scholarly journals Audience Demand in Father-Son Argumentation across Generations

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Lina Laith Younus
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Valuable Role

     Language has a valuable role in shaping the type of relationships between arguers. The use of language is like double-edged sword in the hand of fathers to shape their type of relationship with their sons. Father-son argumentation could be the real source of increasing a social distance and building barriers between them. The current paper aims at answering the questions whether the social distance between fathers and sons have changed between the past and present? And have old fathers been changed to share their sons’ common ground and wants?      The great difference between the old and present fathers is examined in the two novels characterized by a father-son relationship theme namely; “East of Eden” 1952 by John Stainbeck and “The Road” 2006 by Corman McCarthy. The researcher aims at shedding light on the type of relationship between old and present fathers with their sons reflected on their argumentation, how they care about each other face and how much they achieve the audience demand in their argumentation by applying Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson (1978) theory of politeness.     It is founded that present fathers have more positive choices in their argumentative politeness strategies whereas old fathers go bald on record by their use of continuous orders, criticism and sometimes insult. Finally, it is concluded that the more audience demand is fulfilled, the less father-son social distance will take place.

scholarly journals Kesantunan dalam Ritual Pernikahan Masyarakat Hindu-Bali; Kajian Etnopsikolingustik Religius

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Kadek Devi Kalfika Anggria Wardani
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
The People ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Hindu Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speech Situation

The study which is descriptive qualitative in nature, aims to investigate preference of politeness strategies by Balinese Hindu-community in traditional marriage ritual. Data was collected using interview and observation methods. Based on the results of data analysis, this research shows that the form of politeness that arises can be seen in terms of place, time, to the leaders of the people, during preparation, implementation, disclosure of the relationship with the Almighty, and after the completion of the ritual. The different forms of politeness that emerge can be seen from the use of Balinese in various levels which are adjusted to the social distance and speech situation. Besides being seen from the use of language, linguistic politeness is also evident from the attitude, intonation, and tone of the speaker. The difference in the form of politeness is intentionally raised to cause certain psychological impacts on the interlocutor.

Solidarity and Rapport in Social Interaction

2011 ◽  
pp. 934-946
Author(s):  
Jung-ran Park
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Online Chat ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
The Social

This chapter examines the way online language users enhance social interaction and group collaboration through the computer mediated communication (CMC) channel. For this, discourse analysis based on the linguistic politeness theoretical framework is applied to the transcripts of a real time online chat. Analysis of the data shows that online participants employ a variety of creative devices to signal nonverbal communication cues that serve to build interpersonal solidarity and rapport, as well as by seeking common ground and by expressing agreement online participants increase mutual understanding and harmonious social interaction. This sets the tone of positive interpersonal relationships and decreases the social distance among participants. In turn, this engenders solidarity and proximity, which enhances social interaction through the CMC channel.

scholarly journals Politeness variation in the expression of requests in Castillian Spanish and European Portuguese

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-73
Author(s):  
María C. Sampedro Mella
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Conversational Partner ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Castilian Spanish

In this article we present the results of a contrastive analysis about the politeness strategies used in the expression of petitions in Castilian Spanish and European Portuguese. By using the DCT methodology, we have designed a questionnaire with petitions of different cost-benefit for the conversational partner and with variations relative to power and the social distance that exists between the participants. Once the data was gathered, we did a triple study about the differences in the expression of petitions: 1) between Spanish and Portuguese, 2) from the rank of imposition of the object and the petition, and 3) according to the social distance and the relative power of the participants. The results show that, although using different linguistic and politeness strategies, the expression of petitions is similar between Spanish and Portuguese speakers, although the latter take the social distance and the relative power of the hearer more into account than the Spanish speakers at the moment of choosing politeness forms.

探討土地增值稅與房地合一所得稅之稅額計算立法

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 123-159
Author(s):  
林俊宏 林俊宏 ◽  
陳雪貞 Jim Lin
Keyword(s):  
Property Tax ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Real Property ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Property Price ◽  
The Government ◽  
Standard Calculation

鑒於近年來房地價格異常上漲，逐步造成房地持有人與租戶間貧富差距拉大，因過往稅制對房地上漲的利潤只課徵偏低的稅負，加速了社會對房地投機的心態，並使房地產價格居高不下，政府為抑制房價快速飆漲，進而修正稅制而實行房地合一所得稅制度，期盼此一制度能有利房價回歸至合理價位。修正前我國房地出售時，土地應課徵土地增值稅，房屋應併入課徵所得稅，理論上，土地增值屬財產交易所得之一種（機會稅），應課徵所得稅。但因為我國已將土地之增值部分課徵土地增值稅，故不再課徵綜合所得稅，因此土地增值稅與綜合所得稅乃採分離課稅的形式。然而分離課稅不能正確衡量納稅義務人之納稅能力，基於漲價歸公的理念，新制房地合一所得稅希藉以補足原土地增值稅未核課部分來抑制房價，但新制實施至今仍有許多未盡之處仍有待討論，因此本文特別針對土地增值稅與房地合一所得稅在課徵範圍、課徵稅率、土地現值計徵標準、稅額計算之優惠及扣除項目等加以比較研究，並提出本文看法。Due to the unusual increase of real property prices in the recent years, the wealth gap between the property holders and the tenants has gradually widened. In the past, the government merely imposed the lower property tax on the rising property profits, so that it has accelerated the social speculation on premises and let the real property prices remain high. For balancing the rapid rise in real property prices, the government had adjusted the property tax and implement the “Integrated Housing and Land Tax” in order to guide the real property price into a reasonable price. Before the implementation of the new tax on per real property transaction, the land should be subject to the old “Land Value Increment Tax,” and the house should be calculated into the income tax. However, the old separately calculation measures on real property tax cannot reflect the taxpayer’s taxability. Based on the idea of confiscating the land profit increase, the new tax has been used to supplement the untaxed part of the old tax to curb the real property prices. However, there are still some imperfect parts on the new tax, this article thus hopes to specifically address and compare the scope, rate, quotation standard, calculation discount and the deduction items between the new “Integrated Housing and Land Tax” and the old “Land Value Increment Tax.”

scholarly journals The Road to Democracy: The Political Legacy of “1968”

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Maeckelbergh
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Institutional Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
The 1960S

SummaryOver the past forty years, the social struggles of the “long 1960s” have been continuously reinterpreted, each interpretation allocating a new mix of relevance and irrelevance to the brief global uprising. This article is a contribution to one such interpretation: the small but growing body of literature on the central importance of experiments with democracy within movements of the 1960s. Rather than examining the transformative effect of 1960s movements on institutional politics or popular culture, this article examines the lasting transformation 1960s movements had on social-movement praxis. Based on seven years of ethnography within contemporary global movement networks, I argue that when viewed from within social-movement networks, we see that thepoliticallegacy of the 1960s lies in the lasting significance of movement experiments with democracy as part of a prefigurative strategy for social change that is still relevant today because it is still in practice today.

scholarly journals Social work at school: View into the past, view into the future

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Milko Postrak
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Constructivist ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
School Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Constructivist Model

The practice of social work at school existed in the Republic of Slovenia in the past (the period of the SFRY). This paper presents the findings arising from that period, the reasons for abandoning that practice (the problems of management and the achieved educational level of the social workers at that time), as well as the theoretical assumptions forming the basis for reconsidering the possibility of its reintroduction both to primary and secondary schools. This paper presents the different theoretical models and paradigms they rely on (traditional or conservative, reformist, radical, system-ecological and social-constructivist), with special reference to the social-constructivist model of social work, which is also author's own orientation. The suggested models and theoretical assumptions that social work rests on are associated with the domains of work common to social work and school, and those are: on micro-level, the realm of socialization (socialization process) and educational work related to pupils (common both to school work and social work), on the level of school - work on establishing the psycho-social climate, especially within peer groups, youth subcultures, the relation towards authority, the presence of violence and offender's behavior at school. Also, significant common ground in the paper stems from the concept of decentralization, on the one hand, and the fact that school is an institution that develops numerous functions through meaningful connections with the context of the local community and the society.

The York cause papers: a reply to Jeremy Goldberg

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERIK PEDERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eventual Outcome

When I wrote ‘Demography in the archives’, it was my hope to open up a methodological discussion of geographical, social, and demographic aspects of legal sources that I believed had not received sufficient attention in the past. The matter was urgent, I felt, because I had found that there was a distinctive pattern to the reception of my work on either side of the Atlantic. When I presented papers in North America, my basic premise – that it was difficult, if not impossible, to use legal sources like the York cause papers as the basis of an analysis of social change in the century after the Black Death – was accepted with little or no comment. However, when I presented the same papers in Britain there seemed to be unease about this conclusion and one of the most frequent questions I was asked was why I did not analyse temporal variations in the material. From this I perceived the need to explain how I arrived at such a position, and after a long period of gestation the eventual outcome was ‘Demography in the archives’. I am delighted that Dr Goldberg has taken the time to go over my arguments in this meticulous fashion (see ‘Fiction in the archives: the York cause papers is a source for later medieval social history’, above in this number). He has found many errors that escaped me during the article's proofreading, and for this work I thank him. In what follows I shall concentrate on what I see as the main points of his article.It is clear that we differ profoundly in our estimation of the value of these sources to the social historian. However, there is some common ground between us. We agree that an investigation of the categories suggested in ‘Demography in the archives’ will yield important insights into the nature of the medieval litigation material. We are, in other words, agreed that factors such as litigants' social status, their geographical distance to the courts, and the age-composition of witnesses must be examined before we can conclude anything about the usefulness of these sources. Where we differ is in our interpretation of the evidence and in the tools that we suggest are most suited for this analysis.

VISUAL ASPECTS OF THE CHRONOTOPE: "THE ISLAND OF ISRAEL" AND "THE ROAD TO ISRAEL" BY A. GORODNITSKY

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Viktoria Ya. Malkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Imaginary World ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Visual Organization

The paper analyzes two works by A. Gorodnitsky – the poem “The Island of Israel” (1993) and the song “The Road to Israel” (2007), from the point of view of spatial and temporal organization, as well as visual imagery, with the help of which the artistic world of works is depicted. Thus, the main purpose of the article is to analyze the visual features of the Israel chronotope in the two designated works. For this, firstly, the space, time and visual imagery in the poem and in the song are analyzed in detail. Then observations and conclusions are systematized and compared with the audiovisual representation of these works in the film by A. Gorodnitsky and N. Kasperovich “Atlantes hold the sky” (episode 14). As a result, conclusions are drawn about the peculiarities of the visual organization of the chronotope of Israel in these poems by A. Gorodnitsky, based on the concept of the chronotope of M.M. Bakhtin. The visual chronotope is primarily made of space through which time is also visible, and therefore the chronotope as a whole. Other features of the chronotope are associated with the cyclical organization of time, the combination of the past and the future, as well as the real and imaginary world of the lyric subject.

scholarly journals POLITENESS STRATEGIES, LINGUISTIC MARKERS AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN DELIVERING REQUESTS IN JAVANESE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Sukarno Sukarno
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies

Delivering request is not only influenced by linguistic factors, but also by socio-cultural factors. Some studies have reported the interaction between linguistic and socio-cultural factors in delivering requests in many different languages. However, this issue is rarely explored in Javanese (language). The aim of this study is to investigate the politeness strategies, the linguistic markers, and the social contexts commonly used to deliver requests in Javanese. The data were collected and sorted from the conversations among the Javanese people in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, when making speech acts to deliver requests. Having been sorted, the data were analysed using deconstructive method to reveal the linguistic markers commonly used by the Javanese speakers to deliver requests and the social-cultural backgrounds which influence the choice of the politeness strategies. This research shows that (1) there are four types (most direct, direct, less direct, and indirect) of politeness strategies in Javanese, (2) there are four linguistic devices (sentence moods, speech levels, passive voice, and supposition/condition) as the markers of the politeness strategies and (3) the choices of the levels are strongly influenced by the social contexts (social distance, age, social status or power, and the size of imposition) among the tenors. The appropriate strategies of delivering requests in Javanese will make the communication among the interlocutors run harmoniously. 

scholarly journals Sarcastic Expressions and the Influence of Social Distance and Relative Power in The TV Series Friends

Lexicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaula Noorhayu Shelldyriani ◽  
Aris Munandar
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
The Social

This research aims to identify and classify the sarcastic expressions found in the TV Series Friends. It applies the theory proposed by Camp (2011) which categorized sarcasm into four classes: Propositional, Lexical, Like-Prefixed, and Illocutionary Sarcasm. Considering sarcasm as a Face Threatening Act (FTA), it also analyzes the influence of relative power and social distance to see how these two social variables influence the delivery of sarcastic expressions. The findings show that Illocutionary Sarcasm is the most frequently used class of sarcasm with 30 utterances (45%) followed by Propositional Sarcasm which consists of 25 utterances (37%), Lexical Sarcasm with 10 utterances (15%) and lastly Like-Prefixed Sarcasm that have 2 utterances (3%). With Illocutionary and Propositional Sarcasm are known to be the most straightforward class of sarcasm, the results also show that these two classes of sarcasm are mainly used when the social distance (D) is negative where the interlocutors does not have the obligation to be polite due to their close intimacy. In cases where the social distance has positive value, the value of power (P) helps to determine which class of sarcasm is used. Furthermore, a clear context and common ground is essential to help identify sarcastic expressions and the intention underlying it.

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