scholarly journals Monitoring the incidence and causes of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia: Annual report of the OzFoodNet network, 2013–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Waterborne Transmission ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Food Commodity

This report summarises the incidence of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia, and details outbreaks associated with food that occurred during 2013–2015. OzFoodNet sites reported an increasing number of notifications of 12 diseases or conditions vthat may be transmitted by food (botulism; campylobacteriosis; cholera; hepatitis A; hepatitis E; haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS); listeriosis; Salmonella Paratyphi (paratyphoid fever) infection; salmonellosis; shigellosis; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection; and Salmonella Typhi (typhoid fever) infection), with a total of 28,676 notifications received in 2013; 37,958 in 2014; and 41,226 in 2015. The most commonly-notified conditions were campylobacteriosis (a mean of 19,061 notifications per year over 2013–2015) and salmonellosis (a mean of 15,336 notifications per year over 2013–2015). Over these three years, OzFoodNet sites also reported 512 outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness caused by foodborne, animal-to-person or waterborne disease, affecting 7,877 people, and resulting in 735 hospitalisations and 18 associated deaths. The majority of outbreaks (452/512; 88%) were due to foodborne or suspected foodborne transmission. The remaining 12% of outbreaks were due to waterborne or suspected waterborne transmission (57 outbreaks) and animal-to-human transmission (three outbreaks). Foodborne and suspected foodborne outbreaks affected 7,361 people, resulting in 705 hospitalisations and 18 deaths. Salmonella was the most common aetiological agent identified in foodborne outbreaks (239/452; 53%), and restaurants were the most frequently-reported food preparation setting (211/452; 47%). There were 213 foodborne outbreaks (47%) attributed to a single food commodity during 2013–2015, with 58% (124/213) associated with the consumption of eggs and egg-based dishes.

scholarly journals Monitoring the incidence and causes of disease potentially transmitted by food in Australia: Annual report of the OzFoodNet network, 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Mung Bean Sprouts ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Waterborne Transmission

In 2016, a total of 44,455 notifications of enteric diseases potentially related to food were received by state and territory health departments in Australia. Consistent with previous years, campylobacteriosis (n = 24,171) and salmonellosis (n = 18,060) were the most frequently-notified infections. Notable increases in incidence were observed for shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (n = 343; 166% increase), shigellosis (n = 1,408; 93% increase), campylobacteriosis (33% increase) and salmonellosis (30% increase) when compared with the historical five-year mean. The extent to which the introduction of culture-independent testing as a method of diagnosis has contributed to these increases remains unclear. In total, 188 gastrointestinal outbreaks, including 177 foodborne outbreaks, were reported in 2016. The 11 non-foodborne outbreaks were due to environmental or probable environmental transmission (nine outbreaks) and animal-to-person or probable animal-to-person transmission (two outbreaks). No outbreaks of waterborne or probable waterborne transmission were reported in 2016. Foodborne outbreaks affected 3,639 people, resulting in at least 348 hospital admissions and four deaths. Eggs continue to be a source of Salmonella Typhimurium infection across the country: 35 egg-related outbreaks, affecting approximately 510 people, were reported across six jurisdictions in 2016. Three large multi-jurisdictional Salmonella outbreaks associated with mung bean sprouts (n = 419 cases); bagged salad products (n = 311 cases); and rockmelons (n = 144 cases) were investigated in 2016. These outbreaks highlight the risks associated with fresh raw produce and the ongoing need for producers, retailers and consumers to implement strategies to reduce potential Salmonella contamination.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of STEC strains isolated from healthy cattle in 2011 and 2013 in Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (14) ◽  
pp. 2956-2966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CABAL ◽  
M. C. PORRERO ◽  
M. L. DE LA CRUZ ◽  
J. L. SAEZ ◽  
C. BARCENA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks

SUMMARYPrevention of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) foodborne outbreaks is hampered by its complex epidemiology. We assessed the distribution of virulence genes (VGs), main serogroups/serotypes for public health [haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)-related], antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in a collection of STEC isolates obtained from cattle hide (n= 149) and faecal (n= 406) samples collected during a national survey conducted in Spain in 2011 and 2013. Isolates were cultured using McConkey and CT-SMAC agar after enrichment, and confirmed as STEC by PCR. STEC prevalence in hides (15·4%) was higher than in faeces (10·7%) and O157:H7 was more frequent in the former (2·7%vs. 0·99%). Non-O157 HUS-related serogroups were present albeit at low frequencies. The non-O157 isolates were more heterogeneous than O157:H7 in their VG patterns, with 25/64 presenting VGs from both STEC and enterotoxigenic pathotypes (hybrid isolates). Of the STEC isolates, 62·5% were resistant at least to one antimicrobial, and no differences in AMR between O157:H7 and non-O157 were detected. All isolates had different profiles by PFGE and did not form a cluster. Overall, our results demonstrated that STEC in the cattle reservoir is still a matter of concern for human health due to the presence of HUS-related serogroups, the occurrence of certain VGs, AMR and the additional risks that hybrid isolates may pose, and thus warrants further investigation.

Seroprevalence of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis in North West India

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Rekha Bachhiwal ◽  
Rajni Sharma ◽  
Pooja Gupta ◽  
Jyotsna Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Subacute Hepatitis ◽  
North West ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Male Preponderance ◽  
Current Infection

Introduction: To ascertain the seroprevalence of enterically transmitted Hepatitis A (HAV) and Hepatitis E (HEV) in cases with acute/subacute hepatitis attending a tertiary care hospital in North West India. Methods: A total of 2936 cases were examined for the presence of current infection with HAV and HEV, determined by demonstration of HAV-IgM and HEV-IgM antibodies using ELISA. Results: Overall seroprevalence for enterically transmitted hepatitis was found to be 24.89%. HAV IgM was present in 7.35% and HEV IgM was present in 17.54% of total cases. HAV infection was predominantly found in pediatric age group while HEV infection was mostly seen among adults. Male preponderance was noted. Enteric hepatitis cases occurred throughout the year. No definitive seasonal pattern was observed. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated high seropositivity of enterically transmitted hepatitis indicating the need for improvement in personal and public hygiene, and development of HEV vaccine.

scholarly journals Lower Levels of Transaminases but Higher Levels of Serum Creatinine in Patients with Acute Hepatitis E in Comparison to Patients with Hepatitis A

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Thomas Theo Brehm ◽  
Omid Mazaheri ◽  
Thomas Horvatits ◽  
Marc Lütgehetmann ◽  
Julian Schulze zur Wiesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Acute Hepatitis E ◽  
Hematological Manifestations

In patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, extrahepatic, particularly renal and hematological manifestations, are increasingly reported in the medical literature but have never been studied compared to a control cohort. We retrospectively analyzed medical records of consecutive patients that were diagnosed with acute hepatitis E (AHE) (n = 69) or acute hepatitis A (AHA) (n = 46) at the University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf from January 2009 to August 2019 for demographical, clinical, and laboratory information. Patients with AHE had significantly lower median levels of ALAT (798 U/L) and total bilirubin (1.8 mg/dL) compared to patients with AHA (2326 U/L; p < 0.001 and 5.2 mg/dL; p < 0.001), suggesting a generally less severe hepatitis. In contrast, patients with AHE had significantly higher median serum creatinine levels (0.9 mg/dL vs. 0.8 mg/dL; p = 0.002) and lower median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (91 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 109 mL/min/1.73 m2; p < 0.001) than patients with AHA. Leucocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, platelets, red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and RDW to lymphocyte ratio (RLR) did not differ between patients with AHE and those with AHA. Our observations indicate that renal but not hematological interference presents an underrecognized extrahepatic feature of AHE, while inflammation of the liver seems to be more severe in AHA.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A outbreak with the concurrence of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Poona infection in children of urban Vellore, south India

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 240-241
Author(s):  
S. Kulandaipalayam Natarajan ◽  
M. Srinivasan ◽  
J. Senthil Kumar ◽  
P. Abraham ◽  
S. Anandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
South India ◽  
Salmonella Typhi

scholarly journals Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Miriam Cordovana ◽  
Norman Mauder ◽  
Markus Kostrzewa ◽  
Andreas Wille ◽  
Sandra Rojak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Bacterial Typing ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.

scholarly journals An outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with contaminated salad leaves: epidemiological, genomic and food trace back investigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. W. MIKHAIL ◽  
C. JENKINS ◽  
T. J. DALLMAN ◽  
T. INNS ◽  
A. DOUGLAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks

SUMMARYIn August 2015, Public Health England detected an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157:H7 caused by contaminated salad leaves in a mixed leaf prepacked salad product from a national retailer. The implicated leaves were cultivated at five different farms and the zoonotic source of the outbreak strain was not determined. In March 2016, additional isolates from new cases were identified that shared a recent common ancestor with the outbreak strain. A case–case study involving the cases identified in 2016 revealed that ovine exposures were associated with illness (n = 16; AOR 8·24; 95% CI 1·55–39·74). By mapping the recent movement of sheep and lambs across the United Kingdom, epidemiological links were established between the cases reporting ovine exposures. Given the close phylogenetic relationship between the outbreak strain and the isolates from cases with ovine exposures, it is plausible that ovine faeces may have contaminated the salad leaves via untreated irrigation water or run-off from fields nearby. Timely and targeted veterinary and environmental sampling should be considered during foodborne outbreaks of STEC, particularly where ready to eat vegetables and salads are implicated.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2290
Author(s):  
Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes ◽  
João R. Mesquita ◽  
Valéria Dutra ◽  
Maria São José Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
One Health ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
The World ◽  
Waterborne Transmission ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.

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