scholarly journals Diagnostic Limitation of Chikungunya Fever and its Future Prospect: A Review Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Yeasmin ◽  
Md Abdullah Yusuf ◽  
Muhibbur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Chikungunya is a febrile illness which is usually self-limiting caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). It is transmitted bythe bites of infected adult female mosquitoes mainly Aedesaegypti and Aedesalbopictus from human to human; these vectors also transmit other viral diseases including dengue, zika virus and yellow fever. These viral diseases presented in a similar manner in their early stage of infection specially dengue and chikungunya since neither of them possesses any specific feature to be distinguished clinically. Their outcome and treatment strategies are distinct so early and accurate diagnosis is mandatory for better management and taking appropriate measures to prevent or reduce severity of complications. An early confirmation of any infection demands diagnostic tools that are highly specific and cost effective. Currently no diagnostic tool is available for CHIKV detection which can fulfill these criteria. Moreover effective surveillance, outbreak control, vaccine design and drug development all this demand proper diagnosis. In this review we focus on limitation of available laboratory tests related to diagnosis of chikungunya virus and discuss priorities for further studies needed for disease diagnosis in early stage to control the outbreaks Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2018;5(2):65-70

scholarly journals Short Review On Varicose Vein And Its Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 832-836
Author(s):  
Pranav N ◽  
Anila K N ◽  
Riju.R.Menon
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Severe Condition

A varicose vein is a condition which affects a large number of people in Western countries and India especially, the northern areas. For curing this proper disease diagnosis, sufficient care for patient and treatment strategies are required, to control the symptoms and signs of varicose vein, the flavonoid group of drugs have been widely used for many years. Under this group, Daflon is the most potent and efficient drug which can be used. This enhances the bioavailability and absorption from the gastrointestinal area. Improved quality of patient's life and efficacy makes this drug therapy more potent and significant. Some of the clinical studies have shown its better action for increased venous tone, lymphatic drainage, decreases cosmetic disfigurement, inflammatory responses occur in microcirculation, protection from free radicals and improved quality of life and efficacy. When compared with other available drugs like Polidocanol, Sotradecol, Asclera, Varithena, Sodium tetradecyl sulfate etc. .clinical benefits of Daflon is more. This drug is useful in the early stage and can be used in severe condition along with sclerotherapy, compression treatment and surgery. Increased patient’s quality of life and increased efficacy were observed in Daflon treated group. Thus it is efficacious as a standard therapy alone and also in combination with other conservative treatment.

scholarly journals Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) : A rapid molecular diagnosis technique for detection of human pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 042-048
Author(s):  
Gunimala Chakraborty ◽  
Indrani Karunasagar ◽  
Anirban Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification

AbstractDelivery of quality healthcare in case of an infectious disease depends on how efficiently and how quickly the responsible pathogens are detected from the samples. Molecular methods can detect the presence of pathogens in a rapid and sensitive manner. Over the years, a number of such assays have been developed. However, these methods, although highly reliable and efficient, require use of expensive equipment, reagents, and trained personnel. Therefore, development of molecular assays that are simple, rapid, cost-effective, yet sensitive, is highly warranted to ensure efficient management or treatment strategies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), a technique invented in the year 2000, is a novel method that amplifies DNA at isothermal conditions. Since its invention, this technique has been one of the most extensively used molecular diagnostic tools in the field of diagnostics offering rapid, accurate and cost-effective diagnosis of infectious diseases. Using the LAMP principle, many commercial kits have been developed in the last decade for a variety of human pathogens including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Currently LAMP assay is being considered as an effective diagnostic tool for use in developing countries because of its simple working protocol, allowing even an onsite application. The focus of this review is to describe the salient features of this technique the current status of development of LAMP assays with an emphasis on the pathogens of clinical significance.

Serum-based protein biomarkers for detection of lung cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-358
Author(s):  
Shilpa Bhatnagar ◽  
Deepshikha Katare ◽  
Swatantra Jain
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Effective Manner

AbstractLung cancer is one of the most common cancers in terms of both incidence and mortality.The major reasons for the increasing number of deaths from lung cancer are late detection and lack of effective therapies. To improve our understanding of lung cancer biology, there is urgent need for blood-based, non-invasive molecular tests to assist in its detection in a cost-effective manner at an early stage when curative interventions are still possible. Recent advances in proteomic technology have provided extensive, high throughput analytical tools for identification, characterization and functional studies of proteomes. Changes in protein expression patterns in response to stimuli can serve as indicators or biomarkers of biological and pathological processes as well as physiological and pharmacological responses to drug treatment, thus aiding in early diagnosis and prognosis of disease. However, only a few biomarkers have been approved by the FDA to date for screening and diagnostic purposes. This review provides a brief overview of currently available proteomic techniques, their applications and limitations and the current state of knowledge about important serum biomarkers in lung cancer and their potential value as prognostic and diagnostic tools.

scholarly journals Clinical and Radiologic Signs of Relapsed Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor: Tissue Is the Issue

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M. Y. V. Homs ◽  
H. W. R. Schreuder ◽  
G. N. Jonges ◽  
P. O. Witteveen
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumor ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mature Teratoma ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Tumor Biopsy ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy

Malignant ovarian germ cell tumor is a rare disease, but with current treatment strategies including surgery and platinum based chemotherapy survival is excellent. After treatment, intensive followup is indicated to encounter tumor relapse at an early stage. This case describes a 22-year-old female with a history of common variable immune deficiency (CVID) who underwent a resection of a large ovarian germ cell tumor followed by 4 cycles of cisplatin and etoposide resulting in clinical complete remission. During followup, she developed a mass at the umbilicus and ascites. Initially, the cytology of the ascites was interpreted as tumor positive, suspicious of relapse of the disease, but tumor markers remained negative. However, during laparoscopy it turned out to be a mature teratoma, which can develop after chemotherapy, the so called growing teratoma syndrome. In retrospect, the ascites was false positive. This case shows that current diagnostic tools are not sufficient to distinguish between vital tumor and mature teratoma and can be misleading. Tumor biopsy and/or laparoscopic inspection are therefore indicated.

scholarly journals Saliva as a non-invasive material for early diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Woźniak ◽  
Czesława Paluszkiewicz ◽  
Wojciech Maria Kwiatek
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Treatment Monitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Area

The proper diagnosis is a critical factor to reduce further disturbances at the early stage of the disease and plays an important role in increasing the success rate of the therapy. The traditional diagnostic tools such as biopsy or blood collection are always associated with patient’s discomfort, the possibility of infections and time-consuming procedures. This article describes the non-invasive and easily accessible saliva as a source of numerous molecular biomarkers. The salivary fluid can provide information about the pathological changes not only in the oral area but also in other parts of the body, therefore salivary tests may be promising tools for risk prediction and treatment monitoring of many disorders.

scholarly journals A cost-effectiveness analysis of front-line treatment strategies in early stage follicular lymphoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W.D. Tobin ◽  
Anna Crothers ◽  
Ti Eric Ma ◽  
Peter Mollee ◽  
Maher K. Gandhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Follicular Lymphoma ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Combined Modality Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Minimal Improvement

AbstractRecent data suggests the use of radiotherapy alone (RT) in Early-Stage Follicular Lymphoma is declining. Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments has not been performed. We constructed a partitioning model (15-year horizon) to compare RT, combined-modality therapy (CMT) and immunochemotherapy with rituximab maintenance (ICT+RM) from a PET-staged cohort from the Australian Lymphoma Alliance. Lifetime direct health care costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. AUD $75,000 was defined as the willingness-to-pay threshold (WTP). The direct healthcare costs were: RT $12,791, CMT $29,391 and ICT+RM $42,644. Compared with RT, CMT demonstrated minimal improvement in QALYs (+0.01) and an ICER well above the WTP threshold ($1,535,488). Compared with RT, ICT+RM demonstrated an improvement in QALYs (+0.41) with an ICER of $73,319. Modelling a 25% cost reduction with a rituximab biosimilar led to further ICER reductions with ICT+RM ($52,476). ICT+RM is cost-effective in early stage FL from the Australian taxpayer perspective.

Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications of Serum Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouba Ali-Fehmi ◽  
Eman Abdulfatah
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Gynecological Malignancy ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Brca1 Brca2

Ovarian cancer, the most aggressive gynecological malignancy, presents at advanced stages with metastatic disease. Diagnosis at an early stage is the most important determinant of survival; however, the majority of patients are asymptomatic at early stages and the current diagnostic tools used in clinics show limited success in early detection and hence the need for new diagnostic biomarkers. With the advance of techniques in genomic and proteomics, numerous biomarkers are emerging which may serve as a platform for early detection of ovarian cancer. These include gene-, protein-, miRNAs, and metabolite- based biomarkers. Examples of gene-based biomarkers include HE4, FLOR1, p16INK4a, BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, and MSH2. Protein- based biomarkers include leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, IGF-II, and MIF. This chapter discusses the serum tumor markers (CA-125) in current use for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer as well as the novel biomarkers that are under investigation and validation.

New Trends and Developments in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis – Towards Optimal Treatment?

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn WA van Geldorp ◽  
Johanna JM Takkenberg ◽  
Ad JJC Bogers ◽  
A Pieter Kappetein ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Transcatheter Valve

Over the next few decades the number of patients diagnosed with aortic stenosis is expected to rise as the population ages and the use of several diagnostic tools expands. This will result in a growing need for both medical and surgical treatment and stimulate the development of new diagnostic and surgical techniques. This article briefly describes the prevalence, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of patients with aortic stenosis and focuses on developments in diagnostic tools, treatment strategies and treatment modalities: the use of echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, stress testing and biomarkers is discussed, as well as timing of surgery and the role microsimulation can play in prosthesis selection. Furthermore, newly developed transcatheter valve implantation techniques and their possible role in treating ‘inoperable’ or ‘elderly’ patients are discussed.

Review of Various Tasks Performed in the Preprocessing Phase of a Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis System

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-426
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Hussain ◽  
Zulfiqar Habib
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lesion Detection ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Optic Discs

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients. The increasing population of diabetic patients and difficulty to diagnose it at an early stage are limiting the screening capabilities of manual diagnosis by ophthalmologists. Color fundus images are widely used to detect DR lesions due to their comfortable, cost-effective and non-invasive acquisition procedure. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of DR based on these images can assist ophthalmologists and help in saving many sight years of diabetic patients. In a CAD system, preprocessing is a crucial phase, which significantly affects its performance. Commonly used preprocessing operations are the enhancement of poor contrast, balancing the illumination imbalance due to the spherical shape of a retina, noise reduction, image resizing to support multi-resolution, color normalization, extraction of a field of view (FOV), etc. Also, the presence of blood vessels and optic discs makes the lesion detection more challenging because these two artifacts exhibit specific attributes, which are similar to those of DR lesions. Preprocessing operations can be broadly divided into three categories: 1) fixing the native defects, 2) segmentation of blood vessels, and 3) localization and segmentation of optic discs. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art preprocessing techniques related to three categories of operations, highlighting their significant aspects and limitations. The survey is concluded with the most effective preprocessing methods, which have been shown to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the CAD systems.

ECG Analysis: A Brief Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumendra Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Mihir Narayan Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Accurate Result ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Ecg Analysis ◽  
Proper Analysis ◽  
Living Being

Background: In recent years cardiac problems found proportional to technology development. Cardiac signal (Electrocardiogram) relates to the electrical activity of the heart of a living being and it is an important tool for diagnosis of heart diseases. Method: Accurate analysis of ECG signal can provide support for detection, classification, and diagnosis. Physicians can detect the disease and start the diagnosis at an early stage. Apart from cardiac disease diagnosis ECG can be used for emotion recognition, heart rate detection, and biometric identification. Objective: The objective of this paper is to provide a short review of earlier techniques used for ECG analysis. It can provide support to the researchers in a new direction. The review is based on preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and different measuring parameters for accuracy proof. Also, different data sources for getting the cardiac signal is presented and various application area of the ECG analysis is presented. It explains the work from 2008 to 2018. Conclusion: Proper analysis of the cardiac signal is essential for better diagnosis. In automated ECG analysis, it is essential to get an accurate result. Numerous techniques were addressed by the researchers for the analysis of ECG. It is important to know different steps related to ECG analysis. A review is done based on different stages of ECG analysis and its applications in society.

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