scholarly journals Decentralized Energy Production in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruv Suri
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Present Letter ◽  
Decentralized Energy

This article discusses the applicability of Ducted Wind Turbines for decentralized energy generation in an urban environment. Ducted Wind Turbines overcome various constraints posed by urban infrastructure including reduced wind speed, the effect of the atmospheric boundary layer as well as lesser space availability. Ducted Wind Turbines presents a new way of sourcing energy at a local level, aiding community-based models of energy distribution and consumption. The main aim of the present letter is to propose Ducted Wind Turbines as a precursor for energy production in urban, peri-urban as well as rural areas around the world.

scholarly journals The Potential for Ducted Wind Turbines in an Urban Environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruv Suri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Present Letter ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
Speed Effect

This article discusses the applicability of Ducted Wind Turbines for decentralized energy generation in an urban environment. Ducted Wind Turbines overcome various constraints posed by urban infrastructure including reduced wind speed, effect of the atmospheric boundary layer as well as lesser space availability. Ducted Wind Turbines present a new way of sourcing energy at a local level, aiding community based models of energy distribution and consumption. The main aim of the present letter is to propose Ducted Wind Turbines as a precursor for energy production in urban, peri-urban as well as rural areas around the world.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

Perception of Learning Among Students From India Set Against the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Felix Bast
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Self Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Populous Country

India is the second-most populous country in the world. There had been a tremendous shift towards online learning through the Indian government's digital initiatives in general, and during COVID-19 lockdown in particular. An online self-report survey (n = 1318) was conducted to assess students' perception of online learning in this changed situation in comparison with traditional classroom learning. The study analysed eight independent variables on student perception towards online learning (e.g., gender, nature of the settlement, economic background, religiosity, primary electronic device, technology-receptiveness, age, and educational institution), with each of these variables forming respective research hypotheses. Results revealed several exciting facets of student perceptions. Receptiveness towards online learning was significantly higher for students from urban areas compared with rural areas. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, and the findings are contextualized in a broader perspective.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of hypertension management in China: a community-based intervention study

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguo Zheng ◽  
Feng Xiao ◽  
Ruili Li ◽  
Delu Yin ◽  
Qianqian Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Hypertension Management ◽  
Hypertension Control ◽  
Community Based ◽  
One Year

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hypertension management and analyse the factors associated with blood pressure reduction within China’s primary healthcare system. Background: Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for global disease burden and is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. In China, hypertension is a serious public health problem, but few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of hypertension management in China’s primary healthcare system. Methods: The study sites were 24 primary healthcare institutions, selected using multistage stratified random sampling method. In each institution, hypertension patients aged at least 35 years who agreed to participate and had no disabilities or mental health problems were enrolled for hypertension management. Participants received comprehensive interventions in the primary healthcare system via a team. After a one-year intervention, data from 6575 hypertension patients were analysed to check the effectiveness of hypertension management and examined factors associated with hypertension control. Findings: There was an overall mean reduction of 4.5 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 1.9 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The blood pressure reduction after one year was greater in rural patients than in urban patients, 6.6 mmHg versus 3.4 mmHg for SBP and 2.6 mmHg versus 1.6 mmHg for DBP, respectively. The hypertension control rate also increased more in rural areas (22.1%) than in urban areas (10.6%) after the one-year intervention. Age, body mass index, region and being in an urban area had a significant negative association with the reduction of SBP (P < 0.05). Education level and baseline SBP showed a significant positive association (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Community-based hypertension management by general practitioners was feasible and effective. The effectiveness of hypertension management in rural areas was greater than in urban areas. Intervention strategies should pay more attention to patients in rural areas and western China.

scholarly journals A Traditional Closed-Loop Sanitation System in a Chronic Emergency: A Qualitative Study from Afghanistan

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
Jean Lapegue ◽  
Jutta Gutberlet ◽  
Jan Franklin Adamowski ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The World ◽  
Smart Community ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The use of closed-loop sanitation systems (CLSS), or reuse-oriented sanitation systems, has increased in recent years, and such systems have been successfully implemented in many parts of the world. However, no research has explored Traditional CLSS (T-CLSS) for a long-term humanitarian situation. This study explores the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of T-CLSS in peri-urban and rural contexts in three different provinces in Afghanistan (the first study of its kind in Afghanistan). Participatory research tools, such as transect walks, focus group discussions, smart community gatherings and interactive workshops, were applied to assess the SWOT associated with T-CLSS. The results indicate that T-CLSS has been practiced historically in both peri-urban and rural areas using local and traditional knowledge, skills and technologies. The socio-cultural acceptance of the system in both rural and peri-urban areas is an important strength of this established system. However, due to chronic development challenges in the study regions, T-CLSS may possibly lead to exposure to microbial contaminants. It is recommended that the feasibility of an improved CLSS be assessed and implemented in light of the issues that are inherent in the use of T-CLSS in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Assessing the effect of wind farms in fauna with a mathematical model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Refoyo Román ◽  
Cristina Olmedo Salinas ◽  
Benito Muñoz Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
The World

Abstract Energy production by wind turbines has many advantages. The wind is a renewable energy that does not emit greenhouse gases and has caused a considerable increase in wind farms around the world. However, this type of energy is not completely free of impact. In particular, wind turbines displace and kill a wide variety of wild species what forces us to plan their location well. In any case, the determination of the effects of wind farms on fauna, especially the flying one, is difficult to determine and depends on several factors. In this work, we will try to establish a mathematical algorithm that allows us to combine all variables that affect the species with the idea of quantifying the effect that can cause the installation of a wind farm with certain characteristics in a given place. We have considered specific parameters of wind farms, the most relevant environmental characteristics related to the location of the wind farm, and morphological, ethological and legal characteristics in the species. Two types of assessment are established for the definitive valuation. Total Assessment and Weighted Assessment. Total Valuation is established based on a reference scale that will allow us to establish categories of affection for the different species while Weighted valuation allows us to establish which species are most affected.

Survival Disparities in Patients with Lymphoma According to Place of Residence and Treatment Provider: A Population-Based Study

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 874-874
Author(s):  
Fausto R Loberiza ◽  
Anthony J Cannon ◽  
Dennis D Weisenburger ◽  
Julie M. Vose ◽  
Matt J. Moehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Risk Patients

Abstract Objectives: We evaluated the association of the primary area of residence (urban vs. rural) and treatment (trt) provider (university-based vs. community-based) with overall survival in patients with lymphoma, and determined if there are patient subgroups that could benefit from better coordination of care. Methods: We performed a population-based study in 2,330 patients with centrally confirmed lymphoma from Nebraska and surrounding states reported to the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group between 1982 and 2006. Patient residential ZIP codes at the time to trt were used to determine rural/urban designation, household income and distance to trt center; while trt providers were categorized into university-based or community based. Multivariate analyses were used to group patients into risk levels based on 8 factors found to be associated with survival at the time of trt (age, performance score, Ann Arbor stage, presence of B symptoms, LDH levels, tumor bulk, nodal and extranodal involvement). The following categories were identified: low-risk (1–3 factors), intermediate risk (4–5 factors), and high-risk (≥6 factors). Cox proportional regression analyses, stratified by type of lymphoma (low-grade NHL, high-grade NHL and Hodgkin) were used to evaluate the association between place of residence and trt provider with overall survival. Results: Among urban residents, 321 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (UUB) and 816 (35%) were treated by community-based providers (UCB). Among rural residents, 332 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (RUB) and 861 (37%) were treated by community-based providers (RCB). Patients from rural areas were more likely to be older and Caucasian, with a lower median household income, greater travel distance to seek trt, and more likely to have high-risk disease when compared to patients from urban areas. In multivariate analysis, using all patients regardless of risk level, the relative risk of death (RR) among UUB, UCB and RUB was not statistically different. However, RCB had a higher risk of death RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.65, p=0.01; RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.33, p<0.01; and RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.49, p=0.01 when compared with UUB, UCB and RUB, respectively. This association remained true in both low- and intermediate-risk patients. Among high-risk patients, both RUB and RCB were at higher risk of death when compared with UUB or UCB, while UCB were not different from UUB. We found no differences in progression-free survival according to place of residence and trt provider. The use of stem cell transplantation was significantly higher in patients coming from urban and rural areas treated by university-based providers (UUB 19%, RUB 16%) compared to urban and rural patients treated by community-based providers (UCB 11%, RCB 10%, p < 0.01). Patients from rural areas (RUB and RCB) were slightly less likely to die from lymphoma-related causes than patients from urban areas (75% versus 80%, p=0.04). Conclusion: Overall survival in patients with lymphoma is inferior in patients coming from rural areas. This relationship varies according to treatment provider and pretreatment risk levels. Further studies in patients from rural areas are needed to understand how coordination of care is carried to design appropriate interventions that may improve the disparity noted.

scholarly journals Urban Agriculture: Search for Agricultural Practice in Urbanized Rural Areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1461
Author(s):  
Celile Özçiçek Dölekoğlu ◽  
Sema Gün
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

Rapid urbanization in developing countries involves unplanned migration, unemployment and poverty. The steady shrinking of rural areas and the use of agricultural land for other purposes are progressively increasing the pressure on natural resources. This development on the one hand increases the risk to food security, and on the other triggers climate change. The rural population who migrate to the cities or who are absorbed into urban areas continue their agricultural activities in the urban in order to provide themselves with an income or to maintain their food security. In the big cities of the developed world, contact with nature is kept by means of hobby gardens, recreational areas and urban and suburban plant and animal farming, and creative ideas such as roof gardens can be found. This development, known as urban agriculture, is practiced by 800 million people in the world. Urban agriculture has many economic, social and environmental benefits, but it may also have risks and adverse effects. In this study, the developments in this area in Turkey and the world are presented, and all aspects of its effects and outcomes are discussed.

scholarly journals Water supply challenges in urban and rural areas of Eastern Cape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mpumelelo Dolo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Water is regarded as the most important substance found on earth. There is no substitute for it. The daily running of production businesses, industrial firms and agricultural production that help sustain the economy of countries are largely dependent on the availability of water for them to function. The importance of water cannot be over emphasised. The food which is consumed daily depends on water; it can therefore be safely concluded that without water there would be no food, and without food there would be no life. Despite the importance of water in relation to human life, animals and plants, research studies show that the its availability becoming increasingly deficient around the globe. Water levels of major dams and rivers around the world are dropping, limiting the supply of potable water to those dependent on them. Global warming is one factor that is influencing the dropping of water levels, through evaporation. Other factors include climate change, drought and population growth. In South Africa, the government has been fighting a continuous battle of trying to address the backlog of water infrastructure, particularly in the areas which were disadvantaged by the apartheid government. These areas include rural areas, small towns (semi-urban) and townships. The Eastern Cape province in South Africa is top of the list from a backlog point of view. Rural dwellers migrate to urban areas for various reasons such as better education, better health care, job opportunities and more efficient services. Water supply is one of the services which is more adequately supplied in the cities compared to the rural areas. Even though the supplied water in the urban areas of the Eastern Cape is not the best standard when compared to other cities around the country or the world, it is still at an acceptable standard. Thus, this study was conducted to seek ways of improving the supply of water in the urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. The availability and the quality of water differs between the urban and rural areas. The purpose of this study was to seek ways of bridging the gap between these areas while improving the standard of water supply in both rural and urban areas. While working towards improving the lives of the Eastern Cape people, the study also seeks to promote water preservation and awareness to the people of the province. In order to find better alternatives which have been tested in various places around the world, an in-depth literature review was conducted in the study. This functioned as an effective comparison of what is obtained in different places around the world and the context of this study, which is the Eastern Cape. A survey method was used to gather data regarding the problems surrounding water supply and options that could be adopted to remedy those problems. The survey was conducted in the form of a self-observation assessment, questionnaire for households in urban and rural areas and interview sessions with prominent government entities and local technical service providers. The survey covered the whole spectrum of individuals and groups that play a major role in the supply and usage of water. The study was conducted within three municipalities of the Eastern Cape. These municipalities cover approximately two-third of the Eastern Cape considering the size of population in those areas. The municipalities covered by the study were: Amathole District Municipality (ADM), Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) and OR Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM). The findings from the study showed that indeed the standard of water supply between urban and rural areas was not equal. This relates to the purification methods, the convenience of collecting water by users, the quality of infrastructure being constructed (due to good or poor monitoring during construction) and the quality of the water as well as operation and maintenance response from the various service providers. Moreover, it was found that there was an acceptable level of awareness by citizens when it comes to using water, and precautions to save it were being taken by some. However, some dominant factors such as poor management, poor infrastructure resulting in leaks, climate change, run-offs and population growth were putting a strain on the existing water resources which is not coping with the increasing demand by people. Recommendations made in the study to balance the supply of water in rural areas and urban areas include: improving the purification of water so as to achieve a standard quality within the Eastern Cape; that rural areas be allowed to have an option of having yard or house connections, particularly those who are willing to pay rates at a scale suiting their class or standard; and that water service providers make it their responsibility to extend reticulation networks if there is expansion or development of more houses in rural areas in order to keep the distance minimal to standpipes

scholarly journals Formula-feeding practice and associated factors among urban and rural mothers with infants 0–6 months of age: a comparative study in Jimma zone Western Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakew Abebe ◽  
Mamusha Aman ◽  
Shifera Asfaw ◽  
Hailay Gebreyesus ◽  
Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Rural Mothers ◽  
Western Ethiopia

Abstract Background Infants are in a state of rapid development and maturation; the growth rate is most rapid during the first 4 to 6 months of life. Few studies indicated that in developing countries including Ethiopia the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding is declining and being replaced by formula milk. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the formula-feeding practice and its associated factors among urban and rural mothers with infants 0–6 months of age in the Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 7, 2015, to January 10, 2016, in the Jimma Zone. The quantitative data were collected from a sample of 714 respondents using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and the multivariate logistic regression model was used to show predictors of the formula-feeding practice among mothers with infants 0–6 months of age. Result The proportion of mothers who feed their baby formula-based was 47.2%, of which 34.5% were living in rural areas and 65.5% were living in urban areas. Among the mothers living in urban areas, the likelihood of formula-feeding was significantly associated with maternal educational status and attitude towards formula-feeding. On the other hand, being attended by relatives/friends and the traditional birth attendant was significantly associated with the formula-feeding practice among mothers who live in rural areas. Conclusion Nearly half of the mothers in the study area practice formula-feeding for their infant. Therefore, sustained community based nutritional health education is recommended for pregnant and lactating mothers to reduce the practice of formula-feeding for infants.

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