Using Regurgitated Pellets From White-Tailed Sea-Eagles as Noninvasive Samples to Assess Lead Exposure Caused by Hunting in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea-Carolin Menzel ◽  
Oliver Krone
Keyword(s):  
General Linear Model ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anthropogenic Lead ◽  
Prey Composition ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Noninvasive Samples ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Game Animals

ABSTRACT Anthropogenic lead intoxication is the most frequent cause of death of White-tailed Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Germany. Most lead fragments are ingested by eagles feeding on carcasses and viscera of game animals shot with lead-based ammunition left in the wild by hunters. We investigated how many regurgitated pellets contained metal fragments and hypothesized a correlation between the presence of metal fragments and (1) the hunting season, (2) the ban of lead in rifle ammunition, and (3) the frequency of specific prey animals in the pellets. We collected 273 regurgitated pellets, radiographed them for metal fragments, and analyzed the prey composition. The metal elements were identified using micro x-ray fluorescence. Metal particles were found in 9.2% of pellets; 24 fragments consisted of lead and one fragment was mostly copper. A higher proportion (14.3%) of contaminated pellets was detected during the hunting season from September through February. During the non-hunting season from March through August, 7.6% of the regurgitated pellets were contaminated. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the presence of mammalian remains in the pellets and metal contamination (general linear model, z = 2.16, P = 0.03). Our results indicate a correlation between the increased activity of hunters in winter and the occurrence of metal in regurgitated pellets of White-tailed Sea-Eagles.

Fractionation of anthropogenic lead and zinc in Deûle River sediments

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Boughriet ◽  
P. Recourt ◽  
N. Proix ◽  
G. Billon ◽  
M. Leermakers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Polluted Sediments ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Anthropogenic Lead

Environmental context. Metal contamination from smelting plants can have significant environmental and geochemical impacts on surrounding river systems, where large amounts of ores, dusts and slag are often discharged. Pollution levels in a river in northern France in the vicinity of a plant that had been producing zinc and lead have been measured. The authors assessed and identified the forms and phases of these metals in the polluted sediments, in order to assess the ability of these metals to pass into water when physicochemical changes (pH, redox potential) occur in the medium, for instance, as a result of dredging and barge traffic. Abstract. The degradation of a fluvial environment, the Deûle River in northern France, with metals has been examined. Sites of environmentally significant sediment metal contamination were identified near a former smelting plant (Metaleurop) that produced lead and zinc. The chemical fractionation of sedimentary lead and zinc was carried out by using a four-stage sequential procedure in the polluted sediments. Chemical treatments were performed on these sediments with increasingly strong phase-specific reagents and under controlled thermal conditions; the recovered solutions were subsequently analysed using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The partitioning of lead and zinc in Deûle River sediment samples was further compared with those found in less contaminated sites upstream and downstream from the former Metaleurop factory. Analytical data showed the extent of industrial pollution in this sediment, particularly, the implication of: (i) anthropogenic lead and zinc on the easily extractable fraction; (ii) smelter inputs containing of sulfidic ores on the sulfide/organic fraction; and (iii) smelter dust, slags and possibly ores derived from oxides in the reducible fraction. Overall, in polluted water, sediment-bound lead and zinc were found to be associated with all the sedimentary phases (the average mass percentages of lead and zinc in the exchangeable ions/carbonate fraction were respectively: 12% and 23%; in Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides: 48% and 35%; in sulfides and organics: 33% and 29%; and in clays and aluminosilicates: 7% and 14%). Using X-ray diffraction, heavy minerals that were previously separated from sediments by decantation with gravity were shown to consist mostly of galena (PbS), wurtzite (ZnS), and pyrite (FeS2), showing the importance of sulfides in this sedimentary material. Using environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDS), sediments were found to be highly heterogeneous assemblages or aggregates, but with some isolated crystals that were identified. Detailed ESEM/EDS analyses (with imaging) have enabled us to demonstrate the existence of numerous lead and zinc phases that agree well with X-ray diffraction results and sequential extraction data.

scholarly journals X-ray shielding by a novel garment woven with melt-spun monofilament weft yarn containing lead and tin particles

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Mirzaei ◽  
Mohammad Zarrebini ◽  
Ahmad Shirani ◽  
Mohsen Shanbeh ◽  
Sedigheh Borhani
Keyword(s):  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Radiation Shielding ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Polypropylene Monofilament ◽  
And Storage

Conventional lead aprons are rather heavy and uncomfortable for the wearer and also crack easily due to bending during both usage and storage. Coating of textiles with certain compounds provides protection against ionizing radiation. However, coated garments may have reduced flexibility and breathability. The principle aim of this study is development of a lightweight textile-based X-ray radiation shielding. The shielding fabric, while capable of significantly attenuating X-rays, relative to current conventional aprons is more intrinsically flexible, breathable, economical, easy to maintain, and crack resistant. Samples of fabrics were woven using melt-spun polypropylene monofilament yarns containing lead and tin particles. Shielding properties of the samples was measured using a high-purity germanium detector. Results showed that the samples composed of higher metal particles concentration and higher metal density and atomic number exhibited higher attenuation capability. Mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated. Furthermore, insignificant changes in the attenuation capability of samples due to abrasion and laundering processes occurred.

scholarly journals In situanomalous small-angle X-ray scattering from metal particles in supported-metal catalysts. II. Results

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brumberger ◽  
D. Hagrman ◽  
J. Goodisman ◽  
K. D. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Platinum Metal ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Supported Metal Catalysts ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Average Value ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Supported Metal ◽  
Ray Scattering

Information about the metal phase in a supported-metal catalyst can be obtained using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS). The difference between the scattering profiles for SAXS at two different wavelengths near the metal's absorption edge is essentially the scattering of the metal alone. Novelin situASAXS measurements are made on mordenite impregnated with platinum metal while the temperature and composition of gas in the sample cell are changed. Measurements are made 62 times during treatment of the catalyst. The metal particles are assumed to be randomly distributed spheres withN(R)dR= number of spheres with radii betweenRandR+ dR. It is found thatN(R) is always a monotonically decreasing function ofR, and that the average value ofR, obtained fromN(R), decreases by a factor of two over the time (approximately 6 h) for which the system is observed.

Redox Behavior of Palladium Ion in Oxide Glasses

1995 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamashita ◽  
Junji Nishii ◽  
Tomoko Akai ◽  
Hiroshi Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Oxide Glasses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optical Absorbance ◽  
Electrochemical Oxygen

AbstractReduction and separation of Pd were investigated in soda-lime-alumino-borosilicate glass. The dependence on raw materials, melting atmosphere, concentration of Pd and melting temperature was examined by electrochemical oxygen activity measurement, optical absorbance, X-ray diffraction and microscopic observation. Pd ions were slowly reduced during melting and metal particles were formed. The separation was enhanced in a reducing atmosphere, at high temperature, for long melting periods and with high concentration of Pd. Pd metal particles of about 10 to 30 μm in diameter were observed by SEM and X-ray diffraction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanophase Metal, M and Metal Carbide, M2C Particles of The Group 6 Elements, Cr, Mo and W.

1993 ◽  
Vol 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zeng ◽  
M. J. Hampden-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Metal Carbide ◽  
Black Powder ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crystalline Metal

AbstractReduction of MCln, n = 3 for M = Cr, Mo, n = 4 for W with LiBEt3H in THF results in formation of nanometer-sized crystalline metal carbide, M2C particles whereas the same reduction reaction in toluene results in formation of the corresponding metal particles. As an example of this methodology, the reduction of MoC13(THF)3 and WC14 in THF by Li/C10H8 is described in detail. Reduction of MoC13(THF)3 in THF by Li/C10H8 resulted in formation of a black suspension from which black powder can be isolated. Electron diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction data showed the black powder is amorphous. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of molybdenum, and no chlorine was detected. Ex-situ variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction experiments showed the presence of fec Mo2C which upon further heating underwent a phase transformation to hexagonal Mo2C. Crystalline molybdenum was also observed after heating to 750°C for 3 hours. Reduction of WC14 in THF by Li/C10H8 results in formation of a black powder which on heating underwent phase transitions from amorphous to fcc W2C to hexagonal W2C as determined by X-ray powder diffraction.

scholarly journals Deposition of Co onto Supported MoS2 by Water-Assisted Spreading: Increased Activity Promotion in Hydrodesulphurization of 1-Benzothiophene

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Kaluža ◽  
Martin Koštejn ◽  
Daniela Gulková
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Temperature Programmed Reduction ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Hds Catalysts ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalysts were newly prepared by water-assisted spreading of CoCO3.Co(OH)2 of low solubility in water onto pre-sulphided Mo species supported on several Al2O3 of surface area SBET 77-262 m2g−1, ZrO2 of SBET 108 m2g−1, and TiO2 of SBET 140 m2g−1. The spreading was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) characterized partial re-oxidation of sulphidic Mo catalysts before Co sorption. The prepared catalysts were characterized in sulphidic form by H2-TPR. Activity of catalysts was determined in the HDS reaction of 1-benzothiophene. The spreading of Co onto sulphidic catalysts led to systematic increase of HDS activity by 16–86% in comparison to the spreading of Co onto oxide samples.

Biological activity of 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro- 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the chick

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kiriyama ◽  
Sumiaki Okamoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Suzuki ◽  
Akihiko Nagata ◽  
Motomori Izumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Biological Differences

Abstract. A newly synthesized fluorinated analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvatimin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), 26,26,26,27,27, 27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (26,27-F6-1,25-(OH)2D3) has been compared with 1,25(OH)2D3 as to its biological activity in vitamin D-deficient chicks. One day old, white Leghorn cockerels were fed a rachitogenic diet for 5 weeks. They were then given vehicle or 32.5, 130 or 325 pmol of 26,27-F6-1,25(OH)2D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 in a solution of propylenglycol:ethanol (95:5 v/v) sc every day for 2 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, the animals were sacrificed and their femurs were removed. 26,27-F6-1,25(OH)2D3 was more active than 1,25(OH)2D3 in stimulating growth, healing of rachitic cartilage visualized by soft X-ray radiography, elevation of serum inorganic phosphorus, and mineralization of rachitic bone. These biological differences between two compounds were observed only for the dose of 130 pmol. However, this fluorinated compound has less binding ability than 1,25(OH)2D3 to fetal chick intestinal cytosol receptors. The mechanism of the higher potency of this analogue is still unknown, but its affinity to the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor does not account for the higher activity. Since 26-hydroxylation can be postulated as the inactivation step in vitamin D metabolism, these results suggest that the reason for increased activity of this fluorinated analogue is most likely its slower metabolism.

Surface Analysis of Fretting Damage in Electrical Connectors

1988 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Braunović
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Tin Plating ◽  
Fretting Damage ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractA number of bolted-type tin-plated copper connectors commonly used for distribution transformers were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). The connectors studied had been removed from service because of unsatisfactory performance under normal operating conditions as manifested either by overheating or instability.Detailed examination revealed the presence of extensive fretting damage in thecontacting surfaces. The fretting debris was composed mainly of tin oxide and oxidized base-metal particles. Localized melting and wear of the tin plating were also observed.

Determination of the surface structure peculiarities of nanoscale metal particles via small-angle X-ray scattering

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Dodonov ◽  
Yu. A. Zakharov ◽  
V. M. Pugachev ◽  
O. V. Vasiljeva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering
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