Ocular Morbidity among Children of Government Schools of Kathmandu Valley: A Follow-up Study

Introduction: Ocular and vision defects are common among school going children. Vision disorders, especially refractive error are the m disability of children and the leading cause of handicapping conditions in childhood. The present study was conducted to find out ocular morbidity among students of government schools of Kathmandu valley.Methods: In the descriptive and cross-sectional study, 2412 students, comprising of 1114 (46.2%) males and 1298 (53.8%) females were enrolled in to the study from the five government schools of Kathmandu valley from 2012 to 2013. Detailed eye examination included distance visual acuity testing, anterior and posterior segment examinations, retinoscopy and refraction, cover test, near point of convergence, amplitude of accommodation and color vision test. The Chi-square test was performed to analyze the association between ocular morbidity and age and sex. P-value was considered significant at 0.05 for 95% confidence interval.Results: Majority of children was age group between 11 and 13 years (n=783, 32.5%). A male to female ratio was 0.85. Presenting and best spectacle corrected visual acuity of 6/6 was present in 2257 (93.6%) and 2380 (98.7%) respectively. Total ocular morbidity was observed in 515 (21.4%) subjects. The most common types of ocular morbidity were refractive error in 241 (10%), conjunctivitis in 104 (4.3%) and convergence insufficiency in 82 (3.4%).Conclusions: Refractive error, conjunctivitis and convergence insufficiency represent the most common ocular morbidities among students of government schools.Keywords: conjunctivitis; government school; ocular morbidity; refractive error; students. [PubMed]

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Ocular Morbidity Pattern and Presentation among Residence of a Semi-Urban Community in Rivers State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Medicine and Health ◽

10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i830226 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 14-20

Author(s):

N. E. Chinawa ◽

V. K. Odogu ◽

E. I. Ezeh ◽

F. E. Anyiam

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Ocular Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Near Vision ◽

Ocular Morbidity ◽

Rivers State

Background: Ocular diseases vary in different parts of the world and are influenced by racial, geographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors. The common ocular diseases worldwide are cataract, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, uveitis, refractive errors, pterygium. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Rumuokwuta community in Rivers state. Socio-demographic and clinical presentation information was obtained from an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Distant visual acuity was assessed at 6 m with the Snellen’s chart while near vision assessment was at 33 cm with a Sussex vision R near vision chart. External eye examination was with pen touch while fundoscopy was with direct Ophthalmoscope. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v20. Using descriptive statistics, categorical variables were presented in the form of frequencies and percentages (%) and summary statistics in means and standard deviations (SD). Using inferential statistics, the Chi-Square (X2) test of significance was used to associate categorical variables and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 114 subjects were examined.The mean age was 41.41± 15.49 years. The male to female ratio was 2:3. About 70.5% and 76.2% respectively in Right Eye and Left Eye had normal vision better than 6/18, while 27.1% and 21.9% respectively in Right Eye and Left Eye had a low vision (VA between 6/18 and 6/60). About 2.6% in either eye were blind. The three most common ocular conditions were Glaucoma (13.95%), Refractive error (13.02%) and Presbyopia (12.56%). Conclusion: The commonest cause of Ocular morbidity in this study are glaucoma, refractive error and presbyopia. The age distribution of a study area was a significantly associated factor in the frequency of visual impairment and blindness.

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Ocular Morbidity among Children Attending Government and Private Schools of Kathmandu Valley

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.21 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (184) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R K Shrestha ◽

MR Joshi ◽

R Ghising ◽

A Rizyal

Keyword(s):

Private Schools ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

School Students ◽

Government Schools ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Refractive Status ◽

Different Types ◽

Eye Examination ◽

Ocular Morbidity

Introduction: Children from the developing world are more prone to going blind from avoidable and preventable causes. In Nepal, children in private schools are reported to have a higher ocular morbidity than those in government schools, with myopia being the major cause of the morbidity. This study was designed to evaluate ocular morbidity in students from both types of school. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, comparative study among students from government and private schools of Kathmandu. Eye examination was carried out evaluating visual acuity, color vision, refractive status, binocular vision status, and anterior and posterior segment findings. Results: A total of 4,228 students from government and private schools were evaluated. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 19.56 % with refractive error (11.9 %) being the major cause of the morbidity, followed by strabismus and infective disorders. No signifi cant difference in the prevalence of ocular morbidity and refractive status was found in the students from government and private schools. Conclusions: A signifi cant number of children of school-going age have ocular morbidity with no signifi cant difference in the prevalence in the students from government and private schools. Research exploring the effect of various risk factors in the progression of myopia would be helpful to investigate the refractive status in children from these different types of schools. Keywords: Myopia, ocular morbidity, school Students

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Ocular Morbidity among Prisoners of Luzira Prison (Uganda): Across-Sectional Based Study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-200267/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

charity zalwango ◽

Pauline Ayebare ◽

Pius Mwanja ◽

Denis Erima ◽

Moses Kasadhakawo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Access To Health Care ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Prison Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Face ◽

Ocular Morbidity

Abstract Background: Globally, ocular morbidity has emerged as a major public concern with over 284 million people visually impaired. Prisoners(inmates) tend to have limited access to health care especially eye health and as a result some conditions may go undiagnosed or mismanaged. With the increasing prison population in Uganda and in the face of limited facilities, little is known about the prevalence and factors associated with ocular morbidity amongst prisoners(inmates) of Luzira prison.Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on inmates of Luzira prison. The study included both male (334) and female (33) prisoners(inmates) using the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Data on social demographic characteristics, medical, imprisonment factors and ocular assessment was collected using a questionnaire. All complete data was entered using an Epidata version 3.1 entry template. Logistic regression was used to determine associated factors. Results: Overall, a total of 367 inmates were examined consisting of 334 (91%) males and 33(8.9%) females. The male to female ratio was 10:1. The ages ranged from 18-76 years with mean age of 39 years (SD + 13.4). The overall ocular morbidity was found to be 49 percent. The most common ocular morbidity included; Presbyopia (27.4%), Allergic conjunctivitis (19.6%), Cataracts (11.4%). Other disorders included Refractive errors, Pterygia, Optic atrophy and Vitamin A deficiency. There was a statistically significant relationship between ocular morbidity and Age (OR 11.96, P-value=0.001), Trauma (OR 5.21, P-value 0.009), Non prison food (OR 0.45, P-value=0.006).Conclusion: The prevalence of ocular morbidity among inmates was found to be high. Ocular morbidity was significantly associated with age, trauma and having meals besides prison food. A fully functional eye unit established within the prison with essential drugs and timely referral of complicated cases would help in offering quality eye services to the inmates.

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Frequency of Different Ocular Conditions Leading to Ocular Morbidity in Pediatric Age Group at Dow University Hospital

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v37i4.1202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Madiha Jawaid ◽

Mazhar-ul- Hassan ◽

Saba Al-Khairy ◽

Farnaz Siddiqui ◽

Asad Azeem

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

University Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ocular Abnormality ◽

Ocular Morbidity

Purpose: To determine the frequency of different ocular conditions leading to ocular morbidity in a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was done in Dow University of medical sciences, from May 2018 to October 2018. Methods: A total of 278 patients presenting in the eye out-patient department were included. Patients with unaided visual acuity of 6/6 in both eye and no ocular abnormality were excluded from the study. Children with congenital syndromes like Down’s syndrome, etc. leading to eye diseases were also excluded. All children underwent complete ocular examination. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Frequency and percentages were computed for gender and different ocular diseases e.g., myopia, hypermetropia, strabismus, Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis, astigmatism, red eye, subconjunctival hemorrhage etc. Post-stratification chi-square test was applied with p-value ? 0.05. Results: Out of 278 participants of the study, there were 154 (55.4%) males and 124 (44.6%) females. Average age of the patients was 11.15 ± 3.44 years. Myopia and red eyes were the major causes of pediatric ocular morbidity i.e. 33.81% and 26.6% respectively. Comparison between two age groups showed that Myopia was higher in children with 11 to 15 years. Myopia and astigmatism were more common in females while sub-conjunctival hemorrhage was more in males. Conclusion: Refractive errors are the commonest cause of childhood visual impairment in our setup. Correcting these preventable diseases can have a positive impact on the performance of children at school. Key Words: Visual acuity, Pediatric, Myopia, Hypermetropia, Kerato-conjunctivitis.

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Visual Health and its Relationship with Screen Time among School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sarawak, Malaysia

International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) ◽

10.3991/ijoe.v17i08.24607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (08) ◽

pp. 168

Author(s):

Ting Siew Leng ◽

Rosalia Saimon ◽

Md Mizanur Rahman ◽

Razitasham bt Safii ◽

Ho Siat Lian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

School Children ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Screen Time ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Visual Health

Objective: This study intended to determine visual health of the school children and investigate its relationship with screen time. Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional study using multistage cluster sampling. A self-reported and interviewer-administered questionnaire were used to compile screen time information. Children presenting visual acuity was evaluated with Snellen chart and non-cycloplegic refraction was performed to those acuities worse than 6/12. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. A p-value ≤0.05 with 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Results: About 87% children had normal or near normal visual acuity and 13% had visual impairment. The prevalence of refractive error was 22.8%. Astigmatism was the most prevailing type of refractive error, 10%. The children spent on average of 13.82 hours per week on screen time. Television is the most popular electronic devices. Boy spent more time on gaming consoles than girl. There was no statistically significant relationship between refractive error and screen time (p=0.581). Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error among school children was 23%. The children spent nearly 14 hours per week on screen time. There was no statistically significant relationship between refractive error and screen time. Periodical children vision screening is paramount for early detection of vision impairment and provide possible intervention.

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School eye survey in rural population in UP, India

Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4282 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 78-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Y Gupta ◽

RR Sukul ◽

M Gupta ◽

A Phougat ◽

R Jain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Anterior Segment ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural Village ◽

Uncorrected Visual Acuity ◽

Ocular Morbidity

Objective: To find out the prevalence of refractive errors and pattern of ocular morbidity amongst the school children of a rural village. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in children of age group 3 – 12 years in a rural village of Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, India. All the children were examined including visual acuity measurement using Snellen’s E chart, retinoscopy and refraction under cycloplegia. Examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundii was also done. Myopia was defined as spherical/cylindrical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hypermetropia as +0.50 D or more (Dandona et al 2002). Results: In the survey 220 eyes of 110 children were examined, majority of them were in 5-10 year age group. The prevalence of uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6 was 85.40%. Refractive error was the cause in 6.81% of eyes with vision impairment, out of which myopia and hypermetropia were present in 26.67% of eyes. Blepharo-conjunctivitis was present in 15.45% of children and Bitot’s spots were present in 0.90% of them. Colour blindness was found in one child. Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error in rural school is 6.81 %. Blepharitis is the commonest cause of ocular morbidity. DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4282Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011;3(5):78-79

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Orbital Hydatid Cyst: An Interventional Case Series

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v37i2.1147 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Tajamul Khan ◽

Ibrar Hussain ◽

Zaman Shah

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Hydatid Cyst ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Case Series ◽

Surgical Excision ◽

P Value ◽

Presumptive Diagnosis ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Orbital Imaging

Purpose: To find out the demographics, presentation, and outcome of surgical treatment in patients of orbital hydatid cyst. Study Design: Interventional case series. Place and Duration of Study: Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan from 2009 to 2019. Methods: This study included 11 patients with orbital hydatid cyst who presented in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Detailed history, ocular examination and Orbital imaging (Ophthalmic B-Scan, CT scan and/or MRI) was performed. The patients underwent Orbitotomy, cyst extirpated and sent for histopathology. Albendazole was given to the patients for 12 weeks after surgery. The preoperative and postoperative data until last follow-up was analyzed. Results: Male to Female ratio was 5:6 and the mean age of the patients was 18.17 ± 17.4 years. Mean amount of proptosis was 26.27 ± 2.05mm and visual acuity was 0.23 ± 0.33 decimal in the affected eye at presentation. Eight patients (72.8%) had Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect with swollen discs. After imaging studies, presumptive diagnosis of hydatid cyst was made. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst in all cases. Mean proptosis at the last follow up improved to 19.04 ± 1.45mm (P value = 0.00) and visual acuity to 0.47 ± 0.22 decimals (P value = 0.048). Only one patient (9.1%) had an associated hydatid cyst in the lung. There was no recurrence until last follow-up. Conclusion: Hydatid cyst should be considered in differential diagnosis of proptosis in patients under 20. Surgical excision followed by a course of oral Albendazole is effective for the treatment of orbital hydatid cyst. Key Words: Orbital hydatid cyst, Proptosis, Orbitotomy.

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Association of Heavy School Bags with Musculoskeletal Discomfort among Primary School Children of Islamabad, Pakistan

Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College ◽

10.35787/jimdc.v10i1.492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 358-364

Author(s):

Humaira Khan ◽

Hadiqa Adnan ◽

Sara Qayyaum ◽

Hajar Jamshaid ◽

Rabiya Tahir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Shoulder Pain ◽

School Children ◽

Primary School Children ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Government Schools ◽

Musculoskeletal Discomfort ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Secondary Damage

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders, an increasing concern among school going children, primarily affect muscles and tendons. They lead to secondary damage to nerves and joints in the neck, upper back, shoulders, arms, and hands, etc. The objective of this study was to determine the association of carrying heavy school bags with musculoskeletal discomfort among primary school children in government schools of Islamabad, Pakistan. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in different government schools of Islamabad, Pakistan from June 2018 to November 2018. After an informed consent from parents, 377 healthy school going children aged 6-14 years were included in this study. Data was collected through Backpack Questionnaire. Chi square test was used to compare the frequency of musculoskeletal discomfort with demographic characteristics and backpack-related features. P-value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean age of the school children was 9.49 ± 1.53 years with 179 (46.9%) male and 203 (53.1%) female students. Majority of students (89.8%) were found with school bags more than 15% of their body weight. Shoulder pain was the most commonly reported complaint (67.3%). There was a significant association between pain and perceived backpack weight (P=.001), and between pain and self-perceived posture (P=.001). Leaning forward (66.2%) was the most commonly adopted posture followed by leaning sideways (15.4%) and stooping (2.9%), respectively. The association between pain and duration of carrying backpack from home to school was insignificant (P=.055) in contrast to pain and duration of carrying bag from school to home (P=.007), respectively. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal discomfort was found commonly among primary school children with shoulder pain being the most frequent, as maximum students were carrying heavy school bags.

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Assessment of visual acuity defects among rural adolescent students of tribal Bastar Chhattisgarh (India)

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183970 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 4335

Author(s):

Alakh Ram Verma ◽

Teeku Sinha ◽

Gagandeep Singh Bhatia

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

Eye Screening ◽

Male To Female ◽

Rural Adolescent

Background: Defective visual acuity is the most common problem among adolescents which, if remains uncorrected may cause refractive errors and may lead to blindness. Defective visual acuity can be tested early and corrected by spectacles. The objectives of the study were assessment of visual acuity defects among adolescent students.Methods: Present study design is cross sectional community based study. Conducted during July to September 2017 in Higher Secondary School, Pandripani. Predesigned KAP questionnaires were used to collect information and visual acuity was measured by using Snellen’s chart. Students with spectacles were tested for uncorrected and corrected visual acuity. Data was analyzed on MS Excel 2016.Results: Visual acuity defect prevalence rises with age and maximum is seen in age group 19-20 years (85%).Male to female ratio in students with defects was 52:48 Maximum defect is seen in class 12th students (34%).83% students never got their eyes checked out of which 25% had defective visual acuity. Positive attitude toward spectacles preventing normalization of eyes and spectacles leading to dependence and worsening of vision were elicited. Students whose parents have eye related problem have prevalence of 64%.83% of students advised to wear spectacles who don’t have, cost of spectacle is most common cause (80%) and is preceded by not much difference in vision after wearing (20%).Conclusions: The prevalence of visual acuity defect was high in rural adolescent. Eye screening of school going children is recommended and spectacles to be distributed free or at low cost to those students diagnosed with refractive errors.

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Detecting chronic kidney disease in diabetic adults by estimating glomerular filtration rate and Serum Creatinine

Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences ◽

10.22317/jcms.v7i1.926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Kh. Mohammed Almaawi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Kappa Index ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Qualitative Variables

Objective: To assess CKD prevalence and risk factors including socio-demography among diabetics by estimating GFR rather than serum creatinine (sCr). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dec. 15 2019 through Aug. 15 2020, among 800 diabetics attending tertiary diabetes centers, Baghdad. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaire. SPSS was used for data analysis by (mean, standard deviation and T-test) for quantitative variables and (frequency, percentage, Chi-square test and Kappa index) for qualitative variables. P-Value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 800 diabetics for last 5-40 years, 95.6% with type2. Aged 52.1±13.2 years, with male: female ratio 1.03:1, 63.6% were with no income, sCr level was 0.86±0.3 mg/dl, and eGFR by Cockcroft Gault (CG) and CKD-EPI equations was 100.4±36.5 & 92.2±25.5 ml/min/1.73m2 respectively. CKD prevalence based on sCr, and eGFR assessed by above equations was 13.3%, 20% and 15.9% respectively (p<0.001). Those with CKD were hypertensive, females, and living in peripheries. Conclusions: Diabetic patients, mainly those with risk factors are more likely to develop CKD. It is better to detect CKD intially by estimating the GFR, rather than serum creatinine level alone. Furthermore, using CKD-EPI equation might be better than the CG formula to estimate the GFR.

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