THE The proposed integrated model for rural people of alum in the Mekong delta

This study is to design an integrated eco-agricultural system for waste treatment in the acidic soil areas in the Mekong Delta. The system is based on recycling all of the materials (from the inputs, outputs, and wastes) under conditions of acidic soil towards zero emissions and maintaining sustainability for farmers' livelihood. The system is demonstrated at Vo Van Tham's farm in Thanh An Commune, Thanh Hoa District, Long An Province. The cost investment is 80,000,000 VND, and the cost is 60,000,000 VND for operating per year. The results show that the proposed system has benefits for the environment, for example wastewater is collected and treated at is178 m3/day, reduce the emission of 756 tons CO2t/year. 50% the amount of pig manure (about 3 tons/day) is separated from pig shed discharges entering the biogas system. It also helps to increase household income (the expected income is about 160,000,000 VND/year, and the payback period is less than 1 year). In addition, solutions are used for alleviating soil acidity level, increase soil pH, and reducing aluminum toxicity in the area. This can help utilize difficult conditions of the acidic soil. Therefore, the proposed system can be applied widely for surrounding areas with similar livelihood activities, and natural conditions.

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Comparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs for the treatment of anemia in cancer patients

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-20-174-182 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174-182

Author(s):

I. S. Krysanov ◽

E. V. Makarova ◽

V. Yu. Ermakova

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Clinical Efficacy ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Care Organization ◽

Epoetin Alfa ◽

Patients Rights ◽

Epoetin Beta ◽

Level Increase ◽

The Cost

Introduction. Currently, a number of pharmacoeconomic studies describing use of erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) in cancer patients with anemia have been published, however, most of the publications on this topic are foreign. At the same time, there are practically no studies comparing the economic efficiency of various ESA preparations with each other. Some of works by foreign colleagues reflect that the clinical efficacy of using ESA namely the degree of increase in Hb, significantly depends on the patient’s body weight: the higher the weight, the greater the dose of EPO is required for a single administration and a course of therapy.Aim. Сomparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of epoetin alfa usage for the treatment of anemia in adult cancer patients with weight 80 kg.Materials and methods. The following drugs were selected for comparative analysis: epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, darbepoetin. Clinical efficacy was assessed in terms of the rate of in Hb level increase. Pharmacoeconomic analysis was carried out using the cost-effectiveness method (CEA).Results. Тhe usage of epoetin alfa 12,000 IU for 8 weeks therapy course in cancer patients weighting over 80 kg had a better cost-effectiveness ratio compared to epoetin alfa (10,000 IU, 30,000 IU, 40,000 IU) and darbepoetin, giving way in price only to the cheapest epoetin beta which can be administered 4 injections simultaneously. Its the infringement of patients rights to avoid additional pain. Its the infringement of patients rights to avoid additional pain. At the 16th week of therapy, the usage of epoetin alfa 12,000 IU had an advantage over all ESA.Conclusions. Тhe usage of russian epoetin alfa 12,000 IU for the treatment of anemia in adult cancer patients weighing over 80 kg approximately in real clinical practice in Russian Federation is an economically justified approach to the medical care organization.

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Bovine tuberculosis in cattle from 1986 to 2012 in and around badger-culled areas of the RBCT

10.7287/peerj.preprints.2336v1 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

David Hendy

Keyword(s):

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Health Agency ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Badger Culling ◽

Scientific Group ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

The Uk ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

South West England

In 2007 the Independent Scientific Group (ISG) reported to the UK government the impact on bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle of a trial where badgers were culled between 1998 and 2005. This trial, known as the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT), was performed across 100 km2 (nominal) zones in the West of England. The results were based on a model of new herd incidence data. It was concluded that reactive culling generated overall detrimental effects, while proactive culling achieved very modest overall benefits at the cost of elevated incidence on neighbouring farms. This work looks at more extensive RBCT data to examine if these findings hold true. Instead of presenting the results of a model, this work directly illustrates data supplied in March 2016 by the Animal and Plant Health Agency. Such data covers a greater number of years (1986 to 2012) and includes the prevalence of herd restrictions as well as herd incidence. It appears that whilst cattle TB noticeably reduced in areas subjected to proactive culling, TB did not significantly increase in the surrounding areas. The more limited reactive culls were found to have no significant impact either positively or negatively. This applied to both the treated and surrounding areas. The more extensive data also showed that culling badgers only reduced confirmed TB with no significant impact on unconfirmed TB. This was also found by the ISG in 2007 when using their model. The delay before culling benefit became apparent was about 5 years after the first substantial cull. This has implications for the culls which started in South West England in 2013. If account is taken for the need to average the data, the number of years needed to see TB drop, and the reporting delay, it may not be until September 2023 before the impact of these culls become clear. Also, if culls stop after year four in each zone, this risks benefits falling short of those achieved in the RBCT.

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Estimating the Cultural Value of Wild Animals in the Qinling Mountains, China: A Choice Experiment

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10122422 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2422

Author(s):

Yilei Hou ◽

Tianle Liu ◽

Zheng Zhao ◽

Yali Wen

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Choice Experiment ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Ecological Compensation ◽

Ticket Pricing ◽

Value Evaluation ◽

Level Increase ◽

In Captivity ◽

Surrounding Areas

In this study, we use the choice experiment method to evaluate the value of wild animals in the surrounding areas of the Changqing National Nature Reserve in China. For areas focused on biodiversity conservation, the results of wild animal value evaluation can provide a basis for the formulation of local ecological compensation standards. We identified wild animals, natural landscape features, infrastructure and facilities, and ticket price as major attributes determining the utility and value of the reserve area. The results of our field survey suggest that the cultural value of wild animals is significantly higher than the value of the infrastructure and other natural landscapes. Tourists indicated a willingness-to-pay of 31.4 Yuan to see wild animals in captivity, compared to 71.9 Yuan to see wild animals in the field. Moreover, tourists with different characteristics have different preferences for the cultural value of wildlife. Female tourists have a higher willingness-to-pay than male tourists. In addition, as age, education, and income level increase, tourists’ willingness-to-pay also increases. These conclusions can provide a reference for local government to formulate wildlife protection compensation and ecotourism ticket pricing.

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Waste treatment and soil cultivation in a zero emission integrated system for catfish farming in Mekong delta, Vietnam

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125553 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 ◽

pp. 125553

Author(s):

Tra Van Tung ◽

Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao ◽

Le Quoc Vi ◽

Tran Thi Hieu ◽

Son Le Thanh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Integrated System ◽

Soil Cultivation ◽

Zero Emission

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The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century

10.12987/yale/9780300226737.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Lyman Bushman

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

World War Ii ◽

Native Americans ◽

Work Force ◽

Farming System ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Older Children ◽

Family Farming ◽

Set Up ◽

The Cost

The book argues that all eighteenth-century farmers sought first and foremost to provide basic subsistence for their families. The first aim of all farmers was self-provisioning. Even large planters who exported tobacco or wheat and purchased luxuries sought to provision themselves with their own labor on their own land. All farmers also engaged in trade to obtain what they could not make for themselves. They were subsistence and market farmers at the same time. Besides providing for themselves year by year, farmers hoped to set up their children on farms. With older children coming into the workforce, farmers could acquire enough to provide for those children as they left the family. Tragically, family farming with its assurance of security required ever more land, resulting in the relentless expulsion of Native Americans from their possessions. Within this basic North American farming system, agricultural regimens differed greatly from section to section. Slavery prevailed from Georgia to Maryland because warm winters allowed farmers to use their work force all year around, justifying the cost of slaves. From Pennsylvania northward, farmers relied on family or on cottagers who could be dismissed in winter.The cultural and political division between North and South corresponded to the contours of the climate-based growing season. This agricultural system changed little until after 1800, when the growing urban populations motivated farmers to develop new and more profitable crops. Farmers benefited from expanding markets which enabled them to purchase the goods necessary to achieve middle-class respectability. Although gradually eroded, self-provisioning persisted until after World War II, when it was largely abandoned.

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Pemanfaatan Kotoran Ternak Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif di Kelompok Ternak Sapi Potong Sido Makmur Umbulsari Jember

Journal of Community and Development ◽

10.47134/comdev.v1i2.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 100-104

Author(s):

Nurkholis Nurkholis ◽

Suluh Nusantoro ◽

Aan Awaludin ◽

M. Adhyatma ◽

Bagus Djuni

Keyword(s):

Community Service ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Economic Value ◽

Livestock Waste ◽

Situation Analysis ◽

Livestock Manure ◽

Methane Gas ◽

Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽

Service Activity ◽

The Cost

The sustainability of the livestock business does not only depend on the success of the maintenance system which aims at increasing productivity, but also on the ability to process the resulting livestock waste. Livestock waste is the main source of quality degradation for the environment, this occurs due to the presence of ammonia and methane gas which is formed from the decomposition of organic matter. Ammonia along with other gases can cause acid rain, while methane gas causes a greenhouse effect. This community service partner is a farmer who is part of the "Sido Makmur" beef cattle group in Umbulrejo village, Umbulsari sub-district, Jember district. The purpose of this community service activity is to transfer knowledge and technology regarding livestock waste processing to be used as biogas. The selection of waste treatment topics is based on a situation analysis of the "Sido Makmur" livestock group. The results of the situation analysis show that generally livestock manure is not processed and is left around the stables and there are some group members who have difficulty buying LPG fuel because it is considered quite expensive. The implementation of the service consists of several activitie, the first was outreach activities, demonstrations / practices and assistance of community service activities. The results of the community service survey which have shown that the application of technology in the processing or utilization of livestock manure into a useful material that even has economic value will support the creation of an environmentally friendly livestock system or zerro waste system, besides that it will also improve the welfare of breeders through minimizing the cost of purchasing fuel.

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Bovine tuberculosis in cattle from 1986 to 2012 in and around badger-culled areas of the RBCT

10.7287/peerj.preprints.2336v2 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

David Hendy

Keyword(s):

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Health Agency ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Badger Culling ◽

Media Hype ◽

Scientific Group ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

The Uk ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

In 2007 the Independent Scientific Group (ISG) reported to the UK government the impact on bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle of a trial where badgers were culled between 1998 and 2005. This trial, known as the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT), was performed across 100 km2 (nominal) zones in the West of England. The results were based on a model of new herd incidence data. It was concluded that reactive culling generated overall detrimental effects, while proactive culling achieved very modest overall benefits at the cost of elevated incidence in surrounding areas. This work looks at more extensive RBCT data to examine if these findings hold true. Instead of presenting the results of a model, this work directly illustrates the data. The Animal and Plant Health Agency supplied this data in March 2016. Such data covers a greater number of years (1986 to 2012) and includes the prevalence of herd restrictions as well as herd incidence. Whilst the proactive culls substantially and sustainably reduced cattle TB in treated areas, such culls did not significantly increase TB in the surrounding areas. In fact New Herd Incidents (NHI’s) between 2006 and 2012 dropped by 28%, 1% and 18% in the treated, outer 2km ring, and combined areas respectively. Based on the number of NHI’s prevented since 1998, a break-even cost for a badger removal exercise was calculated to be £8,454 per km2. This figure may be under-estimated because it takes no account of any NHI’s prevented after 2012. The more limited reactive culls were found to have no significant impact. This applied to both the treated area and outer 2km ring. The data also showed that the culls only reduced confirmed TB with no significant impact on unconfirmed TB. This was also found by the ISG when they reported results in 2007. Arguments surrounding badger culling in the UK have been poorly based due to incomplete data. In view of this and media hype, it should be emphasised that after the first year of substantial culling across the study area, 9 years of data were needed to clearly see the full extent by which TB dropped in the RBCT. This has implications for the culls which started in South West England in 2013. If the current reporting delay of 20 months persists, it may be the autumn of 2023 at the earliest before the impact of these culls becomes clear. Also, if culls stop after year four in each zone, this risks benefits falling short of those achieved in the RBCT.

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The Effectiveness of Digestate Use for Fertilization in an Agricultural Cropping System

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081734 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1734

Author(s):

Modupe Olufemi Doyeni ◽

Urte Stulpinaite ◽

Ausra Baksinskaite ◽

Skaidre Suproniene ◽

Vita Tilvikiene

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Animal Waste ◽

Pig Manure ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer

The need to find and maximize the use of alternative sources of nutrients for plants and soil environment have been on the forefront of research in sustainable agriculture. These alternatives have to be affordable, accessible, reproduceable, and efficient to compete with established inorganic fertilizers while at the same time reduce any potential negative impacts on the environment. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of digestate fertilization in an agricultural system over a period of three years. The digestate utilized in the study consisted of animal waste-based digestates, namely pig manure digestate, chicken manure digestate, and cow manure digestate, and were compared with synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. Every year, the digestate and the synthetic nitrogen fertilizer were split applied at the rate of 90 and 80 kg N ha−1. The soil chemical composition after three years of fertilization showed a slight decrease, significantly different nitrogen and carbon changes while phosphorus and potassium were significantly higher in the digestate treatments. The third year of digestate application showed higher grain yield than previous years and the yield from the digestate treatments were significantly different from the synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen use efficiency for the three years was in the range of 20–25 percent in the digestate treatments, with a strong correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency and the grain yield. There were varied results in the grain quality and straw quality in the digestate and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer with no clear trend observed. Our results showed a relatively high potential of animal waste digestates over the short to mid-term use with a positive result obtained in comparison to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer under favorable climatic conditions.

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Kajian Evaluasi Pelayanan Penumpang Kapal Laut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Pinang

Warta Penelitian Perhubungan ◽

10.25104/warlit.v23i2.1058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Bambang Siswoyo

Keyword(s):

Travel Speed ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Sea Transport ◽

Middle Income ◽

Performance Variables ◽

Semantic Difference ◽

Passenger Ships ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Questionnaire Method ◽

The Cost

Ship is one of the marine transportation of interest many people. Advantages of ships as a means of sea transport are cheap, safe, economical land and capable of carrying passengers or goods in large quantities, making the ship as a means of transport required by the comm uni hj, especially the lower middle income communities. But in reality, the ministry of economy class passenger ships are not as good as any other commercial grade. The study was conducted to observe the operational performance of ships as a means of crossing, which is one of effective tools and efficient transportation in Tanjung Pinang and surrounding areas. Assessment method used is surve1J method with random manner, to distribute questionnaires to passengers ships used as a sample. Sampling is done in non-random sampling, where samples were taken only at the majority of passengers at random. Questionnaire method used is measurement of the attitude of respondents using semantic difference scale. On this scale respondents were asked to evaluate several variables, where each variable there are seven points with the left boundary and right boundary contains an adjective meaning the opposite. While data analysis using Multiattribute Attitude Model (MAM). Multiattribute Attitude In this model, the attitude of the respondents can be seen in the order of importance of each variable. From this study showed that in the operation of ships as a means of crossing with the performance variables of the availability of advanced types of transportation at the port, transport capacity, condition of existing facilities in the ship, less satisfacton;. Variable travel schedule as a means of crossing vessels was satisfactory. For the variables of travel speed, the cost of travel, smooth operation, service personnel, timeliness of departure/ arrival passengers satisfactory, while the variable passenger safehj is very satisfying journey. So generally service ships in the Port of Tanjung Pinang quite satisfying passengers.Keywords : Ships, multiattribute attitude models.

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Natural Genetic Resources from Diverse Plants to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8567

Author(s):

Seher Yolcu ◽

Hemasundar Alavilli ◽

Byeong-ha Lee

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Stress Tolerance ◽

Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Yield Increase ◽

The Cost ◽

Wild Progenitors

The current agricultural system is biased for the yield increase at the cost of biodiversity. However, due to the loss of precious genetic diversity during domestication and artificial selection, modern cultivars have lost the adaptability to cope with unfavorable environments. There are many reports on variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels in the stress-tolerant gene alleles that are associated with higher stress tolerance in wild progenitors, natural accessions, and extremophiles in comparison with domesticated crops or model plants. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of stress-tolerant traits in naturally stress-resistant plants, more comparative studies between the modern crops/model plants and crop progenitors/natural accessions/extremophiles are required. In this review, we discussed and summarized recent progress on natural variations associated with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in various plants. By applying the recent biotechniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool, natural genetic resources (i.e., stress-tolerant gene alleles) from diverse plants could be introduced to the modern crop in a non-genetically modified way to improve stress-tolerant traits.

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