scholarly journals Epidemiological Aspect of Dog Bite and Response of The Dog Bite Victims Attending Vaccination Centre of Sadar Hospital, Sirajganj

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
Ahmed Nawsher Alam ◽  
Mahmuda Siddiqua ◽  
Asma Siddiqua ◽  
Nasreen Akther ◽  
Moushumi Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Epidemiological Aspect ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Background: Rabies is a public health problem in Bangladesh, with poorer people and children being mainly affected. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviours of dog bite victims following a bite and to assess the knowledge and attitude about rabies among dog bite victims. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional type of descriptive study was designed where individual people who came to the vaccination centre from the month of April 2015 to July 2015 for post-exposure prophylaxis were considered. They were interviewed and followed during subsequent visits until they had received their final dose of vaccination. Result: Among the victims, males 60.9% were more common than females 39.1% and most of them were children aged below 20 years 51 %, mostly from rural areas 69.3%, had very little primary 46.1% or no education 24.7%. Victims were bitten mostly at their legs 89.3%. In response to question regarding what happens following dog bite, 49% couldn't say anything, and 46% mentioned hydrophobia. Most of them (87%) know that rabies can be transmitted from dogs to humans; 68.4% had no idea that rabies can be prevented in dogs. Though 82.3% bite victims didn't know that rabies in humans can be prevented before a dog bite, 77.7% knew that rabies can be prevented after a dog bite. Use of soap and water was found lowest 13.1% among those who had education upto primary level and highest 53.9% in graduates. Conclusion: This study showed that most victims didn't take any washing measures before visiting to hospital which is one of the most important measures recommended by WHO and it was found mostly who had low education level. It also observed that knowledge gap about rabies among the dog bite victims decreased with increased education level. KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-4, January 2019, Page 148-152

Pattern and Outcome of Dog Bite Injuries among Children-a Study in 200 Cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Md Waliur Rahman ◽  
◽  
Md Habibullah Sarkar ◽  
Samir Kumar Talukder ◽  
Md Joynal Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Bite Injuries

Introduction: Dog bites in humans are a major public health problem. Globally, millions of people are bitten by dogs but most of the fatal cases occur in children. Dog bites in human are a serious public health problem and have been well documented worldwide. As rabies is not a notifiable disease in Bangladesh and most deaths occur in rural areas where surveillance is poor. Objectives: To determine the pattern of dog bite injuries and associated health problems among children. Methods: The study was an observational retrospective study carried out at the Dept. of General Surgery, Chuadanga Sadar Hospital, Chuadanga, Bangladesh. The study reviewed the clinical data of patients managed for dog bite related injuries and rabies over a four and half year period between January 2016 and June 2020. A proforma was designed to extract relevant clinical data from the case records. Information extracted included the age, sex of the victims, site of the bite, time of presentation in the hospital, pre-hospital treatment, hospital treatment including post-exposure prophylaxis and complication. Results: In all, 200 cases of dog bite injuries were managed constituting 0.89% of the total consultations; 5 (2.5%) had rabies. Most of the victims were aged 6-12 years (55.0%) and majority (67.0%) was boys. Eighty two percent of the victims presented within 24hrs of the injury. 92 (46.0%) had WHO grade 3 dog bite injury at presentation and the lower limb was the commonest (56.0%) bite site. Use of herbal preparation was the most common pre-hospital treatment 60%. Although 95.0% received anti-rabies vaccine, only 55.5% of them completed the vaccination schedule. The case fatality rate for dog bite was 5.0%. The 5 that died all presented late, had no post exposure prophylaxis and died within 24 hours of admission. Conclusion: There is need for public enlightenment on dangers associated with dog bites and also for the government to ensure vaccination for cost of post exposure prophylaxis treatment for children free of cost

scholarly journals Post-exposure prophylaxis vaccination rate and risk factors of human rabies in mainland China: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Wang ◽  
X. F. Zhang ◽  
H. Jin ◽  
X. Q. Cheng ◽  
C. X. Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

AbstractRabies is one of the major public health problems in China, and the mortality rate of rabies remains the highest among all notifiable infectious diseases. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination rate and risk factors for human rabies in mainland China. The PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical and Wanfang databases were searched for articles on rabies vaccination status (published between 2007 and 2017). In total, 10 174 human rabies cases from 136 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Approximately 97.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.1–98.7%) of rabies cases occurred in rural areas and 72.6% (95% CI 70.0–75.1%) occurred in farmers. Overall, the vaccination rate in the reported human rabies cases was 15.4% (95% CI 13.7–17.4%). However, among vaccinated individuals, 85.5% (95% CI 79.8%–83.4%) did not complete the vaccination regimen. In a subgroup analysis, the PEP vaccination rate in the eastern region (18.8%, 95% CI 15.9–22.1%) was higher than that in the western region (13.3%, 95% CI 11.1–15.8%) and this rate decreased after 2007. Approximately 68.9% (95% CI 63.6–73.8%) of rabies cases experienced category-III exposures, but their PEP vaccination rate was 27.0% (95% CI 14.4–44.9%) and only 6.1% (95% CI 4.4–8.4%) received rabies immunoglobulin. Together, these results suggested that the PEP vaccination rate among human rabies cases was low in mainland China. Therefore, standardised treatment and vaccination programs of dog bites need to be further strengthened, particularly in rural areas.

scholarly journals Occupational Safety and Hygiene of Dentists from Urban and Rural Areas in Terms of Sharp Injuries: Wound Structure, Causes of Injuries and Barriers to Reporting—Cross-Sectional Study, Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Garus-Pakowska ◽  
Mariusz Górajski ◽  
Ewelina Gaszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

(1) Background: Frequent contact of the dentist with potentially infectious material (PIM) is undeniable. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and type of injuries, as well as to identify barriers to reporting and barriers to the implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among dentists from urban and rural areas. (2) Methods: We surveyed 192 dentists using an anonymous questionnaire. (3) Results: During the 12 months preceding the survey, 63% of dentists from the village and 58.8% of dentists from the city suffered at least one superficial cut, and deep cuts 15.1% and 17.6% respectively. Contact with PIM through spitting on the conjunctiva was 58.9% and 52.1% (village vs. city). Needle stick injuries were 50.4% and fingers were affected in 48.8% cases. The causes of injuries were: inattention 54.7%, rush 27%, unpredictable behavior of the patient 19%, recapping 18.2%. Work in the countryside was associated with a 1.95-times greater chance of not reporting injuries. The distance from a hospital with antiretroviral treatment may be a barrier to the implementation of PEP. (4) Conclusion: The circumstances of the injuries and the reasons for not applying for antiretroviral treatment point to the areas of necessary dentist education in this topic.

scholarly journals “As long as the patient tells you it was a dog that bit him, why do you need to know more?” A qualitative study of how healthcare workers apply clinical guidelines to treat dog bite injuries in selected hospitals in Uganda

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254650
Author(s):  
Stevens Kisaka ◽  
Fredrick E. Makumbi ◽  
Samuel Majalija ◽  
Alexander Kagaha ◽  
S. M. Thumbi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Bite Injuries

Dog-mediated rabies is on the increase in Uganda despite the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP procedures are expounded in the Uganda Clinical Guidelines (UCG) of 2016. We assessed adherence by health workers to UCG while managing dog bites in two PEP centers and obtained insights into motivations of their practices. Using qualitative methods, we observed the health worker-patient encounters, reviewed medical records, and interviewed 14 health workers that were involved in managing dog bite injuries. We used deductive thematic analysis to identify codes in themes developed from UCG. We found that much of the history of the bites was taken, but it was neither verified nor written down on the patient’s file. Classification of wounds was inaccurate and ancillary laboratory assessments like culture and sensitivity tests were not conducted in all cases. Although antibiotics were given for both treatment and prophylactic purposes, the prescription was based on availability and affordability, not UCG recommendations. Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) was not administered to deserving patients due to unavailability and high costs to the patient. Anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) was prescribed indiscriminately and some health workers attributed this to pressure from patients. Health education regarding prevention of dog bites was not given to patients due to time constraints on the side of the providers as a result of high caseloads at the emergency departments. Challenges to adherence to guidelines were identified as frequent ARV stock outs; inadequate cooperation among health facilities; and insufficient knowledge and skills on how injuries and rabies should be managed. We conclude that clinical management of dog bites is not fully in line with UCG. We argue that adoption of an integrated bite case management and cost-saving strategies as well as continuing medical education programs on rabies control and management could improve the clinical management of dog bites.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Policies Applied in the Fight Against Malaria in two African Countries at different Stages of Intervention (Model of Burkina Faso and Model of Senegal) using Data from Surveys and Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvire MFUENI BIKUNDI ◽  
Annie ROBERT ◽  
Catherine BOULAND ◽  
Edouard AKOTIONGA ◽  
MAREME Ndèye SOUGOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Entomological Monitoring ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Malaria is a global public health problem with many cases each year (228 million cases in 2018 with 405,000 deaths). Most malaria cases occur in Africa. Methods: Data used for analysis are from Demographics and Health Surveys (DHS) 2017-2018 for Burkina Faso and DHS 2017 for Senegal. We added information from a synthesis of literature. Linear regression models were performed with an estimation of the mean number of persons using ITNs among groups (urban or rural areas, wealth level, highest education level in the household and age of household head) in each country. We evaluated the importance of co-factors in the relationship between the number of ITNs (insecticide-treated nets) in a household and the number of household members by calculating the R-squared. A criteria grid used for this synthesis of literature included eight important sub-groups: funding sources, entomological monitoring, use of ITNs, use of insecticide, malaria case management, health system organization, communication and surveillance. Results: Senegal and Burkina Faso have the same proportion (51%) of households in which all children under 5 sleep under ITNs. We found R-squared (R2=0.007 in Burkina Faso and R2=0.16 in Senegal) for the relationship between the number of ITNs in a household and household size. When wealth level, age of head of household, area of residence (rural or urban), highest education level in the household and number of bedrooms in the household were controlled for, we found R2=0.106 for Burkina Faso and R2=0.167 for Senegal. We found that Senegal’s national malaria program is decentralized with entomological monitoring in all districts, which is normal considering the intervention stage in the fight against malaria. In Burkina Faso, we found centralization of routine data.Conclusion: Our study synthesized the health policies applied in African countries which are at different stages of intervention in the fight against malaria and which have succeeded in maintaining low malaria prevalence (in Senegal) or in rapidly decreasing the prevalence of the disease (in Burkina Faso). Being close to elimination, Senegal required more active malaria surveillance than passive surveillance. Burkina Faso did not require a lot of active surveillance being not close to malaria elimination. These results merit a review in the context of each African country.

scholarly journals Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Jully Gogoi-Tiwari ◽  
Ian D. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
One Health ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multiple Interventions

AbstractRabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.

scholarly journals Cropping Pattern and Socio-Economic Study of Ethnic People in the Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Joti Lal Barua ◽  
Nazrul Islam Khan ◽  
Sagarmay Barua ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Mohsin ◽  
M R Islam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Condition ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Cultivable Land

The study was conducted at some hilly areas of Bangladesh during the period of January to May 2009 and during April to May, 2010. This was done to evaluate socio-economic condition of the ethnic people and to find out the existing cropping pattern in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. A total of 810 households from Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban were selected randomly. Socio-economic profiles of the households indicated that the most household respondent belonged to thirty-forty five years age group followed by forty five- sixty years, fifteen- thirty years and sixty-seventy five years age group. This indicates that household respondents were younger (thirty-forty five years) in the study areas. It was found that, among the tribal people Marma were found highest rate of illiteracy followed by Shaontal, Tanchanga, Chakma, and Tripura. The tribal people of Tripura were not found to be below Primary level in the study area. The percentage of agriculture and service were found equal in Chakma tribal people in the study area. The Marma people were not found as a service holder because of their low education level. Cultivable land use pattern among the ethnic people revealed that out of 810 ethnic households 222 households were involved in cultivation (27.4%). It also showed that 55.4% households harvested single crop, 26.3% households harvested double crops, 10.8% households harvested triple crops in a year and only 7.5% households practiced jhum cultivation.The Agriculturists 2015; 13(1) 119-126

scholarly journals Education Level as a Predictor of Survival in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Limei Xu ◽  
Xiuju Wang ◽  
Xueyi Pan ◽  
Xiaotao Wang ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
High Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background: Disparities in multiple myeloma (MM) prognosis based on sociodemographic factors may exist. We investigated whether education level at diagnosis influenced Chinese MM patient outcomes.Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective analysis of data from 773 MM patients across 9 centers in China from 2006 to 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical factors at diagnosis and treatment regimens were recorded, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results: Overall, 69.2% of patients had low education levels. Patients with low education levels differed from those with high education levels in that they were more likely to be older, and a higher proportion lived in rural areas, were unemployed, had lower annual incomes and lacked insurance. Additionally, compared to patients with high education levels, patients with low education levels had a higher proportion of international staging system (ISS) stage III classification and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and underwent transplantation less often. Patients with high education levels had a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 67.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.66-83.39) months, which was better than that of patients with low education levels (30.60 months, 95% CI: 27.38-33.82, p<0.001). Similarly, patients with high education levels had a median overall survival (OS) of 122.27 (95% CI: 117.05-127.49) months, which was also better than that of patients with low education levels (58.83 months, 95% CI: 48.87-62.79, p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, patients with high education levels had lower relapse rates and higher survival rates than did those with low education level in terms of PFS and OS (hazard ratio (HR)=0.50 [95% CI: 0.34-0.72], p<0.001; HR=0.32 [0.19-0.56], p<0.001, respectively).Conclusions: Low education levels may independently predict poor survival in MM patients in China.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Study on Dog Bite Associated Rabies in Human and the Use of Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Nepal during 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Pushkar Pal ◽  
Hiroshi Shimoda ◽  
Rajendra Bashyal ◽  
Adisorn Yawongsa ◽  
Theera Rukkwamsuk
Keyword(s):  
Population Management ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

A 10-year (2008-2017) retrospective canine-mediated human rabies epidemiology was studied to assess the burden of rabies in Nepal. To this end, the number of dog bites, the use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and human death records from 2008 to 2017 were retrieved from Sukraraj Tropical Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings revealed that the number of human rabies occurrences was consistent with minor fluctuations throughout the study period. There were 252,297 dog bite cases in humans recorded between 2008 and 2017. Every month, 2,102 people were bitten by mostly stray dogs. There was a gradual increase in PEP use throughout 10 years. On average, 36,995 PEP dosages were used per year for stray dog bites. The PEP consumption and the number of human deaths were negatively correlated. A total of 482 human rabies deaths were recorded in Nepal during the study period. On average, 49 people died of canine-mediated rabies each year. Although there was an increase in the use of PEP, the number of human deaths and street dog bites recorded were still high. The high mortality due to rabies could then be attributed to the flawed surveillance system and stray dog population management, and not merely the lack of PEP services. Hence, it is recommended that the government agencies and other concerned stakeholders should organize mass vaccination and population management program for stray dogs in order to reduce the country’s rabies burden.

scholarly journals Animal bites and post-exposure prophylaxis in Central-West Tunisia: a 15-year surveillance data

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrine Bennasrallah ◽  
Manel Ben Fredj ◽  
Moncef Mhamdi ◽  
Meriem Kacem ◽  
Wafa Dhouib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
Animal Bites ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Rabies is a disease that still exists in developing countries and leads to more fatalities than other zoonotic diseases. Our study aimed to describe the profile of human exposures to animals over fifteen years and to assess the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) practices in the governorate of Kasserine (Tunisia) on pre- and post-revolution (2011). Methods We carried out a descriptive study using surveillance data from a region in Central-West Tunisia. All humans exposed to animals, residents in Kasserine Governorate and declared to the regional directorate of primary health care (RDPH) from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2018 were included. Results A total of 45,564 cases of human exposures to animals were reported over the fifteen-year period of the study with an annual average of 3089.2 ± 403.1. The standardized incidence rate (SIR) of human exposures to animals was 694 per year per 100,000 inhabitants (inh). The most listed offending animal was the dog (91.3%) and the most reported type of exposure was bites (63.7%). The trend in human exposures to animals increased significantly over time. The number of exposures by vaccinated dogs decreased significantly and by unvaccinated and stray dogs increased steeply. When comparing pre-and post-revolution periods, the yearly average of animal exposures post-2011 was significantly greater than the average prior to 2011 (3200 ± 278.5 vs 2952.8 ± 483) (p < 0.001). The yearly average of animal bites post-2011 was significantly greater than the average prior to 2011 (2260.5 ± 372.1 vs 1609.8 ± 217.9) (p < 0.001). The average number of vaccine doses per animal exposure was 2.4. Concerning PEP protocols, protocol A (2 and 3 doses) was indicated in 79% of animal exposures cases. From 2004 to 2018, a downward trend was noted for protocol A (r = − 0.29, p < 0.001) and an upward trend for protocol B (3 and 5 doses) (r = 0.687, p < 0.001). During our study period, 5 fatal cases of human rabies were declared. Conclusion Rabies remains a major public health problem in Tunisia. The political dynamics had an impact on the health care system and rabies control. Preventive measures should be applied adequately to decrease the burden of this disease.

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