scholarly journals SOFT AND HARD TRIGGERS OF PRESUPPOSITION IN THE HORROR STORY “HERBERT WEST ‒ REANIMATOR”

Author(s):  
Kolosova H.A. ◽  
Narodovska O.M.

This paper examines the phenomenon of “presupposition” based on Howard Phillips Lovecraft’s horror story “Herbert West – Reanimator” and provides several different concepts that will help to separate the meanings of “soft” and “hard” triggers of presupposition. The general idea of the presupposition, as such, allows the reader of any work of art to obtain additional data as part of the information layer, which either does not require further explanation in general or is a common socio-cultural or template-axiom concept that annihilates the need for clarification as such.The work aims to demonstrate the fundamentally different concepts of soft and hard presupposition in the key of the three main classes and the level of accommodation of the recipient to each of the structures. The result of differentiation was obtained by isolating textual structures from the general layer of the work, as a combination of semantic and pragmatic understanding of the expression and demonstration of the importance of each element as a whole and highlighting a more significant component in each example. The work of scientists who have already studied a similar phenomenon on the example of other intertextual formations and expressed their opinion on the significance of the considered aspects and the significance of the difference between them was taken as a basis. In particular, not only the fundamental difference between soft and hard triggers but also ignoring the difference between them at the level of suspension of the specified value in the context of the formation to which a certain structure is embedded.Results. The paper reveals several problems that prevent a clear distinction between triggers that indicate presupposition. Among them are the wide functionality of lexical units within the context-meaningful information message and the diversity of translation in the adaptation to the understanding of foreign recipients. Thus, the phenomenon of the inconsistency of trigger behavior is considered, which significantly prevents the error-free identification of the presupposition. Ultimately, this leads to emphasizing the urgency of the formation of a single concept of presupposition and the creation of a systematic empirical interlinguistic theory of methods for verifying presuppositions.Conclusions. As a result, the work demonstrates examples of soft acceptance of alternative constructions as a logical consequence of the contextual influence of certain structures on the overall picture described in the work. Conditions are considered that do not affect the integral functioning of individual structures in the text, showing a direct dependence on the context. All these constructions are an integral part of the formation of the overall picture perceived by the recipient (listener or reader), and this emphasizes the fact that the contextual load of each trigger depends on the means of their implementation and functioning not only within the text but also the genre.Key words: presupposition, soft trigger, hard trigger, accommodation, semantic models, pragmatic models. Дана робота розглядає таке явище, як «пресупозиція», на основі твору жахів Говарда Філіпса Лавкрафта «Herbert West – Reanimator» та дає ряд диференційних понять, що допоможуть відокремити значення «м’яких» та «жорстких» тригерів пре-супозиції. Загальне уявлення пресупозиції як такої дає читачеві будь-якого художнього твору можливість отримати додатковий об’єм даних як частину інформаційного пласту, який або не потребує додаткових роз’яснень в цілому, або ж є загальноприйня-тим соціокультурним чи шаблонно–аксіомним поняттям, що анігелює потребу в уточненнях як таку.Метою роботи є демонстрація принципово відмінних понять «м’якої» та «жорсткої» пресупозиції у ключі трьох осно-вних класів та рівня акомодації реципієнта до кожної із структур. Результат диференціації було отримано методом вичленення текстових структур із загального пласту твору, як комбінацію семантичного та прагматичного розуміння вислову та демонстрації значимості кожного з елементів в цілому й виокремлення більш значущої складової частини в кожному прикладі. За основу було взято праці наукових діячів, що вже досліджували подібне явище на прикладі інших інтертекстуальних формацій та висловили свою думку із приводу значимості розглянутих аспектів та суттєвості різниці між такими. Зокрема, не лише принципову різницю між «м’якими» та «жорсткими» тригерами, а й ігнорування різниці між ними на рівні призупинення функціонування вказаного значення в контексті формації до якого вбудовано певну структуру.Результати. У роботі розкрито ряд проблем, що перешкоджають проведенню чіткого розмежування між тригерами, які вказують на пресупозицію. Серед них широка функціональність лексичних одиниць у межах контекстно-значимого інформаційного посилу та різноманіття перекладу в адаптації до розуміння іншомовних реципієнтів. Таким чином, розглядається явище непослідовності поведінки тригерів, що значною мірою перешкоджає безпомилковій ідентифікації пресупозиції. Зрештою це призводить до підкреслення актуальності питання формування єдиного поняття пресупозиції та створення систематичної емпіричної міжлінгвістичної теорії методів перевірки пресупозицій.Висновки. Робота демонструє приклади м’якого прийняття альтернативних конструкцій як логічного наслідку контекстного впливу певних структур на загальну картину описану у творі. Розглядаються умови, які не впливають на цілісне функціону-вання окремих конструкцій у тексті, проявляючи пряму залежність від контексту. Всі ці конструкції є невід’ємною частиною формування загальної картини сприйнятої реципієнтом (слухачем чи читачем), а це підкреслює факт залежності контекстного навантаження кожного окремого тригера від засобів їх реалізації й функціонування не лише в рамках тексту, а й жанру твору.Ключові слова: пресупозиція, м’який тригер, жорсткий тригер, акомодація, семантичні моделі, прагматичні моделі.

MUTAWATIR ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Saiful Fahmi

This paper will explain the concept of ontological Ibn al-‘Arabi of interpretation, the general idea of the book <em>Ah</em><em>kâm al-Qur’ân</em> that includes methods, patterns, sources of interpretation, interpretation elements and characteristics that distinguish it from the interpreters other. Ontological view regarding the interpretation that was never a logical consequence of the importance of the final carry was critical of the existing interpretation of the results so far, so it is legitimate to question whether <em>Ah</em><em>kâm al-Qur’ân</em> is still relevant to the demands of his time or not? Whether in it there is coercion-coercion and preconceptions-ideological Ibn al-‘Arabî or not? Given, <em>Ah</em><em>kâm al-Qur’ân</em> is reproduced in the 5th century AH, where the fight discourse between the schools of thought Islam was at its height. While Ibn al-‘Arabi is an intellectual who embrace genuine Mâlikî School, so it brought the prejudice that he is stuck in an ideological reason


Author(s):  
Lorna Uden ◽  
Marja Naaranoja

Knowledge is often defined to be meaningful information. Knowledge is derived from information. What makes the difference between data and information is their organisation, and what makes the difference between information and knowledge is their interpretation (Bhatt, 2001). It is defined as a dynamic human process of justifying personal belief towards the truth (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995). Knowledge can also be defined as know-why, know-how, and know-who, or an intangible economic resource from which future resources will be derived (Rennie, 1999). Knowledge is built from data, which is first processed into information (i.e., relevant associations and patterns). Information becomes knowledge when it enters the system and when it is validated (collectively or individually) as a relevant and useful piece of knowledge to implement in the system (Carrillo, Anumba, & Kanara, 2000). There are three types of knowledge within any organization, individual, group, and enterprise, and that knowledge can be generally classified along the lines of being explicit, embedded, and tacit. Explicit knowledge is knowledge represented in documents, books, e-mail, and databases. Embedded knowledge is organizational knowledge found in business processes, products, and services. Tacit knowledge is undocumented knowledge that is captured during business processes by knowledge workers.


Episteme ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Konigsberg

AbstractSarah Moss has recently suggested that when they encounter conflict, epistemic peers should not split the difference between the credence that they each assign to some disputed proposition p, as has been suggested by conciliatory approaches to belief revision in the debate surrounding disagreement in the literature. Moss contends that an epistemic compromise between peers need not be the arithmetic mean of prior credences, in the sense that if my credence in some proposition p is x and yours is y, the credence that is the result of our compromise need not be (x + y)/2. More generally, Moss's proposal advocates an approach to how estimations of truth value, exhibited in credences, should in fact be considered in resolving conflict and disagreement. The general idea is that splitting the difference between credences may be inadequate, seeing as agents may assign different epistemic values to different credences. While novel and clearly argued, I think that Moss's proposal fails to provide entirely convincing reasons for abandoning the traditional symmetrical approach to epistemic compromise and for adopting the scoring rule model instead. I demonstrate two problems with the model that Moss advocates.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Adnan M. Rawashdeh

Motivation program was found to be the most commonly applied mechanism among firms, providing employees with multiple financial or non-financial rewards. It aims at raising the employees&rsquo; interest, attracting and retaining talented employees, rewarding employees based on the value they create and encourages them to work hard to achieve the goals set by organizations. The study has assessed the way motivational practices are applied as a mechanism for improving work productivity, and to establish the difference caused by gender in the application of motivation practices in Jordanian private universities. Such motivation tools have been exaimened, training, work conditions, rewards, promotion, and employee benefits. Quantitative approach has been applied in this study and data was obtained through a questionnaire survey. A total of 320 respondents were selected as a study sample including; professors, associate professors, assistant professors, senior lecturers, lecturer, and assistant lecturer. Additionally, 253 completed questionnaires were analyzed as a final sample using descriptive analysis and independent t-sample test performed by SPSS. Two hypotheses were developed based on literature review. The results indicate that respondents were not motivated by motivational practices applied by private universities. There was a positive relationship between motivation tools (training, financial rewards, promotion, working conditions, and employee benefits) and work productivity, and there was no significant difference caused by gender in the way motivation practices were applied.This study contributs to support the literature that&rsquo;s not much available on the level of application of motivation practices to the academic staff in arab private universities particuallarly in Jordanian private universities. It recommends universities management to set academic staff salary based on the cost of living, labor market conditions and performance to retain talented staff and to avoid high labor turnover. Also, management should take into account the promotion practice as a motivator that may attract and retain talented academic staff. Future studies may investigate more motivation practices in the same industry or comparing Jordanian private universities with other private universities in the Middle East area based on these variables.


2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom V. Williams ◽  
Warren Roberts

Is there a more important component to a grower's production practices than the choice of the best variety to plant? Probably not, yet there is less public vegetable variety testing than ever before, despite the increasing introduction of new varieties by the seed industry. This article examines the reasons for fewer vegetable variety trials, discusses the benefits of good variety reporting, and considers the keys to conducting a successful vegetable variety trial. Vegetable variety performance could be interpreted best on a regional basis if a standard format for evaluating each species is developed. One such attempt at standardizing watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) evaluation is presented. Finally, several recent vegetable trial reports are discussed to point out the difference of each and what additional data could have been provided.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Achmad Khudori Soleh

Bint al-Shaṭi' is one of the few modern Muslim female figures who developed Islamic scholarship, especially interpretation of the Al-Qur'an. Issa J Boullata praised the Bint al-Shaṭi’ method as a modern interpretation method that has many advantages. The first objective is to identify the background and principles of the Bint al-Shati' method of interpretation. The second objective, to find the peculiarities and advantages of the method compared to others. The third objective is to find important things as a logical consequence of the method of interpretation. This study uses content analysis and comparison method. The author calls the Bint al-Shati' method the term critical thematic method, developed based on the weaknesses of the classical interpretation method. This method has its uniqueness even though it was adopted from the method of interpretation of Amin al-Khuli. The Bint al-Shati’ method, compared to several other methods, appears to be more complete and relatively more guarantees that the Qur'an is able to speak for itself. In the end, the principle of no synonym in the Bint al-Shati' method can strengthen the dictum of Abu Abbas Tsa'lab, can provide certainty about the stages of a legal process, and can strengthen certain theological understandings


Author(s):  
Li Meng ◽  
Haipeng Guo ◽  
Xiaowei Zhao

Monitoring the battery state is of great importance for the safety and normal of the systems which are powered by batteries. SOC (State of Charge) is one of the most important state parameters of battery. SOC cannot be measured directly. The Kalman filter algorithm is one of the techniques often applied to estimate SOC value. An accurate model is necessary for this algorithm. In this paper, a general SOC model is set up. It takes into account not only the difference between discharging and charging work conditions, but also the influence of the working atmosphere, such as temperature and discharging rate. Then based on this general model, unscented Kalman filter method is used to predict the SOC value. It can avoid the error which is caused by ignoring high-order terms, which is a shortcoming exist in the extended Kalman filter method. The simulation experiments prove the approach can get satisfactory results even when the measurement data is mixed with noise or the initial SOC value is not accurate.


2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 03088
Author(s):  
Dan Wu

A reversible data hiding scheme for encrypted image was proposed based on Arnold transformation. In this scheme, the original image was divided into four sub-images by sampling, the sub-images were scrambled by Arnold transformation using two secret keys, then the scrambled sub-images were reconstituted an encrypted image. Subsequently, additional data was embedded into the encrypted image by modifying the difference between two adjacent pixels. With an encrypted image containing additional data, the receiver can obtain a decrypt image using the decryption key. Meanwhile, with the aid of the decryption key and information hiding key, the receiver can pick the hiding information and recover the original image without any error. Experiment result shows that the proposed scheme can obtain a higher payload with good image quality.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 357-376
Author(s):  
Marat Gorodezky ◽  

The article considers creationism as a historically relevant principle in the scientific and philosophic aspects denoting the ontological structure of the world. Outside of the religious interpretation, the author speaks of the dialectics of creation, which is revealed as an implicative connection of the one and nothing. Logical inversion (logical turn), acting from within this implicative connection, is postulated as the principle of a fundamental negation, which, according to the author, forms the true and dramatic essence of the world as a creation. The author distances himself from the widespread discussion between evolutionism and scientific creationism, stating that it does not correspond to the very subject of creationism, understood as the implication of a real from nothing. The author focuses on considering ‘nothing’ as a purely dialectical / metaphysical principle and relies partly on the Hegel’s dialectic of ‘being’ and ‘nothing’, and partly on the neoplatonic concept of the one. Rejecting the medieval interpretation of the temporal beginning and the Hegel’s identity, he deduces a scheme of the logical connection between the one and the difference, which postulates the inversion (turnover) forming the creation - the one and the difference disjunctively change places, the one becomes the real, and the difference out of the one becomes nothing. It is argued that this postulate, in particular, refutes the thesis about the ‘fall into sin’. In the second part of the article, a spatial-phenomenological hypothesis is presented: the author provides a description of the space as a geometrical-semantic plane (projective structure). This hypothesis follows from the phenomenological problem of the duality of a geometric object, which results in the problem of ontological transition between a point and a line (in the aporia of the Eleats) and the related problem of spatial congruence / parallelism. According to the author, the potential for solving these not essentially mathematical, but metaphysical questions is the projective geometry, in which parallel lines intersect at ‘point at infinity’, and space is complemented by the ‘plane at infinity’. The essence of the solution consists, firstly, in the assumption of the single plane, which underlies the transition, and secondly, in the description of the perceived world as a result of a specific turn over and closure of this plane, forming the projective structure. The key in this part is the demonstration of the surface of a three-dimensional object as a phenomenon of perceptual-semantic unfolding, which can be imagined as an action of consciousness, consistently reducing the usual scheme. An important aspect of considering the projective structure is the correlation with ‘the Plane’ by G. Deleuze. The general idea of the article is that the dialectical scheme of creation and the projective structure of the space coincide: the logical inversion (logical turn), acting in connection of the one and nothing, and projective structural turnover – are the same things.


IZUMI ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Dewi Saraswati Sakariah

This study discusses about the condition of the re-employed senior workers after retirement in Japan’s manufacturing companies. Since experiencing  demographics problems, Japan faces many obstacles, one of them in the employment sector. Meanwhile, the government more incentive to make efforts to make Japan's rise from the stagnant economic situation after the economic recession since the 1990s. One of them by employing returning senior workers who have retired. The age of workers in Japan's pensions set by the government at the age of 60 years and the government is trying to raise the limit. Policies readmission of senior workers in the manufacturing companies of Japan after retirement is the type of work contract system. With a logical consequence of the creation of a number of different conditions with the conditions of the workers before retirement. The most prominent difference is the condition of the status of work and reduced the salary given up to 50% as a result of the worker's status has changed. However, there are still some conditions such as the number of hours worked, the same job. And on the part of senior workers have a good respon to their readmission policies in the company to support the employment sector in Japan. To obtain primary data, the authors distributed questionnaires to employees of manufacturing companies who are above the age of 60. In addition, the authors also conducted interviews to a number of parties for additional data.


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