Group-walking effect on bidirectional pedestrian flow in a corridor

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ge Wei ◽  
Guan-Jun Zhao ◽  
You-Xin Li ◽  
Heng-Jie Qin ◽  
Huai-Tao Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Group Movement ◽  
Crowd Density ◽  
Flow Phase ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Floor Field ◽  
Group Center

Groups are commonly found in general crowds and their behaviors are distinguished from that of isolated pedestrians. Thus, in recent five years researchers have started to investigate pedestrian group movement. In this paper, we considered group walking effect and introduced group floor field to the traditional floor field model. Furthermore, two different methods of generating group floor field were put forward, i.e. group center generation (method 1 for short) and group leader generation (method 2 for short), and we applied the proposed group model to simulate bidirectional pedestrian flow in a corridor. No matter which method of generating group floor field is adopted, the simulation results show that group members walk slower than singles, and with the group size increasing the transition point from the free flow phase to the jamming has a decrease trend. In addition, it seems that method 2 of generating group floor field makes group more cohesive and stable at the same crowd density than method 1. Afterwards it is found that the crowd with large group size is more easily affected by asymmetric injection rate. At last, people’s walking preference is shortly discussed, and it is obtained that people’s walking preference is also good for group movement from the perspective of movement efficiency.

Does crossing the road in a group influence pedestrians’ gaze behavior?

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1938-1942
Author(s):  
Mirjam Lanzer ◽  
Martin Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Gender Influence ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Characteristics

So far, research on pedestrians’ gaze behavior while crossing roads has mainly focused on individual pedestrians rather than groups. However, pedestrians often travel in groups especially in downtown areas. This observational study investigated how group characteristics (group size and movement of the group), situational factors (presence of traffic), and demographic variables (age and gender) influence pedestrians’ gaze behavior towards traffic during road crossing. A total of N = 197 pedestrians were observed of whom n = 24 traveled alone, n = 128 traveled in groups of two or three, and n = 45 traveled in groups of four or more. Results indicated that with increasing group size, the odds to observe traffic decreased. Diffusion of responsibility among group members might explain this effect. Finally, pedestrians’ group characteristics should be considered when developing automated vehicles that interact with vulnerable road users.

scholarly journals Fitness of breeders in social Damaraland mole-rats is independent of group size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Thorley ◽  
Hanna Bensch ◽  
Kyle Finn ◽  
Tim Clutton-Brock ◽  
Markus Zöttl
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Successful Reproduction ◽  
Related Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data

Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis) are usually viewed as an obligatorily group living eusocial species in which successful reproduction is dependent on reproductive altruism of closely related group members. However, the reproductive ecology of social mole-rats in their natural environment remains poorly understood and it is unclear to what extent successful reproduction is dependent on assistance from other group members. Using data from a 7-year field study of marked individuals, we show that, after dispersal from their natal group, individuals typically settled alone in new burrow systems where they enjoyed high survival rates, and often remained in good body condition for several years before finding a mate. Unlike most other eusocial or singular cooperative breeders, we found that Damaraland mole-rats reproduced successfully in pairs without helpers and experimentally formed pairs had the same reproductive success as larger established groups. Overall there was only a weak increase in reproductive success with increasing group size and no effect of group size on adult survival rates across the population. Juveniles in large groups grew faster early in life but their growth rates declined subsequently so that they eventually plateaued at a lower maximum body mass than juveniles from small groups. Taken together, our data suggest that the fitness benefits of group living to breeders are small and we suggest that extended philopatry in Damaraland mole-rats has evolved because of the high costs and constraints of dispersal rather than because of strong indirect benefits accrued through cooperative behaviour.

scholarly journals Exploring Group Movement Pattern through Cellular Data: A Case Study of Tourists in Hainan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinning Zhu ◽  
Tianyue Sun ◽  
Hao Yuan ◽  
Zheng Hu ◽  
Jiansong Miao
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Mining ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Group Movement ◽  
Trajectory Similarity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Call Detail Records

Identifying group movement patterns of crowds and understanding group behaviors is valuable for urban planners, especially when the groups are special such as tourist groups. In this paper, we present a framework to discover tourist groups and investigate the tourist behaviors using mobile phone call detail records (CDRs). Unlike GPS data, CDRs are relatively poor in spatial resolution with low sampling rates, which makes it a big challenge to identify group members from thousands of tourists. Moreover, since touristic trips are not on a regular basis, no historical data of the specific group can be used to reduce the uncertainty of trajectories. To address such challenges, we propose a method called group movement pattern mining based on similarity (GMPMS) to discover tourist groups. To avoid large amounts of trajectory similarity measurements, snapshots of the trajectories are firstly generated to extract candidate groups containing co-occurring tourists. Then, considering that different groups may follow the same itineraries, additional traveling behavioral features are defined to identify the group members. Finally, with Hainan province as an example, we provide a number of interesting insights of travel behaviors of group tours as well as individual tours, which will be helpful for tourism planning and management.

scholarly journals Fight tactics in wood ants: individuals in smaller groups fight harder but die faster

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1722) ◽  
pp. 3243-3250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Batchelor ◽  
Mark Briffa
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Resource Holding Potential ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Formica Rufa ◽  
Wood Ants ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Individual

When social animals engage in inter-group contests, the outcome is determined by group sizes and individual masses, which together determine group resource-holding potential (‘group RHP’). Individuals that perceive themselves as being in a group with high RHP may receive a motivational increase and increase their aggression levels. Alternatively, individuals in lower RHP groups may increase their aggression levels in an attempt to overcome the RHP deficit. We investigate how ‘group RHP’ influences agonistic tactics in red wood ants Formica rufa . Larger groups had higher total agonistic indices, but per capita agonistic indices were highest in the smallest groups, indicating that individuals in smaller groups fought harder. Agonistic indices were influenced by relative mean mass, focal group size, opponent group size and opponent group agonistic index. Focal group attrition rates decreased as focal group relative agonistic indices increased and there was a strong negative influence of relative mean mass. The highest focal attrition rates were received when opponent groups were numerically large and composed of large individuals. Thus, fight tactics in F. rufa seem to vary with both aspects of group RHP, group size and the individual attributes of group members, indicating that information on these are available to fighting ants.

scholarly journals Prey synchronize their vigilant behaviour with other group members

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1615) ◽  
pp. 1287-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Pays ◽  
Pierre-Cyril Renaud ◽  
Patrice Loisel ◽  
Maud Petit ◽  
Jean-François Gerard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Group Member

It is generally assumed that an individual of a prey species can benefit from an increase in the number of its group's members by reducing its own investment in vigilance. But what behaviour should group members adopt in relation to both the risk of being preyed upon and the individual investment in vigilance? Most models assume that individuals scan independently of one another. It is generally argued that it is more profitable for each group member owing to the cost that coordination of individual scans in non-overlapping bouts of vigilance would require. We studied the relationships between both individual and collective vigilance and group size in Defassa waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa , in a population living under a predation risk. Our results confirmed that the proportion of time an individual spent in vigilance decreased with group size. However, the time during which at least one individual in the group scanned the environment (collective vigilance) increased. Analyses showed that individuals neither coordinated their scanning in an asynchronous way nor scanned independently of one another. On the contrary, scanning and non-scanning bouts were synchronized between group members, producing waves of collective vigilance. We claim that these waves are triggered by allelomimetic effects i.e. they are a phenomenon produced by an individual copying its neighbour's behaviour.

SIMULATION OF PEDESTRIAN DYNAMIC USING A VECTOR FLOOR FIELD MODEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350023 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUN YANG ◽  
ZHONGSHENG HOU ◽  
MINGHUI ZHAN
Keyword(s):  
Field Model ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Pedestrian Movement ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Lane Formation ◽  
Floor Field

Simulation of complex scenarios and multi-direction pedestrian flow is a main challenge to microscopic model of pedestrian movement. It is an issue to simulate real pedestrian traffic with great fidelity while keeping its computational cost at an acceptable level. This paper reports on an improved floor field model called vector floor field model to simulate pedestrian flows in some basic scenarios. In this model, vectorization of static floor field and dynamic floor field are used to indicate preference directions and the pedestrian flow tendency, respectively. Pedestrian transition depends on both their preference directions and tendency. The simulations in some basic scenarios are conducted, quantitative comparison to the record of practical experiments and standard floor field model is given as well, and the results indicate the effectivity of this model. An adjusted static vector floor field is also proposed to simulate pedestrian flow in turning scenario. The vector floor field model is also sufficient to simulate some essential features in pedestrian dynamic, such as lane formation. This model can be widely used in the simulation of multi-direction pedestrian at turning, crossing and other junctions.

Group Performance Related to Size and Initial Ability of Group Members

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

This study examined the relationship of group performance as a function of group size, where members within each group are of similar initial ability levels, but members in different groups are of different levels. 5 wk. later on the basis of a paper-and-pencil test, Ss were formed into groups composed of all high Ss, all medium Ss, and all low Ss, with size varying from 2 to 5 persons. Ss working as a group retook the same test. Results showed that groups with different initial levels have their own unique patterns of improvement as the size of the group increases.

Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Social Grooming ◽  
Historical Societies ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Large Groups

AbstractGroup size covaries with relative neocortical volume in nonhuman primates. This regression equation predicts a group size for modern humans very similar to that for hunter-gatherer and traditional horticulturalist societies. Similar group sizes are found in other contemporary and historical societies. Nonhuman primates maintain group cohesion through social grooming; among the Old World monkeys and apes, social grooming time is linearly related to group size. Maintaining stability of human-sized groups by grooming alone would make intolerable time demands. It is therefore suggested (1) that the evolution of large groups in the human lineage depended on developing a more efficient method for time-sharing the processes of social bonding and (2) that language uniquely fulfills this requirement. Data on the size of conversational and other small interacting groups of humans accord with the predicted relative efficiency of conversation compared to grooming as a bonding process. In human conversations about 60% of time is spent gossiping about relationships and personal experiences. Language may accordingly have evolved to allow individuals to learn about the behavioural characteristics of other group members more rapidly than was feasible by direct observation alone.

The effect of group size on the performance of growing pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Carol Petherick ◽  
A. W. Beattie ◽  
D. A. V. Bodero
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Space Allocation ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTThree replicates of three group sizes (six, 18 and 36) of grower pigs were housed with the same space allocation (0·66 m2 per pig), feeding and drinking space per animal. The animals were mixed and kept together for a period of 22 days. They were given food ad libitum, were weighed weekly and a record kept of the group food intake for the 22-day period. Weight at mixing had a significant effect on weight gains during the 1st week. There was a significant interaction between group size and replicates for weight gains; generally weight gains were lowest in the group size of 36 animals during the first 2 weeks, but in the 3rd week there was no difference between the group sizes. Sex had no effect on weight gains. The variation in weights between group members were significantly greater in the group size of 36 than in the group sizes of six and 18 at the start of the trial, but at the end of the trial there was no difference in the variances of weights in the three group sizes. There was no difference between the group sizes in the variances of the weight gains. There was a significant positive correlation (r = +0·36) between weight at mixing and weight gain for the group size of 18. Group size had no effect on food intake, but the food conversion efficiency of the animals in the group size of 36 was significantly poorer than in the group sizes of six and 18.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Approach of Subway Station Passengers’ Heterogeneity of Decision Preference Considering Personality Traits During Emergency Evacuation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12540
Author(s):  
Heng Wang ◽  
Zehao Jiang ◽  
Tiandong Xu ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Random Parameter ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Preference Heterogeneity ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Crowd Density ◽  
The Relationship

Subway station emergencies are gradually increasing in China. The aim of this research is to study the effects of “Dist”, “Pedestrian flow” and “Crowd density” on the heterogeneity of passengers’ decision-making preference and explore the relationship between heterogeneity and personality. Firstly, a questionnaire of 20 emergency evacuation scenarios, that includes the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, is designed. Secondly, the heterogeneity of passengers’ decision preference is quantified by the random parameter logit model. Finally, personality traits and influencing factors are used as abscissa and ordinate respectively, to study the relationship between personality traits and preference heterogeneity. The results show that the coefficients of “Dist”, “Pedestrian flow” and “Crowd density” are –0.101, 0.236 and –0.442 respectively, which are statistically significant. The proportion of extroverted passengers of the exit is 9% higher than that of introverted passengers when “Pedestrian flow” of the exit is greater than the average value, while the proportion of introverted passengers is 7% higher than that of extroverted passengers when “Crowd density” is smaller than the average value. The conclusion is that the three influence factors are random variables, and “Dist” shows the lowest level of heterogeneity. Extroverted passengers are more likely to follow a large crowd for evacuation, but introverted passengers are more likely to avoid crowded exits.

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