RISK FACTORS OF COVID 19 TRANSMISSION IN CHOLERA ENDEMIC COUNTRIES

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing deaths, illnesses and economic despair. The least developed countries have limited or lack of medicine, ventilators, beds, water electricity, availability of doctors’ service for a large population and facing challenges to handle the economic fallout of the crisis. Cholera patients are more likely to reside in a slum, and this triggers worries with higher infection and spread chances if they were to be contracted with coronavirus. Decrease maternal education and reduce family income could increase cholera risk in rural children. Low Socioeconomic status, clean water supply and limited healthcare facilities may pose risks of covid spread. Should an awareness and knowledge of covid 19 in cholera endemic setting is developed, it is the residents of poor nation that stand to benefit the most.

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Factors associated to breastfeeding in the first hour of life: systematic review

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005278 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 697-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Tania Maria Brasil Esteves ◽

Regina Paiva Daumas ◽

Maria Inês Couto de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Augusto de Ferreira de Andrade ◽

Iuri Costa Leite

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Home Delivery ◽

Access To Health Services ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Poor Access ◽

Independent Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE To identify independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life.METHODS A systematic review of Medline, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases, till August 30, 2013, was performed without restrictions on language or date of publishing. Studies that used regression models and provided adjusted measures of association were included. Studies in which the regression model was not specified or those based on specific populations regarding age or the presence of morbidities were excluded.RESULTS The search resulted in 155 articles, from which 18 met the inclusion criteria. These were conducted in Asia (9), Africa (5), and South America (4), between 1999 and 2013. The prevalence of breastfeeding within the first hour of life ranged from 11.4%, in a province of Saudi Arabia, to 83.3% in Sri Lanka. Cesarean delivery was the most consistent risk factor for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. “Low family income”, “maternal age less than 25 years”, “low maternal education”, “no prenatal visit”, “home delivery”, “no prenatal guidance on breastfeeding” and “preterm birth” were reported as risk factors in at least two studies.CONCLUSIONS Besides the hospital routines, indicators for low socioeconomic status and poor access to health services were also identified as independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. Policies to promote breastfeeding, appropriate to each context, should aim to reduce inequalities in health.

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Human Rights in the Least Developed Countries of Asia: An Index for Quantifying Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4747

Author(s):

Karen G. Añaños Bedriñana ◽

José Antonio Rodríguez Martín ◽

Fanny T. Añaños

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Good Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Sustainable Development Goal ◽

Distance Method ◽

Development Goal ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

The Impact

This paper aims to measure disparities among the variables associated with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 defined by the United Nations (UN) in the least developed countries (LDCs) of Asia. In the terms of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, LDCs are countries with profound economic and social inequalities. The indicator was constructed using a set of variables associated with SDG3: Good Health and Wellbeing. Applying Pena’s DP2 distance method to the most recent data available (2018) enables regional ordering of Asia’s LDCs based on the values of these variables. The index integrates socioeconomic variables that permit examination of the impact of each individual indicator to determine territorial disparities in terms of the partial indicators of SDG3. “Maternal education,” “Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care,” and “Gender parity index in primary education” are the most important variables in explaining spatial disparities in good health and wellbeing in the LDCs of Asia.

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POVERTY, PROSPERITY, AND THE MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.1.12 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 12-12

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Psychosocial Development ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Health Problems ◽

Ample Evidence ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Educational Disadvantage

Although poverty and low socioeconomic status are associated with higher rates and more disabling consequences of various mental disorders in adults, the association between these factors and the occurrence of mental health problems in children is less clear-cut and may vary between different types of community. Since poverty is often the background for a whole cluster of psychosocial phenomena (e.g., broken homes, loose family ties, educational disadvantage, increased rates of delinquency and crime, illegitimate births) it is likely that its effects on child mental health are mediated through those factors rather than through income levels only. While the evidence is not complete, it appears that when poverty or low social status lead to family disorganization and disruption, then there are adverse effects on the mental health and psychosocial development of children. If the relief of poverty facilitates family functioning, the mental health benefits of such measures may be substantial. On the other hand, raising the level of income alone does not automatically have this beneficial effect, and there is ample evidence from many developed countries that increasing affluence does not reduce the extent and frequency of mental health problems. Indeed, children in developed countries have considerable mental health problems in spite of prosperity.

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Childhood family income, adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: quasi-experimental total population study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.113.136200 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 205 (4) ◽

pp. 286-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Amir Sariaslan ◽

Henrik Larsson ◽

Brian D'Onofrio ◽

Niklas Långström ◽

Paul Lichtenstein

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Substance Misuse ◽

Family Income ◽

Familial Risk ◽

Income Quintile ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Familial Risk Factors ◽

Family Based

BackgroundLow socioeconomic status in childhood is a well-known predictor of subsequent criminal and substance misuse behaviours but the causal mechanisms are questioned.AimsTo investigate whether childhood family income predicts subsequent violent criminality and substance misuse and whether the associations are in turn explained by unobserved familial risk factors.MethodNationwide Swedish quasi-experimental, family-based study following cohorts born 1989–1993 (ntotal = 526 167, ncousins = 262 267, nsiblings = 216 424) between the ages of 15 and 21 years.ResultsChildren of parents in the lowest income quintile experienced a seven-fold increased hazard rate (HR) of being convicted of violent criminality compared with peers in the highest quintile (HR = 6.78, 95% CI 6.23–7.38). This association was entirely accounted for by unobserved familial risk factors (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.44–2.03). Similar pattern of effects was found for substance misuse.ConclusionsThere were no associations between childhood family income and subsequent violent criminality and substance misuse once we had adjusted for unobserved familial risk factors.

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Trachoma in Sudan: Case series from Two Eye Care Hospitals and a Review of the Literature

10.21203/rs.3.rs-49179/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rawan Sharaf Eldein Elamein Hassan ◽

Mohamed Abdulmonem Salih Aabdeen ◽

Razan Sharaf Eldein Elamein Hassan ◽

Sagad Omer Obeid Mohamed ◽

Fadwa Mohammed Saad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Case Series ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Eye Care ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Household Characteristics ◽

Environmental Hygiene

Abstract Background Trachoma is a common infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Although it has largely now disappeared from developed countries, it is still endemic in many developing countries. We aimed to highlight clinical stages and common related socio-demographic and household characteristics among patients with trachoma in Sudan. Methods A hospital-based case series descriptive study was conducted at Makah Eye Complex and Abdalfadeel-Almaz hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. We included all Trachoma patients from all age groups attending the two eye care hospitals in the period from 1st to 31st March 2015. Data was collected through clinical examination, hospital records, and face to face interview using a structured questionnaire, Also, we conducted a review of the literature to highlights the epidemiological aspect of trachoma in Sudan, using the databases of MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google Scholar. Results In this case series, we identified 125 patients with trachoma in the study period. Most of them were aged more than 50 years old (78.4%). Half of the participants (56%) were positive for active trachoma, 40.8% of them were having Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT), and 56% of them have Trachoma Follicles (TF). Majority of the patients have low socioeconomic status and poor personal and environmental hygiene (88%), (44%) and (74.4%), respectively. Conclusion Low socioeconomic status and poor personal and environmental hygiene are common socio-demographic and household characteristics among patients with trachoma. Despite the progress that has been made towards disease elimination, trachoma is still a public health problem in Sudan. Our review highlights the magnitude of trachoma and the progress towards its elimination in Sudan.

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Oral health profile of schoolers attended at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinics of the Federal University of Uberlândia

RSBO ◽

10.21726/rsbo.v14i4.666 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 197-204

Author(s):

Vinicius Rodrigues de Oliveira ◽

Danielly Cunha Araújo Ferreira ◽

Alessandra Maia de Castro ◽

Fabiana Sodré de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Pediatric Dentistry ◽

Birth Date ◽

Deciduous Dentition ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Tooth Type ◽

Socioeconomic Profile ◽

Dental Records

To characterize the socioeconomic profile, the need for dental treatment of children from zero to 12 years of age attended at Pediatric Dentistry Clinics. Material and methods: We evaluated 552 dental records and verified the child’s birth date, frequency of procedures performed according to tooth type and number of appointments. Results: The results showed that 265 (48.01%) children were females and 287 (51.99%) males, with a mean age of 4 years (±7.5). Of the total, 168 (30.43%) were from families with family income of 1 to 2 minimum wages. A total of 279 (50.54%) children were attended in 2009, 123 (22.29%) in 2010, 150 (27.17%) in 2009/2010. There were 3,350 visits, where 1,833 teeth (1,447 deciduous and 386 permanent) were treated. Of the total number of procedures performed (946), 620 were preventive and 1,326 curative procedures. There was a difference between the preventive and curative procedures performed. Conclusion: It was concluded that most of the children attended were infants and preschool children, belonging to families with low socioeconomic status and the deciduous dentition received the greater number of curative procedures.

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Incidence and Risk Factors of Rachitic Genu Varus in Preschool Children in a Paediatric Health Institute in Egypt as One of the Developing Countries

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001610010412 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 412-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sherif N.G. Bishay ◽

Mostafa H. A. El-Sherbini ◽

Amre A. Azzam ◽

Ashraf A. Lotfy

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Egyptian Children ◽

Genu Varus

Background:Rachitic genu varus is one of the common conditions among the Egyptian children, despite the shinning sun of Egypt all the year.Purpose:The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of rachitic genu varus among the Egyptian children, and to assess the risk factors contributing to it.Patients and Methods:This prospective study recruited a total of 250 consecutive children, being 130 males and 120 females, with rachitic bow legs or genu varus, between 2 - 4 years of age, together with 250 controls of the same age group, out of a total number of 1900 children with other types of rickets, and other children's orthopaedic diseases, who presented to the National Institute of Neuromotor System in Egypt between September 2014 to September 2015. The cases and the controls were subjected to clinical, laboratory biochemical, and plain radiographic examinations. Their parents were subjected to epidemiological, maternal, and nutritional questionnaires.Results:The calculations revealed high incidence (13.1%) of rachitic genu varus. The risk factors were low socioeconomic status, insufficient family income, poor housing conditions, lack of exposure to sunlight due to cultural practices, sole breast feeding, and inadequate supplementation of vitamin D to the children and the pregnant women. Thepvalue was <0.05.Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency rachitic genu varus is a multifactorial condition in Egypt. Raising the standard of living, level of education, housings, and dietary supplementation of vitamin D to the pregnant women and infants are the solution.

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Risk factors for sleep problems in infants

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi60.4.2020.186-91 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 186-91

Author(s):

Hesti Lestari ◽

Audrey Mety Iriani Wahani ◽

Rocky Wilar ◽

Permatami Herwansyah

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Electronic Media ◽

Sleeping Position ◽

Low Socioeconomic

Background Sleep disorders in infants can cause developmental problems, suboptimal growth, behavioral disorders, fatigue, irritability, impulsiveness, and poor mother-infant bonding. Objective To evaluate possible risk factors for sleep disorders in infants. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy infants aged 3-6 months. Subjects were selected using proportional random sampling from four different primary healthcare facilities in Manado, North Sulawesi. Their parents completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Sleep disorder was defined as the presence of one or more conditions including sleep duration less than 9 hours at night (from 19.00 until 07.00), waking up at night (from 22.00 until 06.00) more than 3 times, and more than 1 hour waking at night. Results Of 112 subjects, 58 (51.8%) were male. Subjects’ mean age was 4.21 (SD 0.829) months and 76 (67.86%) experienced sleep disorders. Sleep disorders had significant associations with low socioeconomic status (OR 17; 95%CI 3.8 to 75.8), middle school or lower maternal education (OR 44.5; 95%CI 9.8 to 202), non-supine sleeping position (OR 8.8; 95%CI 1.9 to 39.7), parental use of electronic devices (OR 156.2; 95%CI 35.1 to 692.9), and non-exclusive breastfeeding (OR 85.2; 95%CI 21.1 to 344.2). Correlative analyses also revealed that electronic media usage had the strongest association with sleep disorders, followed by breastfeeding pattern, maternal education, socioeconomic status, and sleeping position ( 0.839, 0.771, 0.624, 0.433, and 0.309, respectively). However, there were no significant correlations upon multivariate analysis. Conclusion Parental use of electronic media before sleeping is the strongest risk factor for sleep disorders among infants, followed by non-exclusive breastfeeding pattern, low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, and non-supine sleeping position. However, none of these correlations were significant upon multivariate analysis, this show that all these factors influence sleep together

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Socio-demographic determinants of undernutrition of preschool children attending anganwadis in rural ICDS block, North Kerala

Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine ◽

10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 153-156

Author(s):

S Nithiya

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Economic Status ◽

Child Growth ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Growth Monitoring ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Socioeconomic

Child growth and health is recognized as an important public health indicator for monitoring nutritional status and health in a population. 1. To study the socio demographic profile of the preschool children (3-6years) attending anganwadis in Kunnamangalam. 2. To study the association between socioeconomic status and undernutrition.A cross sectional study was done among 30 anganwadis from June 2014 to June 2015 by cluster sampling method. Data regarding socio demographic factors, prevalence of undernutrition were collected by using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire. Socio economic status of the study population was classified according to Modified Kuppu Swamy’s Scale. Education, Occupation and total monthly family income of the highest earning member was used for the stratification into various classes. Data analysed using SPSS version 16 software.Out of 300 children, 204 (68%) belonged to Upper lower strata, 74 (24.7%) were lower middle, 19 (6.3%) were upper middle and 3(1%) belonged to upper class. Prevalence of underweight children was significantly higher in children among those belonging to lower socioeconomic status. The study suggests to focus on preschool children for growth monitoring especially in low socioeconomic families, approaching them through the help of anganwadis, and educating mothers of low socioeconomic status on health on promoting program for underfives.

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Are Fresh Stillbirths from Caesarean Sections Associated with Socioeconomic Status? A Case Control Study at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia

University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.53974/unza.jabs.4.2.390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Kenneth Chanda ◽

◽

Bellington Vwalika ◽

Aubrey Shanzi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

University Teaching ◽

Middle Income ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The University ◽

Control Study

Introduction: Stillbirths occur worldwide at a rate of 3.2 million per year. There is however lack of interest in stillbirths especially those from caesarean sections. The discrepancy of high stillbirth rates from caesarean sections in low to middle-income countries as compared to developed countries may indicate the influence of socioeconomic status. This study was designed to investigate if socioeconomic status is associated with caesarean section fresh stillbirths. Methods: The study involved 330 women who underwent emergency caesarean sections from October 2013 to August 2014. Of these, 110 were cases and 220 were controls. Data collection was done using an interviewer-administered questionnaire in the immediate postoperative period. Results: Low socioeconomic status was associated with increased odds of caesarean section fresh stillbirths. The association was however not statistically significant.

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