LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME SELECTED FISH OF RIVER GONGOLA BASIN, ITS DAM AND DADINKOWA DAM, GOMBE STATE NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-510
Author(s):  
A. H. Santuraki ◽  
A. U. Babayo ◽  
Abdu Zakari ◽  
A. G. Abdulkadir
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was carried out in ten (10) different locations within River Gongola, its Dam, and Dadinkowa Dam, Gombe State, Nigeria during the wet and dry season to study the water quality in terms of physicochemical properties to ascertain the levels of contaminants due to flooding and anthropogenic activities and the levels of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni) in the two species of fish (Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak). A total of 200 water and 360 fish samples comprising two different species were collected in the month of March-June 2017 (Dry season) and July-October 2017 (Wet Season). The results of physicochemical properties obtained ranges between Temperature 29.0-30 0C and 30-32 0C, pH 5.4-7.8 and 6.0-6.9, Conductivity 93.3-161 μS/cm3 and 104.9-128 μS/cm3, Dissolved oxygen 1.2-3.98 mg/l and 0.4-3.1 mg/l, Total Suspended Solids 10-860 mg/l and 13-1180 mg/l, Total Dissolved Solids 46.5-80.5 mg/l and 54.2-76.5 mg/l, Turbidity 424.7-783.5 NTU and 11.15-442.1 NTU, Phosphate 1.82-7.23 mg/l and 0.00-0.11 mg/l, and Nitrate 2.25-8.82 mg/l and 2.68-6.81 mg/l during wet and dry season respectively. The result reveals that turbidity, PO43, DO, TSS, and TDS were above the acceptable permissible limits of WHO While the mean concentration levels of heavy metals in Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak revealed that Cr was below the detectable limit while Cd ranges between 0.5-7.75 µg/g, Pb rangesbetween 3.9-35.6 µg/g during the wet and dry season. The mean concentrations of all the studied metals were above the permissible limit of WHO with a higher concentration during the dry season.

scholarly journals Investigation of Heavy Metals Level in selected Boreholes around the Vicinity of some Cemeteries in Benin City, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-845
Author(s):  
C.A.E. Ibhadode ◽  
I.R. Ilaboya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Groundwater pollution by heavy metals such as lead, copper, nickel and iron is one of the major environmental issues of concern which has developed into a widely studied area. In this study, attempt was made to investigate the level of heavy metals in selected boreholes around the vicinity of cemeteries in Benin City. Seventy-two (72) samples of groundwater were taken from boreholes in 9 stations around the three cemeteries in Benin City on monthly basis. The samples were analysed for 7 heavy metals, in accordance with standard procedures. The heavy metals include; Zinc, Lead Iron, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel and Mercury. From the results of the study, a variation in the mean concentration of zinc was observed. The mean concentration of zinc in site 1 was 0.450mg/l, for site 2, it was 0.140mg/l and for site 3, it was 1.0533mg/l. For iron, mean concentration was 0.072mg/l in site 1. For site 2, mean concentration of iron was 2.140mg/l and for site 3, mean concentration of iron was 0.560mg/l. It was further revealed based on the results that mean value of heavy metals in groundwater around cemeteries in Benin City were generally lower during dry season compared to wet season. In addition, result of computed pollution index (Pi) revealed that the heavy metal with the highest potential to pollute groundwater is Cadmium, with Pi of 0.5333 and 0.400 representing dry season and wet season respectively.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations in Groundwater Quality Around Dumpsite in Igando

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Akoteyon ◽  
S Isaiah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
T Test ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Wet Season

Water samples collected from fifteen hand dug wells in November (dry season), 2011 and July (Wet season), 2012 using random sampling technique. In situ parameters were measured for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids using portable meters. Heavy metals were analyzed for; Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study aimed at examining the spatial variations in groundwater quality around dumpsite in Igando using paired sample T-test statistical technique. The result shows that the measured pH values were below the minimum WHO standard for drinking water quality in wet and dry seasons in about73.3% and 26.7% respectively. Also, approximately, 13.3% of EC, and 6.7% exceeded the prescribed standard limit of WHO in dry and wet seasons respectively. Concentration of Fe exceeded drinking water quality in all the sampling locations during wet season and only about 46.7% in dry season. Pb, Zn, and Cu exceeded WHO limit in about 86.7%, 80%, and 26.7% respectively in dry season. Concentration of Pb, Cd , Cu and Cr were under detection limit in all the locations except at locations G2 for Cu in wet season. The paired samples statistics and correlation revealed that the mean values of all the parameters were higher in dry season with the exception of Fe. No significant correlations exist among the paramet er for both seasons at p<0.05. The paired T-test show significant seasonal variations among four heavy metals including Fe, Cd, Pb and Zn.The study concluded that, samples in dry season are of low quality compared to wet. The study recommends public enlightenment on solid waste disposal, controlled anthropogenic activities, and treatment /recycling of waste to prevent heavy metal from leaching unto the sub-surface.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22063 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 179-186 2013

scholarly journals Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
K. O. Ondoo ◽  
J. K. Kiptoo ◽  
A. O. Onditi ◽  
S. M. Shivaji ◽  
J. K. Ogilo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Agricultural activities, discharge of raw sewage into farms and the rise in urbanization have greatly contributed to soil pollution. During the rainy season, surface runoff from farms find their way into water bodies and deposits these contaminants into Rivers and Lakes which poses a threat to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms that depend on that water source. The objective of this research was to determine the level of anions and heavy metals from sediments in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya. Five sediment samples were taken from five sampling points and the levels of anions and heavy metals in them determined. Anions were determined using Shimadzu 1800 UV/visible spectrophotometer while heavy metals were determined using Shimadzu 6200 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Copper, lead and nickel were above the allowed WHO limits while cadmium was below detection limit. The levels of nitrates, phosphates and chlorides were higher during the wet season due to surface runoff that carried these nutrients from the farms and deposited them on the bottom of the River. The levels of heavy metals were high during the dry season due to evaporation of water from the River, leading to an increase in the analyte concentration during the dry season. High levels of copper and nickel in the sediments points to the use of herbicides and pesticides in farming and washing of vehicles and motorcycles on the banks of the River. According to Igeo nickel showed moderate pollution during the dry season. The contamination factor for lead was very high during the dry season, while pollution load index confirmed pollution due to anthropogenic activities in sampling sites 1 – 4 during the dry season and no pollution due to anthropogenic activities during the wet season.  The study recommends reduced use of inorganic fertilizers in order to save the River from the danger of eutrophication. Excessive use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides should be discouraged. In addition, pesticide leaching and the level of microbes in soil and sediments should be considered for further research

scholarly journals Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals from Poultry Waste Discharged into the Olosuru Stream, Ikire, Southwestern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abayomi Tolulope Oyewale ◽  
Taiwo Adekanmi Adesakin ◽  
Adedeji Idowu Aduwo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poultry Waste ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

Background. Water supplies can be contaminated by anthropogenic activities. The poultry industry uses a variety of heavy metals as additives in chicken feed, but excretion, runoff and dumping of heavy metals can threaten water bodies and have adverse effects on human health. Objectives. The aim of the present study was to determine the environmental impact of heavy metals from poultry waste discharged into the Olosuru stream, located in Ikire, southwest Nigeria. Methods. In order to study changes in heavy metal loads, samples were collected six times during the wet season (September, October 2014 and April 2015) and dry season (November 2014, January and February 2015). The inhabitants of Olosuru village use water for domestic and agriculture purposes from the Olosuru stream which is located only a few meters from a poultry farm discharge point. Three stations were sampled, upstream to downstream, with 500 meter distance between each point. Results. Selected heavy metals concentrations in the Olosuru stream were all above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The highest mean concentrations of heavy metals were recorded at the downstream station, while arsenic, iron and lead showed significant spatial and seasonal differences. Seasonally, the highest iron concentrations were recorded in the dry season (0.104±0.401 mg/L), while the mean concentrations of other heavy metals recorded during the sampling period were higher during the wet season. Conclusions. Concentrations of heavy metals in the present study were above acceptable limits. Poultry waste discharged into the Olosuru stream, can have negative impacts on the stream and health implications for local residents. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Concentration of Heavy Metals (Cd, Co, Cr, & Fe) in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Obudu Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Akpe, Michael Akomaye ◽  
Ubua, Placcidus Unimuyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The soil and edible vegetable samples were collected from Obudu Urban Area of Cross River State and were digested and analyzed for the Cd, Co, Cr, and Fe (heavy metals) concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in the University of Calabar Laboratory. The eight vegetables considered for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorus olitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results showed that the mean concentration of the metal in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.004-0.0048) and (0.005-0.046) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cd, (0.004-0.025) and (0.006-0.016) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cr, and (0.112-0.173) and (0.116-0.151) in rainy and dry season respectively for Fe. The concentration of Co was not detected in the soil or vegetables. The mean concentration accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Fe> Cd> Cr> Co. These results suggest that there is no significant difference between the amount of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the amount of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The bioaccumulation ratios were all less than 1. These results indicate that the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, & Fe in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not cause any harm for now.

scholarly journals Health Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cr, Fe, Hg & Ni) in Edible Vegetables in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Akpe, Michael Akomaye ◽  
Ashishie, Providence Beteluwhobel ◽  
Inezi, Faith Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine concentration of heavy metals in the soil and edible vegetables planted consumed Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, ascertained the level of metals contamination and the possible health risk or implication. Sampling: Forty eight (48) soil and edible vegetable samples (6 of each kind of the 8 vegetables) were collected randomly from Yala Urban Area of Cross River State. The eight vegetables considered for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorus olitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. They were collected between January and March for dry season, and July and September for rainy season of the year.  Methodology: The samples were digested and analyzed for the Cr, Fe, Hg and Ni (heavy metals) concentration using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in the Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. Results: The results showed that the mean concentration of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.063 - 0.108) and (0.049 - 0.104) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cr, and (0.026 - 0.124) and (0.013 - 0.119) in rainy and dry season respectively for Fe. The mean concentration accumulated by the vegetables ranged from (0.037- 0.063) and (0.029 - 0.066) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cr and (0.012- 0.071) and (0.008- 0.086) in rainy and dry season respectively. Hg and Ni were neither detected in the soil nor in the vegetables. The trend of the metals in both the soil and vegetable was in the order: Cr > Fe> Hg> Ni. The Target Hazard Quotients were all less than 1, indicating no health risk. Conclusion: These results suggest that there is no significant difference between the amount of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the amount of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. These results indicate that the concentration of Cr, Fe, Hg and Ni in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not pose any risk at the moment.

scholarly journals Heavy metals concentration and pollution index (HPI) in drinking water along the southwest coast of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Appiah-Opong ◽  
Amoako Ofori ◽  
Mark Ofosuhene ◽  
Ebenezer Ofori-Attah ◽  
Francis K. E. Nunoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Southwest Coast ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

AbstractThe concentration of seven heavy metals in water samples was analyzed along the southwest coast of Ghana in the wet and dry seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Some physicochemical properties of the water samples were also determined to assess the quality of the water. The ranges of metal concentration in water in the wet season were; As (1.23–7.84 µg/L), Cu (4.10–24.09 µg/L), Pb (4.08–57.98 µg/L), Se (BDL-0.38 µg/L), Zn (2.86–17.75 µg/L) and Hg (0.023–0.068 µg/L), whereas the ranges of metal concentration in the dry season were; As (2.30–5.78 µg/L), Pb (25.47–70.73 µg/L), Se (0.081–0.158 µg/L), Zn (0.79–22.80 µg/L) and Hg (0.004–0.047 µg/L). The results of physicochemical properties of water in the wet season were pH (6.83 to 7.52), EC (291.15–780.64 µS/cm), TDS (195.07–523.02 mg/L), DO (2.98–4.39 mg/L), BOD (3.33 to 6.84 mg/L), salinity (0.01 to 0.30 ppt) and temperature (27.06–30.94 °C), whereas the dry season recorded the ranges of pH (6.84–6.95), EC (516.83 to 660.67 µS/cm), TDS (307.07–442.65 mg/L), DO (1.71–3.04 mg/L), BOD (4.25–13.38 mg/L), salinity (0.22–0.28ppt) and temperature (28.46–30.44 °C). The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water was below the WHO standard except Pb which exceeded the limit. The mean heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were 130 and 143 for wet and dry seasons, respectively, indicating that the water HPI was above the critical limit (HPI > 100), hence unfit for drinking. All the physicochemical properties analyzed were within the WHO permissible limits except BOD.

scholarly journals A Study of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Coastal Marine Sediment of Ondo State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ayeku, P. Oluwagbemiga ◽  
Ogundele, L. Tunde ◽  
Adeniyi, I. Funsho
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sediment Samples

The present study was carried out to assess the pollution status of heavy metals in the marine sediment in Ondo coastal area. A total of 36 sediment samples were collected from the three locations (Awoye, Abereke and Ayetoro) once in a month in 2015 covering both dry and wet season. The sediment samples were subjected to digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to measure the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The measured concentrations data were used for evaluating the contamination level and accumulation status of heavy metals in sediment by employing several pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The results showed that Fe had the highest average concentration values of 248.00§ 20.00 and 324.33§ 5.80 mg/kg at Awoye sampling site for wet and dry season, respectively while the highest mean concentration of Mn were 271.77±9.50 and 295±10.06 mg/kg at Abereke and Ayetoro, respectively. The contamination factor (CF) values for As, Cd and Mn were 1 < CF < 3, indicating a moderate contamination. The results of Cdeg were ranged from 8.6 to 12.5 for both dry and wet season except in Ayetoro site that had 7.8 in the wet season. The PLI values were 0.47, 0.50 and 0.54 (<1) for Abereke, Awoye and Ayetoro sites, respectively, denoting unpolluted conditions. The EF values for Pb and Ni obtained from all the sites ranged from 20.8 to 38.9, showing their significantly enriched in sediment. The Igeo values of As, Cr, Fe, V, Zn and Cu were less than one (Igeo <1) for the three sampling locations in both seasons, implying that the sediments in the study area are practically uncontaminated by these metals. Pb had the Igeo values of 2.80 and 2.85 during dry and wet season at Awoye sampling site while Ni had 2.57 at Abereke only in the dry season. The heavy metals in sediment might be derived from the upstream rivers from the top soil, mechanically weathered rock materials and anthropogenic activities.

scholarly journals Ecological Risk Assessments of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water, Sediment and Biota of Otamiri and Imo Rivers, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
D. N. Ogbonna ◽  
O. O. Ndukwu ◽  
T. K. S. Abam ◽  
S. A. Ngah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Fish Samples

Heavy metals pollution of the environment is a serious concern because of the hazardous effects they pose to human health, ecosystems and other biological receptors. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological risk of exposure to heavy metals and physicochemical parameters around Otamiri and Imo rivers in Etche and Oyibo Local Government Areas of Rivers State. Water, sediment, arrow head plant (Sagittaria latifolia) and christmas bush Plant (Ceratopetalum gummiferum), tilapia fish samples (Oreochromis niloticus) and cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected at different points from five sample stations for wet and dry seasons. These samples were analyzed quantitatively to assess the levels of contamination in the samples using the ecological risk assessment models associated with exposure to these contaminants. The results of the heavy metal analysis show that the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for biota samples ranged from 0.000 – 1.254 mg/kg/day while water ranged from 0.000 -0.322 mg/kg/day. The target hazard quotient (THQ) ranged from 0.000 – 69.228 for both biota and river water samples for Otamiri and Imo rivers The hazard index values indicated significant public health risk with values of 1.42 was recorded for Tilapia and 33.14 for Christmas bush plant. Cancer risk due to heavy metals exposure had a peak value of 1.04 x10-1 for wet season. The bioaccumulation of the metals showed that the pollution load index values ranged from 2.467- 5.822 in wet season and 9.708 – 99.853 in dry season. The presence of these heavy metals above threshold values suggest that the aquatic life that inhabit such rivers risk bioaccumulation which may affect the human population that depends on Otamiri/Imo rivers for fishing, drinking or irrigation. These poses a danger if bioaccumulation was to take place over a long period of time.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS OF MAI-ALLO POND IN GWALE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
M. M. Karaye ◽  
H. A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Study of Seven heavy metals namely, Zinc, Lead, Copper, Cadmium, Manganese, Chromium and Nickel was conducted in Mai-Allo pond, Gwale, Kano State in order to assess the concentration of the heavy metals in the pond. The results of the heavy metals showed that Zn has a value of 0.34±0.17 mg-l in the wet season and 0.49±0.37 mg-l in the dry season, Cu has a value of 1.42±0.14 mg-l in the wet season and 0.64±0.09 mg-l in the dry season, and Ni also has 0.12±0.02 mg-l in the wet season and 0.23±0.13 mg-l in the dry season, all these were within acceptable limits, while Pb with a value of 0.05±0.02 mg-l was within the limits during the wet season but during the dry season, the value 0.14±0.09mg-l exceeds the limits. Cd has a value of 0.06±0.01 in the wet season and 0.17±0.12 in the dry season, Cr has 0.36±0.12 in the wet season and 0.04±0.07 in the dry season, and Mn also has values of 0.46±0.12 and 0.22±0.03 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hence there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean values of the sampling stations of the heavy metals during the wet and dry seasons. The study showed that the pond water was polluted with some heavy metals and hence measures must be taken to ensure the safety of the aquatic ecosystem, humans and the environment.

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