scholarly journals Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu : Two Years Study and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (157) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Malla ◽  
P Kansakar ◽  
Serichantalergs Serichantalergs ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
S Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Enteric fever is prevalent in developing countries including Nepal, where it still remains as a major healthproblem. Appropriate antibiotics are essential for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Aprospective study was carried out to characterize the epidemiological features of enteric fever in Kathmandu,Nepal and to analyse the recent trend of antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Salmonella isolated from thecases of enteric fever from different hospitals in Kathmandu during June, 2002 to June, 2004. A total of 1469Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi ‘A’ isolates collected during this period from five different hospitallaboratories situated in Kathmandu were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates towardsAmpicillin (10mcg), Chloramphenicol (30mcg), Cotrimoxazole (25mcg), Ciprofloxacin (5mcg) and Ceftriaxone(5mcg) were determined by standard disc diffusion technique and Agar dilution technique were used todetermine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicoland Ceftriaxone. All the isolates tested were found to be sensitive to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin, the mostcommonly used antibiotic for treatment of enteric fever in Nepal. Of the total isolates studied, 15.5% from2002, 8% from 2003 and 3.45% from 2004 were found to be multidrug resistant (exhibiting resistance towardsAmpicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole). Of the total multi drug resistant Salmonella isolates, 92%were Salmonella typhi. All the multidrug resistant isolates were also further tested for susceptibilities towardsTetracycline (30mcg), Nalidixic acid (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10units), Gentamycin (25mcg), Azithromycin(15mcg), Kanamycin (30mcg), Neomycin (30mcg). 50% of the multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi werealso resistant to Tetracycline. Plasmid analysis revealed that all of the Mutidrug resistant Salmonella typhiisolates with Tetracycline resistance harbored a large molecular weight (147 Kb) plasmid.Key Words: Enteric fever, Salmonella, Antibiotic, Plasmid, Multidrugresistant

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Typhoidal Salmonella in Nepal: Surveillance for Enteric Fever, 2016-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Rajeev Shrestha ◽  
Navin Adhikari ◽  
Sailesh Pradhan ◽  
Ritu Amatya ◽  
Basudha Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Culture Positive

Background: Enteric fever (caused by Salmonella enterica) has been associated with poor hygiene and is endemic in the South-Asian countries. The increase in resistance to first line antimicrobials has been observed, while the emergence of multi/extremely drug resistance cases have been identified in several countries. The objective of this study is to analyze the current trend of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates in Nepal, and to identify the status of multi- and extremely- drug resistant isolates.Methods: We recruited individuals at study hospitals with suspected enteric fever between September 2016 and August 2019 and performed blood cultures. The Salmonella isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and the antimicrobial resistance trend was evaluated.Results: 1438 positive blood culture isolates were studied for antimicrobial resistance. 88% were culture positive for Salmonella Typhi and 12% for Salmonella Paratyphi. Multidrug resistant S. Typhi cases appeared mostly in December 2018 and January 2019, while there were no multidrug resistant S. Paratyphi cases. Also, extremely drug resistant S. Typhi cases were not observed during the study period. Conclusions: The Salmonella isolates were mostly susceptible to first-line antimicrobials, cephalosporins and others. Many fluoroquinolones non-susceptible Salmonella were obtained, nevertheless their overall trend seems to be declining. In addition, the S. Paratyphi total cases are reducing since September 2017. Among S. Typhi isolates, only few were multidrug resistant and there were no extremely drug resistant isolates. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; enteric fever; multi-drug resistant; Nepal; Salmonella; typhoid

scholarly journals Is Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever Changing in Kathmandu Valley?

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Rai ◽  
Subhana Karki ◽  
Bina Prajapati
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Introduction: Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results: Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion: Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 221-228

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance ofSalmonella entericaSerovars Typhi and Paratyphi Isolates from a General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A Five-Year Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito ◽  
Cucunawangsih
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Resistance Rates

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever known as enteric fever pose important global public health problem, with 21.6 million cases and approximately 250,000 deaths annually. It is a prevalent disease in Indonesia, but data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern is limited. This study aim was to provide data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi bloodstream isolates in a general hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, during the period of January 2011 to December 2015. Susceptibility against antimicrobials was detected according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of a total of 168 isolates 55.4% wereS.Typhi and 44.6%S.Paratyphi A. Most of the isolates, 92.9%, were from children aged 6–18 years and adult population. There was low resistance ofS.Typhi against ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, similar to previous studies in Indonesia. In the 2011–2015 period, resistance rates against most antimicrobials and MDR rate ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi were low, emphasizing that there is a distinct epidemiological dynamic of the enteric fever in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C in England, 2016–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Chattaway ◽  
Amy Gentle ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Laura Tingley ◽  
Martin Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Emergence

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to first- and second-line treatment regimens of enteric fever is a global public-health problem, and routine genomic surveillance to inform clinical and public-health management guidance is essential. Here, we present the prospective analysis of genomic data to monitor trends in incidence, AMR and travel, and assess hierarchical clustering (HierCC) methodology of 1742 isolates of typhoidal salmonellae. Trend analysis of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A cases per year increased 48 and 17.3%, respectively, between 2016 and 2019 in England, mainly associated with travel to South Asia. S. Paratyphi B cases have remained stable and are mainly associated with travel to the Middle East and South America. There has been an increase in the number of S. Typhi exhibiting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile and the emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) profiles. HierCC was a robust method to categorize clonal groups into clades and clusters associated with travel and AMR profiles. The majority of cases that had XDR S. Typhi reported recent travel to Pakistan (94 %) and belonged to a subpopulation of the 4.3.1 (H58) clone (HC5_1452). The phenotypic and genotypic AMR results showed high concordance for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, B and C, with 99.99 % concordance and only three (0.01 %) discordant results out of a possible 23 178 isolate/antibiotic combinations. Genomic surveillance of enteric fever has shown the recent emergence and increase of MDR and XDR S. Typhi strains, resulting in a review of clinical guidelines to improve management of imported infections.

scholarly journals Trends in Epidemiology, Susceptibility Pattern and Serotypes of Salmonellae at a Tertiary Care Hospital, India: An Eight-Year Study (2011 – 2018)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Swati Mudshingkar ◽  
Meghna Palewar ◽  
Vaishali Kongre ◽  
Anju Kagal ◽  
Renu Bhardwaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Paratyphi B

Background: Enteric fever is a global disease. In India, Enteric fever is endemic with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi being the predominant etiological agent. Due to changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, knowledge of local epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance pattern helps in the initiation of appropriate empiric therapy. Methodology: A prospective study on Salmonellae isolated from blood and stool specimens over an 8 year period was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done as per The Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Serotyping was done by using commercial antisera and later confirmed at Central Research Institute, Kasauli. Results: Out of 52 salmonellae, 43 (82.6%) were from blood and 8 (15.3%) from stool and 1 (1.9%) from pus specimen. We observed a change in spectrum and susceptibility pattern of salmonellae the 8 year study period. In 2011, 2013, 2016 and 2018, Salmonella typhi (serotype-9,12,vi:d:-) was the predominant etiological agent accounting for 81.8% , 66.6%, 51% and 80% of the total cases of salmonella respectively. Salmonella Paratyphi B (4,12:b:1,2) was predominant in 2012 (100% of cases). Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium (4,12;i:1,2) was predominant in 2014 (50%) while Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi B contributed equally to infections in 2015 (40% each). From 2011, Non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) steadily increased. 19 (36.6%).The most effective antimicrobials against typhoidal salmonellae were chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole with all most 100% sensitivity from 2011 to 2018. Ciprofloxacin maintained good sensitivity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, 2016 and 2018 but ampicillin was ineffective in our set-up. Conclusions: Due to changing trends in spectrum and sensitivity of salmonellae, continuous monitoring is essential.

scholarly journals A species-wide genetic atlas of antimicrobial resistance in Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korakrit Imwattana ◽  
César Rodríguez ◽  
Thomas V Riley ◽  
Daniel R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Sequence Types

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and spread of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), the leading healthcare-related gastrointestinal infection in the world. An association between AMR and CDI outbreaks is well documented, however, data is limited to a few 'epidemic' strains in specific geographical regions. Here, through detailed analysis of 10,330 publicly-available C. difficile genomes from strains isolated worldwide (spanning 270 multilocus sequence types (STs) across all known evolutionary clades), this study provides the first species-wide snapshot of AMR genomic epidemiology in C. difficile. Of the 10,330 C. difficile genomes, 4,532 (43.9%) in 89 STs across clades 1 - 5 carried at least one genotypic AMR determinants, with 901 genomes (8.7%) carrying AMR determinants for three or more antimicrobial classes (multidrug-resistant, MDR). No AMR genotype was identified in any strains belonging to the cryptic clades. C. difficile from Australia/New Zealand had the lowest AMR prevalence compared to strains from Asia, Europe and North America (p<0.0001). Based on the phylogenetic clade, AMR prevalence was higher in clades 2 (84.3%), 4 (81.5%) and 5 (64.8%) compared to other clades (collectively 26.9%) (p<0.0001). MDR prevalence was highest in clade 4 (61.6%) which was over three times higher than in clade 2, the clade with the second-highest MDR prevalence (18.3%). There was a strong association between specific AMR determinants and three major epidemic C. difficile STs: ST1 (clade 2) with fluoroquinolone resistance (mainly T82I substitution in GyrA) (p<0.0001), ST11 (clade 5) with tetracycline resistance (various tet-family genes) (p<0.0001) and ST37 (clade 4) with macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance (mainly ermB) (p<0.0001) and MDR (p<0.0001). A novel and previously overlooked tetM-positive transposon termed Tn6944 was identified, predominantly among clade 2 strains. This study provides a comprehensive review of AMR in the global C. difficile population which may help in the early detection of drug-resistant C. difficile strains, and prevention of spread world-wide.

Comparison of Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES ◽  
SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽  
W. E. MORGAN MORROW
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
On Farm

Conventional swine production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in swine production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 pigs and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P &lt; 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was detected against 10 of the 12 antimicrobials tested. The highest frequency of resistance was found against tetracycline (80%), followed by streptomycin (43.4%) and sulfamethoxazole (36%). Frequency of resistance to most classes of antimicrobials (except tetracycline) was significantly higher among conventional farms than antimicrobial-free farms, with ORs ranging from 2.84 for chloramphenicol to 23.22 for kanamycin at the on-farm level. A total of 28 antimicrobial resistance patterns were detected. A resistance pattern with streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (n = 130) was the most common multidrug resistance pattern. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates with this pattern between the conventional (19.5%) and the antimicrobial-free systems (18%) (OR = 1.8; P &gt; 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.

Identification of bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated from animal foods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
P. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
A. Rajani Chowdary ◽  
P. Vidyullatha ◽  
M. Sharon Sushma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Butcher Shops

The current study aimed to isolate bacteria that harbour various animal food products like meat, chicken and seafoods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated pathogens which are responsible for various foodborne illnesses in human beings. A total of forty raw animal product samples were collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market of Visakhapatnam. The samples selected for the study include raw chicken, meat, crab, prawns and different varieties of fish. A classic random sampling technique was employed to collect the study samples. All the samples were processed immediately using standard microbiological protocols. The bacteria isolation and characterization were done by studying morphological characteristics with staining methods, cultural characteristics by isolating and growing the pathogenic microorganisms in various selective and differential culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby -Bauer method by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. EDTA-Disc Potentiation Test and Imipenem-EDTA Double disc synergy test are used to detect the metallo beta-lactamase production of isolated pathogens. The highest number of isolates belong to Salmonella species (18), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18) followed by Vibrio species (14) and few isolates belong to Enterobacter species (4). Majority of the microbial isolates obtained in the current study were multidrug resistant. The isolates from the abattoir environments, slaughterhouses, fish markets were found to exhibit variable resistance pattern to aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, quinolone antibiotics used in the present study and at the same time most of them were sensitive to carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) prevents the designing and assessment of effective interventions. If such a link can be established, then the tracking of antibiotic use and consumption data could be furthermore used as a surrogate indicator for the risk of potential antibiotic resistance (ABR) emergence.

scholarly journals Tuberculose Multirresistente por Estirpes da Família Beijing, em Doentes de Lisboa, Portugal: Estudo Preliminar

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Maltez ◽  
Teresa Martins ◽  
Diana Póvoas ◽  
João Cabo ◽  
Helena Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Past History ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Beijing Family ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Introduction: Beijing family strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are associated with multidrug-resistance. Although strains of the Lisboa family are the most common among multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant patients in the region, several studies have reported the presence of the Beijing family. However, the features of patients from whom they were isolated, are not yet known.Material and Methods: Retrospective study involving 104 multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, from the same number of patients, isolated and genotyped between 1993 and 2015 in Lisbon. We assessed the prevalence of strains of both families and the epidemiologic and clinical features of those infected with Beijing family strains.Results: Seventy-four strains (71.2%) belonged to the Lisboa family, 25 (24.0%) showed a unique genotypic pattern and five (4.8%) belonged to the Beijing family, the latter identified after 2009. Those infected with Beijing family strains were angolan (n = 1), ukrainian (n = 2) and portuguese (n = 2), mainly young-aged and, four of five immunocompetent and with no past history of tuberculosis. All had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. We did not find any distinctive clinical or radiological features, neither a predominant resistance pattern. Cure rate was high (four patients).Discussion: Although the number of infected patients with Beijing strains was small, it suggests an important proportion of primary tuberculosis, a potential for transmission in the community but also a better clinical outcome when compared to other reported strains, such as W-Beijing and Lisboa.Conclusion: Although Lisboa family strains account for most of the multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases in Lisbon area, Beijing strains are transmitted in the city and might change the local characteristics of the epidemics.

scholarly journals A study on Antimicrobial Resistance: recent trend in Armed Forces of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 03-09
Author(s):  
Md Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
Zaheedur Rahman ◽  
Md Nurul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Developed Nations

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance has increased dramatically & to be a serious threat to the treatment of infectious disease on a global basis. As a result morbidity, mortality & economic burden of infections with multiple drug resistance organisms for which there are no effective therapies. Over use of antibiotics in developed nations of paradoxically both misuses of under use in developing nations have contributed to the burden. Objectives: The objective of the study is to identify common microorganisms and to assess their sensitivity to three selected antibiotics. Methods: This observational study was conducted in Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka, Bangladesh among samples of urine, blood, pus, sputum and throat swab. All of the samples of urine (173), Blood (31), pus (63), sputum (28) and throat swab (14) were tested for culture and sensitivity at AFIP over a period from January 2012 to February 2013. Selected antibiotics were ciprofloxacin, cephradine and cefixime. Results: Commonest organisms found in different samples were Escherichia coli in urine (57.8%), Salmonella typhi in blood (54.8%), Staphylococcus aureus in pus (42.9%), klebsiella in sputum (67.9%) and Streptococcus pyogens in throat swab 03 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 (78.6%). In urine samples, microorganisms were found resistant to cephradine in 95% cases but sensitive to cefixime in 30.4% cases. Microorganisms in blood samples were sensitive to cefixime in 83.3% and Ciprofloxacin in 80.6% cases. Ciprofloxacin, cephradin and cefixime all three antibiotics encountered resistance in 63.5%, 82.5% and 75.8% samples of pus respectively. Among sputum samples organisms were sensitive to ciprofloxacin in 71.4% and cefixime in 64.3% cases whereas resistant to cephradin in 92.9% cases. In organisms of throat swab Cephradine Showed sensitivity in 71.4% cases but cefixime encountered resistance in 57.1% cases. Conclusion: The study reveals an alarming picture of antimicrobial resistance pattern in Bangladesh Armed Forces. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21818 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

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