High-frequency oscillations and the neurobiology of schizophrenia

Neural oscillations at low- and high-frequency ranges are a fundamental feature of large-scale networks. Recent evidence has indicated that schizophrenia is associated with abnormal amplitude and synchrony of oscillatory activity, in particular, at high (beta/gamma) frequencies. These abnormalities are observed during task-related and spontaneous neuronal activity which may be important for understanding the pathophysiology of the syndrome. In this paper, we shall review the current evidence for impaired beta/gamma-band oscillations and their involvement in cognitive functions and certain symptoms of the disorder. In the first part, we will provide an update on neural oscillations during normal brain functions and discuss underlying mechanisms. This will be followed by a review of studies that have examined high-frequency oscillatory activity in schizophrenia and discuss evidence that relates abnormalities of oscillatory activity to disturbed excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. Finally, we shall identify critical issues for future research in this area.

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Identifying and prioritising unanswered research questions for people with hyperacusis: James Lind Alliance Hyperacusis Priority Setting Partnership

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032178 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. e032178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kathryn Fackrell ◽

Linda Stratmann ◽

Veronica Kennedy ◽

Carol MacDonald ◽

Hilary Hodgson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lived Experience ◽

Priority Setting ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Research Priorities ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Research ◽

James Lind Alliance ◽

Essential Resource ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Priority Setting Partnership

ObjectiveTo determine research priorities in hyperacusis that key stakeholders agree are the most important.Design/settingA priority setting partnership using two international surveys, and a UK prioritisation workshop, adhering to the six-staged methodology outlined by the James Lind Alliance.ParticipantsPeople with lived experience of hyperacusis, parents/carers, family and friends, educational professionals and healthcare professionals who support and/or treat adults and children who experience hyperacusis, including but not limited to surgeons, audiologists, psychologists and hearing therapists.MethodsThe priority setting partnership was conducted from August 2017 to July 2018. An international identification survey asked respondents to submit any questions/uncertainties about hyperacusis. Uncertainties were categorised, refined and rephrased into representative indicative questions using thematic analysis techniques. These questions were verified as ‘unanswered’ through searches of current evidence. A second international survey asked respondents to vote for their top 10 priority questions. A shortlist of questions that represented votes from all stakeholder groups was prioritised into a top 10 at the final prioritisation workshop (UK).ResultsIn the identification survey, 312 respondents submitted 2730 uncertainties. Of those uncertainties, 593 were removed as out of scope, and the remaining were refined into 85 indicative questions. None of the indicative questions had already been answered in research. The second survey collected votes from 327 respondents, which resulted in a shortlist of 28 representative questions for the final workshop. Consensus was reached on the top 10 priorities for future research, including identifying causes and underlying mechanisms, effective management and training for healthcare professionals.ConclusionsThese priorities were identified and shaped by people with lived experience, parents/carers and healthcare professionals, and as such are an essential resource for directing future research in hyperacusis. Researchers and funders should focus on addressing these priorities.

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Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2016/2473081 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Chuanming Wang ◽

John S. Y. Chan ◽

Lijie Ren ◽

Jin H. Yan

Keyword(s):

Motor Performance ◽

Sedentary Lifestyle ◽

Research Direction ◽

Future Research ◽

Future Research Direction ◽

Substantial Evidence ◽

Motor Behaviors ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Health Related ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.

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Effects of Small-World Rewiring Probability and Noisy Synaptic Conductivity on Slow Waves: Cortical Network

Neural Computation ◽

10.1162/neco_a_00932 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 679-715

Author(s):

Ramazan Tekin ◽

Mehmet Emin Tagluk

Keyword(s):

Critical Role ◽

Small World ◽

Cortical Network ◽

Abnormal Development ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Functional Development ◽

Two Parameters ◽

The Waves

Physiological rhythms play a critical role in the functional development of living beings. Many biological functions are executed with an interaction of rhythms produced by internal characteristics of scores of cells. While synchronized oscillations may be associated with normal brain functions, anomalies in these oscillations may cause or relate the emergence of some neurological or neuropsychological pathologies. This study was designed to investigate the effects of topological structure and synaptic conductivity noise on the spatial synchronization and temporal rhythmicity of the waves generated by cells in the network. Because of holding the ability of clustering and randomizing with change of parameters, small-world (SW) network topology was chosen. The oscillatory activity of network was tried out by manipulating an insulated SW, cortical network model whose morphology is very close to real world. According to the obtained results, it was observed that at the optimal probabilistic rates of conductivity noise and rewiring of SW, powerful synchronized oscillatory small waves are generated in relation to the internal dynamics of cells, which are in line with the network’s input. These two parameters were observed to be quite effective on the excitation-inhibition balance of the network. Accordingly, it may be suggested that the topological dynamics of SW and noisy synaptic conductivity may be associated with the normal and abnormal development of neurobiological structure.

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Causal Shannon–Fisher Characterization of Motor/Imagery Movements in EEG

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e20090660 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 660 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Román Baravalle ◽

Osvaldo Rosso ◽

Fernando Montani

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Rhythmic Activity ◽

Salient Feature ◽

Neural Oscillations ◽

Beta Band ◽

Monitoring Method ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽

The Brain

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method that allows us to glimpse the electrical activity of the brain. Neural oscillations patterns are perhaps the best salient feature of EEG as they are rhythmic activities of the brain that can be generated by interactions across neurons. Large-scale oscillations can be measured by EEG as the different oscillation patterns reflected within the different frequency bands, and can provide us with new insights into brain functions. In order to understand how information about the rhythmic activity of the brain during visuomotor/imagined cognitive tasks is encoded in the brain we precisely quantify the different features of the oscillatory patterns considering the Shannon–Fisher plane H × F . This allows us to distinguish the dynamics of rhythmic activities of the brain showing that the Beta band facilitate information transmission during visuomotor/imagined tasks.

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Dynamic large-scale connectivity of intrinsic cortical oscillations supports adaptive listening in challenging conditions

PLoS Biology ◽

10.1371/journal.pbio.3001410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. e3001410

Author(s):

Mohsen Alavash ◽

Sarah Tune ◽

Jonas Obleser

Keyword(s):

Target Word ◽

Large Scale ◽

Word Identification ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Neural Systems ◽

Neural Oscillations ◽

Frontoparietal Network ◽

Cortical Oscillations ◽

Listening Behavior ◽

Flexible Adaptation

In multi-talker situations, individuals adapt behaviorally to the listening challenge mostly with ease, but how do brain neural networks shape this adaptation? We here establish a long-sought link between large-scale neural communications in electrophysiology and behavioral success in the control of attention in difficult listening situations. In an age-varying sample of N = 154 individuals, we find that connectivity between intrinsic neural oscillations extracted from source-reconstructed electroencephalography is regulated according to the listener’s goal during a challenging dual-talker task. These dynamics occur as spatially organized modulations in power-envelope correlations of alpha and low-beta neural oscillations during approximately 2-s intervals most critical for listening behavior relative to resting-state baseline. First, left frontoparietal low-beta connectivity (16 to 24 Hz) increased during anticipation and processing of spatial-attention cue before speech presentation. Second, posterior alpha connectivity (7 to 11 Hz) decreased during comprehension of competing speech, particularly around target-word presentation. Connectivity dynamics of these networks were predictive of individual differences in the speed and accuracy of target-word identification, respectively, but proved unconfounded by changes in neural oscillatory activity strength. Successful adaptation to a listening challenge thus latches onto 2 distinct yet complementary neural systems: a beta-tuned frontoparietal network enabling the flexible adaptation to attentive listening state and an alpha-tuned posterior network supporting attention to speech.

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Neural Oscillations: Understanding a Neural Code of Pain

The Neuroscientist ◽

10.1177/1073858420958629 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107385842095862

Author(s):

Junseok A. Kim ◽

Karen D. Davis

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Neural Oscillations ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Disease States ◽

Efficient Communication ◽

Nociceptive Processing ◽

The Brain

Neural oscillations play an important role in the integration and segregation of brain regions that are important for brain functions, including pain. Disturbances in oscillatory activity are associated with several disease states, including chronic pain. Studies of neural oscillations related to pain have identified several functional bands, especially alpha, beta, and gamma bands, implicated in nociceptive processing. In this review, we introduce several properties of neural oscillations that are important to understand the role of brain oscillations in nociceptive processing. We also discuss the role of neural oscillations in the maintenance of efficient communication in the brain. Finally, we discuss the role of neural oscillations in healthy and chronic pain nociceptive processing. These data and concepts illustrate the key role of regional and interregional neural oscillations in nociceptive processing underlying acute and chronic pains.

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MCMs in Cancer: Prognostic Potential and Mechanisms

Analytical Cellular Pathology ◽

10.1155/2020/3750294 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Si Yu ◽

Guanqun Wang ◽

Yue Shi ◽

Haifeng Xu ◽

Yongchang Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Replication Initiation ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Research ◽

Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽

Minichromosome Maintenance ◽

Proliferation Markers ◽

A Cell ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Insight Into

Enabling replicative immortality and uncontrolled cell cycle are hallmarks of cancer cells. Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) exhibit helicase activity in replication initiation and play vital roles in controlling replication times within a cell cycle. Overexpressed MCMs are detected in various cancerous tissues and cancer cell lines. Previous studies have proposed MCMs as promising proliferation markers in cancers, while the prognostic values remain controversial and the underlying mechanisms remain unascertained. This review provides an overview of the significant findings regarding the cellular and tumorigenic functions of the MCM family. Besides, current evidence of the prognostic roles of MCMs is retrospectively reviewed. This work also offers insight into the mechanisms of MCMs prompting carcinogenesis and adverse prognosis, providing information for future research. Finally, MCMs in liver cancer are specifically discussed, and future perspectives are provided.

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Amodal Atypical Neural Oscillatory Activity in Dyslexia

Clinical Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/2167702616670119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 379-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Marie Lallier ◽

Nicola Molinaro ◽

Mikel Lizarazu ◽

Mathieu Bourguignon ◽

Manuel Carreiras

Keyword(s):

Developmental Dyslexia ◽

Brain Dysfunction ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Neural Oscillations ◽

Future Research ◽

Orthographic Depth ◽

Oscillatory Mechanisms ◽

Linguistic Approach ◽

Shed Light

It has been proposed that atypical neural oscillations in both the auditory and the visual modalities could explain why some individuals fail to learn to read and suffer from developmental dyslexia. However, the role of specific oscillatory mechanisms in reading acquisition is still under debate. In this article, we take a cross-linguistic approach and argue that both the phonological and orthographic specifics of a language (e.g., linguistic rhythm, orthographic depth) shape the oscillatory activity thought to contribute to reading development. The proposed theoretical framework should allow future research to test cross-linguistic hypotheses that will shed light on the heterogeneity of auditory and visual disorders and their underlying brain dysfunction(s) in developmental dyslexia, and inform clinical practice by helping us to diagnose dyslexia across languages.

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Cognitive Impairment Associated With Chemotherapy for Cancer: Report of a Workshop

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2004.08.094 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 2233-2239 ◽

Cited By ~ 290

Author(s):

Ian F. Tannock ◽

Tim A. Ahles ◽

Patricia A. Ganz ◽

Frits S. van Dam

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Large Scale ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Cognitive Testing ◽

Future Research ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Cognitive dysfunction may occur in some patients who receive chemotherapy. We provide a summary of an April 2003 workshop on this topic, that included medical oncologists, radiologists, clinical and experimental psychologists, and patient advocates. Current studies indicate that cognitive deficits are often subtle, although they are observed consistently in a proportion of patients, may be durable, and can be disabling. Deficits have been observed in a range of cognitive functions. Underlying mechanisms are unknown, although preliminary studies suggest there may be genetic predisposition and that cognitive impairment may be accompanied by changes in the brain detectable by neuroimaging. The following priorities were established for future research: (1) large-scale clinical studies that use both a longitudinal design and concurrent evaluation of patients with cancer who do not receive chemotherapy—such studies should address the probability and magnitude of cognitive deficits, factors that predict them, and underlying mechanisms; (2) exploration of discrepancies between subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction and the objective results of cognitive testing; (3) studies of cognitive function in patients receiving treatment for diseases other than breast cancer, and in both men and women, to address the hypothesis that underlying mechanisms relate to changes in serum levels of sex hormones and/or to chemotherapy-induced menopause; (4) development of interventions to alleviate these problems; and (5) development of animal models and the use of imaging techniques to address mechanisms that might cause cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy.

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Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81192-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ellen E. Brandell ◽

Paul C. Cross ◽

Meggan E. Craft ◽

Douglas W. Smith ◽

Edward J. Dubovi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Neospora Caninum ◽

Future Research ◽

Gray Wolf ◽

Gray Wolves ◽

Individual Host ◽

Central Rocky Mountains ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Patterns And Processes ◽

Pathogen Exposure

AbstractThe presence of many pathogens varies in a predictable manner with latitude, with infections decreasing from the equator towards the poles. We investigated the geographic trends of pathogens infecting a widely distributed carnivore: the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Specifically, we investigated which variables best explain and predict geographic trends in seroprevalence across North American wolf populations and the implications of the underlying mechanisms. We compiled a large serological dataset of nearly 2000 wolves from 17 study areas, spanning 80° longitude and 50° latitude. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to predict the probability of seropositivity of four important pathogens: canine adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, and distemper virus—and two parasites: Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Canine adenovirus and herpesvirus were the most widely distributed pathogens, whereas N. caninum was relatively uncommon. Canine parvovirus and distemper had high annual variation, with western populations experiencing more frequent outbreaks than eastern populations. Seroprevalence of all infections increased as wolves aged, and denser wolf populations had a greater risk of exposure. Probability of exposure was positively correlated with human density, suggesting that dogs and synanthropic animals may be important pathogen reservoirs. Pathogen exposure did not appear to follow a latitudinal gradient, with the exception of N. caninum. Instead, clustered study areas were more similar: wolves from the Great Lakes region had lower odds of exposure to the viruses, but higher odds of exposure to N. caninum and T. gondii; the opposite was true for wolves from the central Rocky Mountains. Overall, mechanistic predictors were more informative of seroprevalence trends than latitude and longitude. Individual host characteristics as well as inherent features of ecosystems determined pathogen exposure risk on a large scale. This work emphasizes the importance of biogeographic wildlife surveillance, and we expound upon avenues of future research of cross-species transmission, spillover, and spatial variation in pathogen infection.

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