Basin of upper Paraíba river course – PB, Brazil and its rainfall analysis

Precipitation is of extreme importance for the management of water resources, since it is a question of degraded areas and with deforestation for deforestation and the withdrawal of firewood. Frequency analysis was performed on the annual rainfall totals by drawing up the graphs. The scale proposed by Meis et al. (1981), and by the meteorological and CPTEC/INPE nuclei, and provided by Xavier et al. (2005), the annual values that approached the mean value were characterized as intermediaries, and in the scale of annual precipitation values, those that moved away 25% away from the average were considered as very rainy years, and below 25%, like dry years. The application of the Student's t test of significance, pointed out that precipitation data in general are 99% significant. The results showed a tendency of reductions in the rainfall indices, with oscillations of precipitations throughout the series 1962 to 2019, and evidenced the recurrence of maximum values of annual precipitation in the range of 17, 13 and 9 years. It is suggested a study with series of larger years in order to verify the fluctuations and the contributions of the El Niño(a) phenomena in the studied area.

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Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2015.061 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 283-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ljiljana Simonovska ◽

Irfan Ahmeti ◽

Vladimir Mitreski

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

T Test ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Bronchial Obstruction ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Exacerbation Of Copd ◽

Student’S T Test

BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with evidence of systemic oxidative stress, activation of circulating inflammatory cells and increased plasma level of proinflamatory cytokines which include C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is one biomarker of extrapulmonary or systemic consequences of COPD that can be detected.AIM: The aim of this research is to determine whether the level of CRP statistically significantly correlates with the level of bronchial obstruction and the accompanying co-morbidities in patients with COPD.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 80 patients with exacerbation of COPD, hospitalised at the Institute for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis in Skopje. We measured the level of CRP in the blood in all of these patients in fasting conditions. The classification of COPD patients by the severity of airflow limitation was made according to the actual version of the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). The Student’s Independent Samples t-test was used for the statistic analysis of the data.RESULTS: In 52 (65%) of the patients with exacerbation of COPD we detected an increase of the mean value of CRP. The statistical analysis using the Student’s t-test showed statistically significant differences in the mean value of CRP in patients with different level of bronchial obstruction. Hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary disease, and CVI were confirmed as co-morbidities in 45 (73.1%) of the patients, hypertension being the most frequent one (40%). The statistical analysis using the Student’s t-test showed statistically significant difference of the mean value of CRP (p< 0.01) depending on the number of co-morbidities.CONCLUSION: In 52 (65%) of the patients with exacerbation of COPD, were detected an increase of the mean value of CRP. The mean values of CRP statistically significantly correlate with the level of bronchial obstruction and the number of co-morbidities in patients with COPD.

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Distances between mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in Peruvians with normal occlusion

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.22.6.056-060.oar ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 56-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carla Y. Kong-Zárate ◽

Marcos J. Carruitero ◽

Will A. Andrews

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Test Results ◽

Posterior Teeth ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Tooth Type ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Mandibular Posterior Teeth ◽

Digital Caliper ◽

Student’S T Test

ABSTRACT Objective: The purposes of this investigation were to determine the horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in a sample of Peruvians with normal occlusion and to compare them by tooth type, sex, arch side, and age groups. Methods: 65 dental casts of subjects with normal occlusion were collected. Posterior teeth, except for third molars, were evaluated. The horizontal distances between the occluso-gingival midpoints of the buccal surfaces (FA points) of each tooth and the WALA ridge were measured using a modified digital caliper. The values between each different tooth type within the sample were compared using the ANOVA and Scheffe tests, while comparisons by sex, arch side and age groups, using the Student’s t-test. Results: The mean distances in the sample was 0.96 mm for first premolars, 1.45 mm for second premolars, 2.12 mm for first molars and 2.55 mm for second molars. Statistically significant differences between each of the four tooth types were found. There were no significant differences found between sex, arch side and age groups. Conclusion: The horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge increased progressively from the first premolars to the second molars in Peruvians with normal occlusion. The WALA ridge was a good landmark to evaluate the positions of posterior teeth in Peruvians with normal occlusion.

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Topographic Analysis of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SVEPs) in The Medium Frequency Range in Migraine With and Without Aura

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1204244.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 244-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Franco M Puca ◽

Marina de Tommaso ◽

Maria A Savarese ◽

Sergio Genco ◽

Addolorata Prudenzano

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Medium Frequency ◽

Topographic Analysis ◽

Absolute Power ◽

Interhemispheric Coherence ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Medium Frequency Range ◽

Student’S T Test

Topographic analysis of SVEPs in the medium frequencies range was performed in 30 migraineurs without aura, 20 migraineurs with aura and in 20 control subjects. The mean absolute power values of the fundamental component F1, the subharmonic F1/2 and the first harmonic F2, corrected by logarithmic transformation, were computed in each group and then compared using Student's t-test. The interhemispheric coherence of the F1 component was also evaluated. The 18, 21 and 27 Hz F1 components were increased in both migraineurs with and without aura, particularly in the temporo-parietal regions. The 24 Hz F1 component was augmented only in migraineurs without aura in the parieto-occipital regions in comparison with migraineurs with aura and controls. Migraine with aura patients had a reduced interhemispheric coherence mostly of 12 Hz and 15 Hz F1 components in frontal and temporo-parietal regions. Results of the study confirm abnormalities of SVEPs in migraineurs with and without aura. These consist of widespread increases of F1 components in the medium frequency range over the temporo-parietal regions.

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Correlates of Ageism Among Health Care Professionals Working With Older Adults

Journal of Transcultural Nursing ◽

10.1177/1043659618810128 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 303-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ziyafet Uğurlu ◽

Sultan Kav ◽

Azize Karahan ◽

Ebru Akgün Çıtak

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Health Care ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Educational Status ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Introduction: The changing proportion of older adults in society necessitates the need to determine the attitudes of health care professionals toward older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes of ageism and its correlates among health care professionals working with older adults. Method: This descriptive study was conducted in seven hospitals in five cities in Turkey. A total of 628 health care professionals participated in this study. The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, student’s t test, one-way analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression were used for data analysis. Results: The mean total score from the FSA was 56.9 ( SD = 8.0). Education (β = −.18, p < .001) and difficulty with the care of older adults (β = −.10, p < .05) were statistically significant predictors of the FSA score. Conclusions: The attitudes of health care professionals toward older adults were generally positive and affected by difficulty in providing care and the educational status of the health care professionals.

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ANALGESIC EFFICACY OF EPIDURAL MORPHINE AND CLONIDINEIN PATIENTS UNDERGOING DECOMPRESSION OF THE LUMBAR CANAL: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL

Coluna/Columna ◽

10.1590/s1808-185120171603159402 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 188-192

Author(s):

BRUNO RONCAGLIO ◽

RAPHAEL FERNANDES CALHAU ◽

CHARBEL JACOB JÚNIOR ◽

IGOR MACHADO CARDOSO ◽

JOSÉ LUCAS BATISTA JÚNIOR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epidural Morphine ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Analgesic Efficacy ◽

Control Group ◽

Lumbar Arthrodesis ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2 ◽

Student’S T ◽

Microsoft Office ◽

Student’S T Test

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy in patients undergoing lumbar canal decompression using epidural morphine and clonidine at the Hospital Santa Casa de Vitória - ES, Brazil. Methods: Prospective, randomized study of 60 patients with stenosis of the lumbar canal up to two levels with surgical indication, in which decompression of the canal was performed in association with lumbar arthrodesis. In group 1 we performed conventional postoperative analgesia and in group 2, in addition to conventional analgesia, we associated epidural morphine and clonidine. We used VAS as a means of analyzing pain intensity at 1, 12, and 36 hours after surgery. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Office/Excel and the software GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, USA). Results: The mean age of patients was 47 years, and 52% were female. The mean VAS in the first hour, 12th, and 36th hours after surgery in the control group was 5.44, 2.13, and 0.55 respectively. In the morphine-clonidine group it was 6.96; 2.21 and 0.60. Comparing one group with another in its absolute values through the Mann-Whitney test, as well as comparing the pain variations between the 1st and 12th hour (1h X 12h) and between the 12th hour and 36th hour (12h x 36h ) through Student’s t test it became clear that there was no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of epidural morphine and clonidine to conventional analgesia is not beneficial to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing lumbar canal decompression.

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Effect of ondansetron on spinal induced hypotension in caesarean deliveries

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v8i4.32384 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 193-199

Author(s):

Pujan Balla ◽

Anil Shrestha ◽

Ninadini Shrestha ◽

Navindra Bista ◽

Moda Nath Marhatta

Keyword(s):

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Elective Caesarean Section ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Induced Hypotension ◽

Intergroup Comparison ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the preferred technique of anesthesia employed for caesarean sections. However, it is very often complicated by hypotension. Different drugs and techniques have been used to prevent the hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia. In this study, the effect of ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia was evaluated. Objectives: To determine the effect of prophylactic ondansetron on prevention of spinal induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Methodology: Eighty-six parturients planned for elective caesarean deliveries were randomized into two groups of 43 each. Group O received Ondansetron 4 mg (4 ml) and Group S received Normal Saline (4 ml) intravenously 10 minutes prior to spinal anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, phenylephrine requirements, occurrence of nausea and vomiting and APGAR scores of neonates were compared between the groups. Hemodynamic data was analyzed using Student’s t-test for intergroup comparison and ANOVA was used for intragroup comparison. Categorical data was analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test. For all determinants, p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Occurrence of hypotension in Group O (20.9 %) was significantly lower than in Group S (72.1%) (p < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in Group O at 2, 6, 8, 12 and 14 minutes (p < 0.05). The use of phenylephrine (37.21 mcg vs. 146.51 mcg, p < 0.05) and occurrence of nausea (11.6%, vs. 41.9% p < 0.002) was significantly lower in ondansetron group. Conclusion: Ondansetron is effective in preventing spinal induced hypotension in elective caesarean sections.

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Fishery regulamentation or ethnoknowledge? The dilemma of the management of the mapará fisheries on the lower Tocantins river in northern Brazil

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18963 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. e131101118963

Author(s):

Esther Mirian Cardoso ◽

Paulo Allison Costa da Mata ◽

Matheus dos Santos Souza ◽

Maria Clara Pinheiro de Souza ◽

Victoria Isaac

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Chi Square ◽

Great Economic Importance ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Northern Brazil ◽

The Mean ◽

Tocantins River ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

The fishery of mapará (Hypophthalmus marginatus) is of great economic importance in the Amazon region. Despite this, it is observed that the current norms of management disagree with the ethnoknowledge of fishermen of the Tocantins river. Therefore, there are many seizures and fines in the Tocantins Low region. This work appeared as a demand of the fishermen of the region and had as purpose to test the pertinence of the fishing legislation on the capture of the species and to provide subsidies for the adaptation of the norms to the local reality. For this, a mapará fishery was taken on the Pindobal Grande river, in the municipality of Igarapé-Miri, in the state of Pará. A sample of the captured individuals was collected, and identification, sexing and biometry were done. Fishing was described, and the sex ratio tested with the Chi-Square test and the mean length differences between the sexes with the Student's t-test. The results were compared with current legislation and literature data. The captured mapará individuals were mostly above 30 cm, as determined by legislation. It is concluded that, despite using a network that is prohibited, the capture of the species in the region acts selectively, due to the ethno-cognition and the fisherman's action ("taleiro"). Therefore, it is necessary that the legislation be revised, seeking the reconciliation between the conservation of ecosystems, the traditional knowledge and the socioeconomic development of the region.

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Effects of record length and resolution on the derived distribution of annual precipitation

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/hessd-12-12987-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 12987-13018

Author(s):

C. I. Meier ◽

J. S. Moraga ◽

G. Pranzini ◽

P. Molnar

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Interannual Variability ◽

Probability Model ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Precipitation Data ◽

Return Periods ◽

Record Length ◽

High Return ◽

Log Normal

Abstract. Traditional frequency analysis of annual precipitation requires the fitting of a probability model to yearly precipitation totals. There are three potential problems with this approach: a long record (at least 25 ~ 30 years) is required in order to fit the model, years with missing data cannot be used, and the data need to be homogeneous. To overcome these limitations, we test an alternative methodology proposed by Eagleson (1978), based on the derived distribution approach (DDA). This allows for better estimation of the probability density function (pdf) of annual rainfall without requiring long records, provided that high-resolution precipitation data are available to derive external storm properties. The DDA combines marginal pdfs for storm depth and inter-arrival time to arrive at an analytical formulation of the distribution of annual precipitation under the assumption of independence between events. We tested the DDA at two temperate locations in different climates (Concepción, Chile, and Lugano, Switzerland), quantifying the effects of record length. Our results show that, as compared to the fitting of a normal or log-normal distribution, the DDA significantly reduces the uncertainty in annual precipitation estimates (especially interannual variability) when only short records are available. The DDA also reduces the bias in annual precipitation quantiles with high return periods. We also show that using precipitation data aggregated every 24 h, as commonly available at most weather stations, introduces a noticeable bias in the DDA. Our results point to the tangible benefits of installing high-resolution (hourly or less) precipitation gauges at previously ungauged locations. We show that the DDA, in combination with high resolution gauging, provides more accurate and less uncertain estimates of long-term precipitation statistics such as interannual variability and quantiles of annual precipitation with high return periods even for records as short as 5 years.

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‘Blood in pee’ campaign: Increased demand on secondary care with no change in cancers diagnosed

Journal of Clinical Urology ◽

10.1177/2051415818801187 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

Kunjan Patel ◽

Susan Jane Hall ◽

Kamath Shraddha ◽

Richard Stanford ◽

Simon Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Awareness ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Economic Background ◽

Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

The Impact ◽

Index Of Multiple Deprivation ◽

Student’S T Test

Objective: As part of the national Be Clear on Cancer campaign, the ‘blood in pee’ campaign was launched in 2013. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the campaign on 2-week wait (2WW) referrals and the resulting diagnoses of malignancy at a single trust, and secondly, to evaluate the socio-economic background of patients referred. Patients and methods: Suspected cancer 2WW patients in the 3 months pre- and post-campaign were included. Demographics, investigations and diagnoses were recorded. A Kolmogorov–Smirnov test demonstrated a normal distribution. The data were treated as parametric and analysed with the unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: Referrals for visible haematuria significantly increased by 52% from 135 pre-campaign to 205 post-campaign ( p = 0.03). There was a fall in the proportion of patients diagnosed with malignancy from 20.27% pre-campaign to 15.36% post-campaign. The mean index of multiple deprivation score of referrals did not change: p = 0.43. Conclusion: This campaign has increased referrals without increasing the proportion of malignancies diagnosed, placing large demand on services without benefit or extra funding. Nor has the campaign effectively reached deprived socio-economic groups. There is little evidence as to the efficacy of untargeted cancer awareness campaigns and further work is needed to improve their pick-up of malignancies. Level of evidence: 2C

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THE RELIABILITY OF THE BOLTON RATIO WHEN APPLIED TO THE INDONESIAN POPULATION

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20183 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Joko Kusnoto

Keyword(s):

T Test ◽

Tooth Size ◽

Crown Width ◽

Indonesian Population ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Anterior Ratio ◽

Overall Ratio ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether Bolton ratio can be applied clinically to the Indonesian population and to determine a more suitable Bolton ratio for the Indonesian population.Methods: This study was conducted on 120 readily available study models of treated cases comprising 37 males and 83 females. Two investigators separately measured the mesiodistal crown width of maxillary and mandibular tooth on each study model using sliding calipers. According to Bolton’s method, the overall and anterior ratios from each sample were calculated and the mean was generated. Using Student’s t-test with a 95% confidence interval, the investigators compared whether there is a significant difference between the ratio from Bolton’s samples and the ratio from the Indonesian samples.Results: The result of this study showed that, for Indonesian samples, the overall ratio is 89.7±2.05, while the anterior ratio is 76.4±2.76. Student’s t-test showed that there is a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the results of this study and that of Bolton’s study for both the anterior and overall ratios.Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a difference between Indonesian population and Caucasian population in tooth size and Bolton ratio value. Therefore, original Bolton ratio value cannot be used as an accurate diagnostic tool for Indonesian population.

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