise da estrutura social. Em um primeiro momento, e a partir de dados de pesquisa realizada pela ONG britânica OXFAM Brasil e da divulgação do relatório “A distância que nos une – Um retrato das desigualdades brasileiras”, em 2017, diversidade e desigualdade são articuladas enquanto categorias para a reflexão sobre conquistas e retrocessos no contexto brasileiro. A seguir, a categoria “classe social” vai ser operacionalizada para refletir sobre o empreendedorismo popular em bairros e cidades do estado da Bahia, a partir da sistematização de dados de nossas próprias pesquisas. Por fim, busca-se aprofundar a discussão sobre o processo de fragmentação socioespacial nos diferentes recortes e escalas abordados bem como sobre a possibilidade de ação política em um contexto adverso de fragmentação. Palavras-chave: Diversidade, desigualdade, fragmentação socioespacial, classe social, ação política, Bahia, Brasil.   Abstract The article aims to discuss the dialectical relationship between diversity and inequality in contexts of socio-spatial fragmentation through a geographical perspective. We start from the premise that thinking about social diversity refers itself to the particularities of the social phenomenon whilst reflecting on social inequality requires, in broad terms, an analysis of the social structure. Initially, based on research results by the British NGO OXFAM Brazil and their report "The distance that unites us: an overview of Brazilian inequalities", we sought to articulate inequality and diversity as categories to reflect on the Brazilian context, its achievements and setbacks. Next, based on the systematized data of our own researches, we operationalized the category “social class” to meditate on popular entrepreneurship in various neighborhoods and cities in Bahia, Brazil.  Ultimately, we tried to deepen the discussion about the process of socio-spatial fragmentation in the different spatial scales addressed and to reflect on the possibilities of political action in adverse contexts of fragmentation. Keywords: Diversity, inequality, socio-spatial fragmentation, social class, political action, Bahia, Brazil.   Résumé L 'article cherche à problématiser la relation dialectique entre diversité et inégalité dans une perspective géographique et dans un contexte de fragmentation socio - spatiale. En partant du principe que la réflexion sur la diversité sociale renvoie aux particularités du social, tandis que la réflexion sur l'inégalité sociale nécessite, en termes plus généraux, d´une analyse de la structure sociale. Initialement, sur la base des données de recherche de l'ONG britannique OXFAM Brésil et de la publication du rapport «La distance qui nous unit - Un portrait des inégalités brésiliennes», en 2017, la diversité et l'inégalité sont articulées en tant que catégories de réflexion sur les réussites et les échecs dans le contexte brésilien. Ensuite, la catégorie «classe sociale» sera opérationnalisée pour réfléchir sur l'entrepreneuriat populaire dans les quartiers et les villes de l'État de Bahia, basé sur la systématisation des données issues de nos propres recherches. Enfin, nous cherchons à approfondir la discussion sur le processus de fragmentation socio-spatiale dans les différentes découpes et échelles abordées ainsi que sur la possibilité d'une action politique dans un contexte de fragmentation adverse. Mots-clés: Diversité, inégalité, fragmentation socio-spatiale, classe sociale, action politique, Bahia, Brésil.

scholarly journals COCKNEY AND RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION ACCENTS AS SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL CLASS DETERMINERS IN MY FAIR LADY MOVIE

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Sarmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
Received Pronunciation ◽  
Social Backgrounds

This research has main objectives to identify the Cockney and Received Pronunciation accents in My Fair Lady movie spoken by Eliza Doolittle and Professor Henry Higgins. Also, the objective is to find the correlation between the accents and the social backgrounds of both speakers. The result of this research shows that the accents indeed can indicate Eliza and Higgins’ social backgrounds. There are several characteristics that can distinct the Cockney and Received Pronunciation, such as H-dropping, Th- fronting, Diphthong shifting, and G- dropping. Eliza and Henry Higgins speak different accents because they come from different regions in London. Besides, from their accents, it is shown that Eliza  with her strong Cockney accent comes from lower class while Henry Higgins with his Received Pronunciation accent comes  from upper class. Furthermore, the correlation between accents and social backgrounds is also analyzed in this research. Key Words: Accent, Cockney, Received Pronunciation

scholarly journals Social Class Conflict Presented In “The Kite Runner” Novel Based On Marxism Theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Yohanes Eko Rubiyanto ◽  
Restu Arini
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The writer conducts the research related to class conflict which is presented in Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner” novel. This qualitative research is written to analyze the conflicts that happen in Afghan society which is mainly caused by difference of social class. The research is conducted by using library research. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method as the data are described in the form of sentences. The steps of collecting the data in this research are reading both the novel and the supporting theories related, analyzing, organizing and displaying the data to allow conclusions to be drawn. The results show that the society in the twentieth is fundamentally separated by two large groups namely Pashtun and Hazara. They are inhabit Afghanistan as told in The Kite Runner. The Pashtuns act as the dominant upper class and the Hazaras fill the society of the lower class which fits the theory of Marxism.

scholarly journals Evolution in Visual Communication of the Javanese Printed Wedding Invitations

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Diah Kristina ◽  
Nur Saptaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The Social ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Social Document ◽  
Host Evolution

Printed wedding invitations have been one of the most crucial aspects in the social organization among many countries like Brunei Darussalam, Iran, Egypt, and Persia. Javanese people also pay special attention to this social document as it represents social class, social status, prestige, and fnancial support allocated by the host. Evolution of printed Javanese wedding invitations represent social and economic pressures. The diasporic communities who were absent to earn a living brought a noticeable change by setting up the bride’s parents’ photographs in the invitations. 15 invitation texts were selected ranging from 1980 – 2017 used in Tawangmangu, Wonogiri and Sukoharjo, the eastern part of Central Java, Indonesia. There was a consistent regularity in terms of rhetorical structure. Functionally, the invitations have the same role of inviting prospective guests to share happiness in a more family-bound relationship. Inclusion of parents’ photographs, map of the location, pre-wedding photos, wise words, calendar, the profle of the couple were indicators of transformation taking place. Later, the printing decision of the invitations is pretty much customer-driven informed by the customers’ needs, values, and beliefs. Rhetorically the materialistically-driven social phenomenon was shown by an explicit gifts desired.

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