scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SUN RADIATION ON THE QUALITY OF SACHET AND BOTTLED WATER

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onosakponome . ◽  
Ogaga Robert
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Sachet Water

In recent times, packaging of potable water in form of bottled water or sachet water has gradually gained wider acceptability in our major cities. Demographic and socioeconomic variables are largely responsible for the choice and preference for this product. Packaged water exposed to the hot sun in the process of storage or transportation does cause serious chemical exposure. Ultraviolet rays from the sun or high temperatures do accelerate leaching of toxic substance (dioxin) and other plastic chemicals into the water. The polythene bags also develop germs and micro-organisms which enter the water through the deterioration of the polythene bag (weather susceptible). Two bags of sachet water (60cl) and two packs of bottled water (75cl) each were selected for the sample from three purposely selected water packaging companies with regard to the rate of production and consumption. These samples were exposed to direct heat of sunlight to achieve sun radiation, a control was obtained from the same source and assessed after the exposed sample has been tested at intervals of 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, and finally 3 months duration. The parameter analysis conducted was in adherence to WHO standards and criteria. The results obtained shows that the concentration levels of various physiochemical parameters in the studied packaged water types did not exceed the international guidelines for drinking water but variations of physiochemical properties were found when compared with the control. Such variation can be attributed to the leaching of the compounds produced from the photodegradation of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by sunlight. Due to the presence of organic and inorganic compounds in the water sample, residual chlorine, for all samples underwent a depleting process during the course of exposure; Company A recorded a value ranging from 0.02-0.21 mg/l, while Company B’s values ranged from of 0.03-0.2 mg/l and Company C maintained 0.05mg/l to 0.23 mg/l.

scholarly journals Impacts of temperature alteration on the drinking water quality stored in plastic bottles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkader T. Ahmed ◽  
Mohammed Emad ◽  
Mohammed A. Bkary
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Heating Water ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Concentration Levels

AbstractMany people prefer to drink bottled water instead off the tap water. The bottled water is stored in the plastic bottles sometimes for long time. These plastic bottles might leach out some harmful materials into the water especially when exposed to temperature alteration, which may affect human health. This research work focused on investigating the effect of changing temperature on the bottled water quality. The work studied the effect of heating water in plastic bottles by sun, oven, and microwave. The study included also the impact of cooling and freezing the bottled waters. Results showed that temperature alterations caused changes in some physicochemical properties of bottled waters such as decreasing the values of pH and TDS and increasing levels of fluoride and chloride. In addition, the concentration levels of some physiochemical parameters exceeded the permissible values for drinking water. With temperature alterations, all levels of heavy metals in bottled waters were minimal except some small concentrations of copper and zinc. Results confirmed also differences in behavior between the bottled water brands exposed to the same temperature alterations. Heating bottled waters above 50 °C is alarming problem on the water quality. This is because above this degree, many alternations were observed in the water content. The outcomes of this work are useful for improving the current legislation on bottled waters and their storage.

scholarly journals Microbiological, Physiochemical and Antibiotic Sensitivity Analysis of Bacterial Consortia Associated with Packaged Water Vended in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Onifade, Anthony Kayode ◽  
Akinyosoye, Abimbola David
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Sachet Water

Packaged water, most especially sachet and bottled water, is one of the major sources of drinking water in Nigeria, especially for commuters, whose major way of quenching thirst is to buy from road side vendors and previous studies has shown that packaged water does not always measure up to standard. Aim: Investigations were done to determine adherence to physiochemical, microbiological standards. Antibiotic susceptibility profile and plasmid profiling of enumerated bacteria using disc diffusion method were carried out on vended packaged water samples. Location of Study: Eleven brands of sachet water and seven brands of bottled water samples vended in Akure, Ondo State were randomly selected. Methodology: Physiochemical analysis was carried out and the parameters were checked in line with standard organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications. Isolation of bacteria was carried out using standard procedures and isolates were identified by various biochemical tests.   Plasmid analysis and curing was conducted following standard protocols Results: Total bacterial counts of sachet water brands ranged from 0.2 × 102 to 4.5 × 102 CFU/ml while that of bottled water brands ranged from 0.1 × 102 to 4.2 × 102 CFU/ml. Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Shigella dysentariae.  Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the samples. Conclusion: Most packaged water (Bottled water, sachet water) samples are improperly handled and produced, which could serve as a source for spread of antibiotic-resistant potential pathogens, a risk to public health. better surveillance should be done on packaged water sale and production, public health education is encouraged for safety of residents in the Metropolis.

scholarly journals Frequently used laboratory pathogenic bacteria and their effect on human health

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3764
Author(s):  
Priyanka Basera ◽  
Meeta Lavania ◽  
Banwari Lal
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Micro Organisms

Interactions between micro-organisms with humans are diverse in nature; it can be beneficial or detrimental. According to WHO, 2004 rate of infectious diseases were found to be increases widely and account for 10 million deaths every year. Microorganism consider as a pathogen, when it is capable of causing diseases to human. Which further includes; the invasion in host cells and tissues, adherence to cells, persistence, release of toxic substance, and evade the host's immune system. Ability of pathogen for causing disease is termed as pathogenicity. The pathogenesis of bacterial infection comprises of initiation of the infectious process by multiplying their number in host body which further lead to the development of signs and symptoms of disease.Infectious disease usually due to the detrimental interactions, and is specific to host and pathogen.

Water reuse for the bottled water industry

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
E. Ramírez Camperos ◽  
L. Cardoso Vigueros ◽  
V. Escalante Estrada ◽  
A. Gómez Navarrete ◽  
A. Rivas Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Green Areas

The bottled water industry uses a machine specifically designed for the washing of its containers (19-L capacity) and generates 6-L wastewater/container. This effluent can be used for watering of green areas and car washing. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the effluent and to propose a specific treatment to enable reuse of the effluent from the container washing machine. The analysis of water quality identified the following problems: high pH (10.0), high biochemical oxygen demand (50 mg/L), high concentration of free residual chlorine (3.15 mg/l), alkalinity (207 mg/l as CaCO3) and hardness (38.8 mg/l as CaCO3). These parameters must be reduced in order to comply with the Mexican standards for water reuse (NOM-003-ECOL-1997), and to protect the washing equipment against corrosion and incrustations. The water can be used for the watering of green areas after pH adjustment and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal. If special equipment is used for car washing, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of calcium and magnesium using a strong cationic resin. Following these recommendations the specific industry installed a treatment system with pH adjustment, dual filtration (sand-anthracite) and adsorption system with activated carbon. The effluent is now used for watering of green areas and for car washing with garden hoses.

INHIBITION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS BY A TOXIC SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY AN AEROBIC SPORE-FORMING BACILLUS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Peptone Medium ◽  
Micro Organisms

A thermostable diffusible substance produced by an aerobic spore-forming bacillus in a potato dextrose peptone medium containing 2% dextrose, 1% peptone, and adjusted to pH 6.5 was found to inhibit the growth of 77 out of 81 species of parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Actinomycetes were more tolerant than fungi, though some were completely inhibited. The majority of streptococci, staphylococci, bacilli, lactobacilli, and clostridia tested were suppressed by the toxic medium. Gram negative organisms were unaffected. Bacillus subtilis and, to some extent, B. cereus and B. pumilus produced thermostable substances toxic to Rhizoctonia Solani. Soil, bentonite, and activated charcoal completely adsorbed the toxic agent, agar was less effective and talc not at all. The toxic substance passed through cellophane, parchment, and collodion, resisted autoclavingfor30 to 45 min. at 15 lb., but was destroyed rapidly by heating in alkaline, but less rapidly in acid solutions; it was not inactivated by aeration and retained its potency for many months at 0 °C.; ether, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, and N butyl alcohol could not remove it from the toxic medium but it could be eluted partially from charcoal with 95% ethyl alcohol. The substance has not as yet been identified.

scholarly journals Chemical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Bottled Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Bikram Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Nickel Fluoride ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Sales of bottled water have been increasing around the globe. This study was carried out to assess the trace elements present in bottled water. For the study of bottled water, a total of 100 samples of different volumes (20 L and 1 L) were selected. The physicochemical assessments were performed as per the methods described in the American Public Health Association, 2005. Average values of pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were found to be 5.96 ± 0.54, 59.97 ± 58.65, 4.42 ± 3.69, and 0.408 ± 0.19, respectively. Likewise, average values of total hardness (as CaCO3), calcium (as CaCO3), magnesium (as CaCO3), chlorine, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, fluoride, sodium, and potassium were found to be 14.78 ± 8.43, 3.26 ± 1.55, 11.51 ± 7.92, 7.51 ± 3.21, 0.0032 ± 0.0017, 0.0091 ± 0.0116, 0.2520 ± 0.0127, 0.0080 ± 0.0082, 0.047 ± 0.0139, 12.65 ± 10.90, and 1.41 ± 2.00, respectively; meanwhile residual chlorine, zinc, silver, cadmium, and lead were below detection limit. All the physicochemical characteristics of bottled water were found to be within International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) guidelines. From the physicochemical aspects, the bottled water was found to be within the permissible value set by IBWA. Pearson’s correlation revealed significant association between trace elements. Levene’s test for equity of variances indicated that the majority (iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, fluoride, sodium, and potassium) of trace elements and seasons (monsoon and postmonsoon) demonstrated a statistically significant distribution (at 95% confidence interval). At elevated concentrations, some elements can be harmful to human health and can cause morphological abnormalities, mutagenic effects, reduced growth, and increased morbidity and mortality in humans but it all depends upon a person’s metabolic factors, genetic factors, and ability to excrete trace elements through different routes, etc. Water could have percolated down from the surface to the ground water and as such the difference in concentration of trace elements in monsoon and postmonsoon seasons could be noticeable.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physical Quality of Locally Packaged Drinking Water in Kampala, Uganda

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Ali Halage ◽  
Charles Ssemugabo ◽  
David K. Ssemwanga ◽  
David Musoke ◽  
Richard K. Mugambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sachet Water

Objective. To assess the bacteriological and physical quality of locally packaged drinking water sold for public consumption.Methods. This was cross-sectional study where a total of 60 samples of bottled water from 10 brands and 30 samples of sachet water from 15 brands purchased randomly were analyzed for bacteriological contamination (total coliform and faecal coliform per 100 mL) using membrane filtrate method and reported in terms of cfu/100 mL.Results. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliform. Majority (70%, 21/30) of the sachet water analyzed exceeded acceptable limits of 0 total coliforms per 100 mL set by WHO and the national drinking water standards. The physical quality (turbidity and pH) of all the packaged water brands analyzed was within the acceptable limits. There was statistically significant difference between the median count of total coliform in both sachet water and bottled water brands (U(24)=37.0,p=0.027).Conclusion. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliforms; majority of sachet water was contaminated with total coliform above acceptable limits. Government and other stakeholders should consider intensifying surveillance activities and enforcing strict hygienic measures in this rapidly expanding industry to improve packaged water quality.

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