Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Adults with Central Obesity at Janakpur Zone, Nepal

Background: Urbanization, surplus energy uptake, decreased physical activities are general risk factors of metabolic syndrome However, it’s status, and associated components remain unexplored in the Terai region of Nepal. This study evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among adults with central obesity of Terai region of Nepal using International Diabetes Federation criteria.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in three Terai districts of Janakpur Zone, Nepal. A total of 378 adults having central obesity were selected using cluster sampling by camp approach. Interview, physical and clinical examination, measurement of fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile were conducted for all participants. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components with 95% CI were estimated.Results: The metabolic syndrome prevalence was 74.9% (95% CI:70.2-79.2%), with no significant differences between male (77.7%, 95% CI:71.0-83.5%) and female (72.2%, 95% CI: 65.2-78.3%). The most common factors observed were low high density lipoproteins with highly significant differences between male (77.7%, 95% CI:71.0-83.5%)) and female (90.2%, 95% CI: 85.094.0%-; p=0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia with significant differences between male (57.6%, 95% CI: 50.1-64.5%) and female (46.9%, 95% CI: 39.7-54.2%; p=0.037). Conclusions: Higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Janakpur of Nepal likely suggest lack of awareness and health promotion activities for metabolic syndrome and indicate an urgency for a public health program to maintain quality of life. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; Nepal; prevalence; risk factors; terai

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Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among the Chinese Middle-Aged Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0231 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 119-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bo Hu ◽

Xiaoyu Liu ◽

Chenggang Wang ◽

Sufeng Yin ◽

Liqun Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Protective Role ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Relative Contribution

Objective:To examine the association and relative contribution of different levels of physical activity (PA) with metabolic syndrome (MS).Methods:The cluster sampling method was used to recruit 8,750 communitybased individuals between 40 and 60 years of age. MS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation, 2005. PA was estimated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and three levels of PA (low, moderate, vigorous) were used to classify the individuals. The risk factors of MS were comprehensively collected, and logistic regression methods were used to measure the association between PA and MS. Population-attributable risks and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on the regression model.Results:Approximately 30.4% (2,661) of the participants were MS patients. The percentage of individuals with vigorous levels of PA was 46.2% and 43.5% and with low levels of PA was 11.3% and 11.3% in non-MS and MS group, respectively. Individuals with vigorous PA had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.91) for MS compared with those with low PA, and the OR for individuals with moderate PA was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.01). Moderate and vigorous PA levels decreased risk of MS by 18.3%, with approximately 11% of that decrease due to vigorous PA.Conclusions:Vigorous PA levels were consistently associated with a reduced risk of MS; however, a protective role of moderate PA was not found. The population-attributable risk for vigorous PA was about 11% for all MS risk factors.

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Associations of n-3 Fatty Acids and Fish Consumption with the Metabolic Syndrome in College Students (P18-022-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz039.p18-022-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Nicole Karazurna ◽

Caitlin Porter ◽

Jesse Stabile Morrell ◽

Sherman Bigornia

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

College Students ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Fish Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Age Related

Abstract Objectives Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) and fish consumption may reduce the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in older adults. We previously reported that MetS components are prevalent among college students. Identifying modifiable risk factors of developing MetS and its components in young adults will inform potential targets to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions. Our objectives were to measure the cross-sectional impacts of n-3 FA and fish consumption on ≥2 or ≥3 MetS criteria and individual criteria among college students. Methods The College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey is an on-going cross-sectional study at a public New England college. We examined data from Jan 2008 – May 2017. After excluding those with missing data our final sample size was n = 4271 for n-3 FA & n = 2072 for fish intake analyses. Diet was assessed by a 3 day food record; MetS criteria were collected in fasted state. We expressed n-3 FAs as g/1000 kcals/d. Servings of fish/week was obtained via an online survey. Individuals were categorized as consuming ≥ 2 servings/week or not. MetS was defined as meeting ≥ 3 criteria: elevated glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference, and low HDL. Analyses were conducted by logistic regression. Results The average n-3 FA intake was 0.4 g/1000 kcal/d ± 0.25 & 40% consumed ≥ 2 servings of fish/week. Prevalence estimates for meeting ≥ 2 criteria was 18.8% and 4.8% for MetS. In sex- and energy- adjusted models, n-3 FA consumption was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.71) and ≥2 MetS criteria (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.91). Associations were no longer significant after considering additional confounders. Fish consumption was not significantly associated with MetS or ≥2 criteria in any model. Further n-3 FAs and fish consumption was not associated with any individual MetS criteria. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study among college students, n-3 FA and fish consumption were not significantly associated with MetS outcomes. Further research is needed in this population using longitudinal study designs to understand long-term impact of n-3 consumption on the development of MetS and associated cardio metabolic risk factors in young adults. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

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Metabolic health in patients with schizophrenia – CVD risk in a Norwegian outpatient population

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1570 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s810-s810

Author(s):

J. Engh ◽

E. Andersen ◽

E. Martinsen ◽

J. Egeland ◽

T.L. Holmen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

General Population ◽

Normal Population ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Characteristics ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

The mortality of schizophrenia patients is approximately twice that of the general population and there is a 20% reduction in life expectancy in this patient group. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for as much as 50% of the excess mortality associated with schizophrenia. One important source of the high CVD prevalence is the cluster of metabolic characteristics defining the metabolic syndrome (MetS: 3 or more of the following features: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, elevated levels of triglycerides and fasting glucose and low levels of high-density lipoproteins). Patients with schizophrenia seem to be undertreated for these vascular risk factors relative to the general population. More knowledge is needed concerning broadened risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a representative sample of schizophrenia patients. We conducted preliminary cross sectional analyses in a sample of 64 consecutive outpatients with schizophrenia with a mean age of 37 years consisting of 59% men, who were enrolled in a treatment study. All used antipsychotics, and 71% were smokers. We found that (percentage of patients under treatment for the respective somatic condition in parenthesis) 82% were overweight, 49% had hypertonia (17%), 24% hyperglycemia (3%), 48% hypertriglyceridemia and 13% hyperlipidemia (10% triglycerid or cholesterol lowering medication). Forty percent had metabolic syndrome compared to 11% in the normal population (Norway, age corrected). Additionally, estimates of insulin resistance will be conducted. We found that the prevalence of MetS components was high in outpatient schizophrenia. A substantial discrepancy was found between metabolic ill health and medication treatment of such conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Prevalence and determinants of the metabolic syndrome among Tunisian adults: results of the Transition and Health Impact in North Africa (TAHINA) project

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012003291 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 582-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Hanen Belfki ◽

Samir Ben Ali ◽

Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri ◽

Pierre Traissac ◽

Souha Bougatef ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

North Africa ◽

Health Impact ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intervention Programme ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and to evaluate the relationship between this diagnosis and cardiovascular risk factors, demographic and socio-economic variables.DesignA cross-sectional study using a questionnaire including information on sociodemographic and CVD risk factors. Blood pressure, anthropometric indices, fasting glucose and lipid profile were measured. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III.SettingThe whole Tunisian territory; Transition and Health Impact in North Africa (TAHINA) project.SubjectsA total of 4654 individuals (1840 men and 2814 women), aged 35 to 74 years, who participated in the Tunisian national survey.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS was 30·0 %, higher in women (36·1 %) than in men (20·6 %; P < 0·001). In both genders MetS prevalence increased significantly with age (P < 0·001), but this increase was more important in women. Multiple regression analyses showed that the odds for MetS increased significantly with urban area for both men and women (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively). The multivariate models showed also that the odds for MetS increased significantly with increasing level of education and in those with a family history of CVD for men (both P < 0·05) and after the menopausal transition for women (P < 0·05).ConclusionsThe study highlights the MetS problem in a middle-income developing country. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive, integrated, population-based intervention programme to ameliorate the growing problem of MetS in Tunisians.

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The Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Finnish Men and Women over a Decade

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2007-1883 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 832-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Gang Hu ◽

Jaana Lindström ◽

Pekka Jousilahti ◽

Markku Peltonen ◽

Lena Sjöberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

National Cholesterol Education Program ◽

Central Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Population Surveys ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to assess a 10-yr change in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) among Finnish men and women. Design and Subjects: Two cross-sectional population surveys were performed in Finland in 1992 and 2002. A total of 3495 participants aged 45–64 yr were included in the analysis. Results: In both years the metabolic syndrome was more common among men than women. In men the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome tended to increase slightly between 1992 and 2002, from 48.8–52.6% (P = 0.139) based on the NCEP definition, and from 51.4–55.6% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.102). In women the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased significantly from 32.2–39.1% based on the NCEP definition (P = 0.003), and from 38.0–45.3% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.002). In both sexes the prevalence of high blood pressure decreased, but the abnormalities in glucose metabolism increased between 1992 and 2002. The prevalence of central obesity increased in women between 1992 and 2002. Conclusions: In Finland the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, based both on the NCEP and IDF definitions, is higher in men than women. However, the increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, from 1992–2002, was significant only among women.

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Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in nearly 10 million participants of northwestern China: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47843/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yinxia su ◽

Wenli Li ◽

Yaoqin Lu ◽

Mingyue Xue ◽

Muyaseer Haireti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Central Obesity ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Hdl

Abstract Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) of comprehensive population are always lower than mono- population. However, studies on MetS and its components of it and its subgroups (different ages, genders, races, regions) based on big data and using a same diagnosis criterion are rare. Method: A total of 9,745,640 Chinese adults aged ≥ 18 years in Xinjiang,the largest autonomous region of Multi-ethnic, were enrolled in the study. MetS was defined by modified Adults Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria.Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were calculated. To further explore the correlates of MetS and its components logistic regression were used. Results The overall prevalence of MetS was 20.85% [Sex: 20.06% in female, 21.56% in man; Age: 39.22% in 60 year older followed by 40–59 year 26.32% and 18–39 years 9.56%; Ethnicity: 28.19% in Hui followed by Han (26.39%), Uyghur(18.56%), Other(18.61%), Kazak(17.98%), Mongolian (17.87%), Kyrgyz(14.44%)], living in city and town (23.03%) or north(24.78%) had higher prevalence of MetS than living in rural (19.94%) and South (17.66%). Although the prevalence of hypertension, smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity in Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Kazakh were higher than those of other ethnic groups, the risk of MetS was lower than that of other. The results also showed that although their risk of central obesity and hypertension was higher than that of Han, Hui, Uygur and other, the risk of high-TG, low HDL-C and Elevated-FPG was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups. Among them, the Mongolian had the lowest risk of high-TG and low-HDL-C, while the Kazakh had the lowest risk of elevated-FPG. In addition, except that the risk of central obesity in males was lower than that in females, the other components of males were higher than those in females, but the risk of MetS was lower than that in females. The risk of MetS and its components in the elderly was significantly higher than that in the young, and physical activity did not show reduce the risk of MetS in the general population. Conclusion The reason why the prevalence of MetS in the comprehensive population is lower than that in most mono-population may be that some subgroups of the population have the ability to resist risk factors in terms of genetic structure such as Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Kazak, and the influence in this aspect may exceed that of lifestyle. Within each subgroup, the prevalence of MetS is still increasing. Central obesity is an important risk factor for women with MetS. Elevated-FPG and high-TG are the most important risk factors of MetS in Han, Hui. Climate and lifestyle are the main causes of MetS in northern Xinjiang and city and town residents.

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METABOLIC SYNDROME

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.02.456 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 277-281

Author(s):

Ayesha Anwer ◽

Majid Kaleem ◽

Hassan Abbas ◽

Asif Hanif

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiology Department ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

The Individual ◽

Study Setting

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the importance ofindividual IHD risk factors and major components of the metabolic syndrome associated withIHD. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Cardiology Department ofGulab Devi Chest Hospital Lahore. Period: Nov, 2015 to Feb, 2016. Methodology: Patientsof either gender and from 20 to 90 year of age admitted with IHD via emergency departmentwere recruited after informed consent. The frequency of metabolic syndrome was evaluated inthese patients. In addition the individual component of metabolic syndrome as risk factor of IHDwas calculated. The data was analysed by using the SPSS version.16. Results: The metabolicsyndrome present in 44.67%of IHD patients and more prevalent in men 52% than in women48%. Total of 150 patients of IHD studied with both gender as male 94(63.33%) vs female 55(36.67%). The most common risk factor of metabolic syndrome for IHD was high blood pressurepresent in 75% of patients followed by diabetes in 50%, abdominal obesity 40.67%, low HDL42.67% and high TG in 32%. Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent amongIHD patients especially in men. The most common risk factors are hypertension and diabetes.

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Hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome in the community very elderly in Chengdu

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-65605-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gang Huang ◽

Junbo Xu ◽

Tingjie Zhang ◽

Lin Cai ◽

Hanxiong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Very Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Elderly Chinese

Abstract Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular metabolic diseases. However, in the very elderly, the relationship between hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not yet clear. This study was aimed to investigate the potential association between hyperuricemia and MetS in community very elderly in Chengdu. In this cross-sectional study, 1056 very elderly in the community were enrolled. Serum uric acid (SUA), fast plasma glucose, triglycerides and high–density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured, and then MetS components were calculated. Logistic regression models were used to explore risk factors for MetS in the very elderly. Finally, 1035 participants were included in analysis whose ages ranged between 80 and 100 with a mean age of 83.6 ± 3.4 years. The mean SUA level was 356.2 ± 95.0 µmol/L. The estimated prevalence of MetS in the very elderly was 25.0% vs. 21.6% (international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria vs. Chinese guideline), which was significantly higher for women (IDF criteria:17.3% in men vs 33.6% in women, p < 0.001). Logistic regression has found that participants with hyperuricemia (SUA level > 416 µmol/L in men and > 357 µmol/L in women) had a higher risk (IDF criteria: odds ratio (OR): 2.136, 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.525–2.993, p < 0.001. Chinese guideline: OR: 1.769, 95%CI: 1.249–2.503, p = 0.001) of MetS in very elderly Chinese. MetS is common in the community of very elderly Chinese in Chengdu. Hyperuricemia is associated with MetS in general very elderly and lifestyle changing should also be considered in the very elderly.

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The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-020-00713-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 12-24

Author(s):

Carolin Reisinger ◽

Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag ◽

Per Morten Fredriksen ◽

Nandu Goswami

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Future Research ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Definition Of

Abstract Introduction The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) describes the clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors—including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of high-density lipoproteins—that increase the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, a generally accepted definition of MetS in pediatric patients is still lacking. Objectives The aim was to summarize current prevalence data of childhood MetS as well as to discuss the continuing disagreement between different pediatric definitions and the clinical importance of such diagnosis. Methodology A systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. Articles that were published during the past 5 years (2014–2019), using at least one of four predetermined classifications (International Diabetes Federation, Cook et al., Ford et al., and de Ferranti et al.), were included. Results The search resulted in 1167 articles, of which 31 publications met all inclusion criteria. Discussion The prevalence of MetS ranged between 0.3 and 26.4%, whereby the rising number of children and adolescents with MetS partly depended on the definition used. The IDF definition generally provided the lowest prevalences (0.3–9.5%), whereas the classification of de Ferranti et al. yielded the highest (4.0–26.4%). In order to develop a more valid definition, further research on long-term consequences of childhood risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is needed. There is also a temptation to suggest one valid, globally accepted definition of metabolic syndrome for pediatric populations but we believe that it is more appropriate to suggest definitions of MetS that are specific to males vs. females, as well as being specific to race/ethnicity or geographic region. Finally, while this notion of definitions of MetS specific to certain subgroups is important, it still needs to be tested in future research.

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Gender and Age-Related Differences in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome in A Highly Endogamous Population.

Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences ◽

10.17305/bjbms.2010.2687 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 210-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Abdulbari Bener ◽

Abdul-Ghani Mohammad ◽

Asia N. Ismail ◽

Mahmoud Zirie ◽

Waleed K. Abdullatef ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Age Related ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Primary Health Care Centers

The objective of the study was to examine the differences in gender and age prevalences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adult Qatari population according to the revised criteria of NCEP ATP III and IDF, assess which component contributed to the higher prevalence of the MetS and identify the characteristics of the subjects with MetS. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. The survey was carried out in urban and semi-urban primary health care centers. The survey was conducted in the period from January 2007 to July 2008 among Qatari nationals above 20 years of age. Of the 1536 subjects who were approached to particípate in the study, 1222 (79.6%) gave their consent. Face to face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by laboratory tests. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program - Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) as well as the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The overall prevalence of MetS in studied subjects was 26.7% and 33.9% according to ATPIII and IDF (p<0.001) criteria respectively. The prevalence of MetS by both definitions peaked in the 30-39 years age group among males, and the 40-49 years age group among females. The greatest number of males with MetS were university educated; while the greatest number of females with MetS were either illiterate or had a primary school education. The prevalence of MetS was higher among females. Among the components of MetS, the prevalence of central obesity was significantly higher in studied subjects. The overall prevalence of MetS and its components according to IDF criteria was higher in studied subjects than the estimates given by the ATPIII criteria. Overall, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the State of Qatar is about 10-15% higher than in most developed countries, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. Preventive strategies will require identifying socio-demographic factors and addressing modifiable risk behaviours, including lack of physical activity, and dietary intake.

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