The biochemical composition of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Rayman net Levin, as a source of biologically active substances in cumulative cultivation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Svetlana N. Zheleznova ◽  
Ruslan G. Gevorgiz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Cylindrotheca Closterium ◽  
Dry Biomass

In this work, we studied the biochemical characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in the cumulative mode of cultivation in different phases of growth. According to our data, in the exponential growth phase, C. closterium biomass is characterized by a minimum lipid content of 3% of dry biomass and a maximum carbohydrates content of 23% of dry weight. During the transition of C. closterium culture to the stationary growth phase, as in the case of a representative of diatoms, a rather high accumulation of total lipids is observed – to 28% dry weight, while the carbohydrates content decreases to 7%. At the end of the stationary phase (21st day of cultivation), the content of fatty acids is 50% of total lipids or 12.5% of dry weight. A certain relationship between the concentrations of fucoxanthin, total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the biomass of C. сlosterium diatom was recorded. During active growth in the exponential phase, the concentration of fucoxanthin was 0.5–1 mg∙g-1 dry weight. During the tranition of the culture to the stationary phase of growth, the concentration of fucoxanthin reached 7±0.2 mg∙g-1 dry biomass. At the end of the stationary phase, the concentration of fucoxanthin reached its maximum value of 20 mg∙g-1 dry weight.

scholarly journals Production characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Reimann et Lewin grown in an intensive culture at various nitrogen sources in the medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Zheleznova
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Cylindrotheca Closterium ◽  
Production Characteristics

The diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Levin is characterized by high productivity (up to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1) and the ability to accumulate a valuable carotenoid fucoxanthin (up to 2 % of dry weight). In the development of biotechnology based on microalgae, the key issue is the creation of concentrated nutrient medium. Nitrogen is one of the most important components in the nutrient medium that significantly affects the production characteristics of all microalgae. The aim of this study is to compare the production characteristics of C. closterium in an intensive storage culture using different forms of nitrogen in the medium. In the first experiment, nitrate and sodium nitrite, urea, and nitrogen in the form of ammonium were used as a source of nitrogen. The amount of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, and urea in the medium was calculated from the nitrogen content of the RS nutrient medium, with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 15 : 1. In the second experiment, amino acids were used as a nitrogen source – arginine, asparagine, cysteine. The possibility of using the microalgae C. closterium for the growth of various organic sources of nitrogen (urea, cysteine, asparagine) was shown. Productive characteristics in the intensive storage culture of C. closterium using urea, cysteine, and asparagine as the sole source of nitrogen in the RS nutrient medium were determined. It is shown that when urea was used, the productivity reached its maximum values and amounted to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1. Thus, the expediency of using urea in the medium for obtaining the maximum yield of biomass was shown. The use of cysteine in the stationary phase of growth to achieve a long stationary phase with minimal concentrations of the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium is also advisable. It was found that C. closterium was able to grow and vegetate at sufficiently high concentrations of nitrite, and the addition of nitrogen in ammonium form to the nutrient medium during the active growth of C. closterium led to inhibition of all metabolic processes and to the death of the culture.

scholarly journals Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Taipale ◽  
Elina Peltomaa ◽  
Pauliina Salmi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Aquatic Food

Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.

Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the polar lipid and fatty acid composition of Ramonda species

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka Stevanovic ◽  
Pham Thi Anh Thu ◽  
Fernando Monteiro de Paula ◽  
Jorge Vieira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Habitat Analysis ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

Endemic Balkan species Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae (Gesneriaceae) are rare resurrection flowering plants, known to withstand repeated cycles of desiccation–rehydration in their natural habitat. Analysis of their leaf lipids and fatty acids revealed a rather small amount of total lipids (15.8 mg/g dry weight in R. serbica and 19.5 in R. nathaliae) and galactolipids, particularly the monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol, considerably poorer in linolenic acid in comparison to other flowering plants (55% for R. nathaliae and 64% for R. serbica). Severe desiccation leads to a drastic loss in total lipids (76% in R. serbica and 71.5% in R. nathaliae), especially in monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol, but the recovery is extremely rapid and thorough upon the rewetting. A shift towards the more saturated oleic and linoleic acids in galactolipids occurs at a different time and to a different degree in the two species, and it is not evenly repaired. Ramonda serbica, known to be somewhat less resistant, shows a wider range of lipid changes. Key words: lipid, fatty acids, desiccation-tolerant plants, Ramonda serbica, Ramonda nathaliae.

Effect of triglycerides on the production of lipids and lipase by Mucor hiemalis

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Waheed Akhtar ◽  
A. Qayyum Mirza ◽  
M. Nadeem Nawazish ◽  
M. I. D. Chughtai
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Lipase Production ◽  
Mucor Hiemalis ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Ethanolamine Phosphatidyl

The effect of triglycerides on the growth of Mucor hiemalis and the production of lipase and mycelial lipids was studied. Addition of 1% triglycerides to the fermentation medium was best for the mycelial as well as the broth lipase production. The added triglycerides seemed to be utilized through the formation of free fatty acids, and towards the end of the growth phase most of the triglycerides and their hydrolysis products were utilized. The mycelial lipase activity was maximum (66 U/g dry mycelium) at the end of the growth phase, while the maximal broth lipase activity (204 U/100 mL) was achieved after the cell lysis had started. The lipids produced per gram mycelia were high initially (260 mg/g dry weight at 48 h), reducing gradually later. With increase in growth the maximum mycelial lipids per 100 mL of culture medium was obtained after 96 h (176 mg/100 mL). The various fractions detected in the mycelial lipid extracts were sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols, monoglycerides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and small amounts of an unknown polar lipid at all the stages of fermentation studied. Proportion between total neutral and total polar lipids remained nearly constant throughout fermentation.

scholarly journals Ralstonia eutropha H16 Flagellation Changes According to Nutrient Supply and State of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Accumulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (14) ◽  
pp. 4477-4490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Raberg ◽  
Frank Reinecke ◽  
Rudolf Reichelt ◽  
Ursula Malkus ◽  
Simone König ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ralstonia Eutropha ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
2D Page

ABSTRACT Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE), in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis, and the recently revealed genome sequence of Ralstonia eutropha H16 were employed to detect and identify proteins that are differentially expressed during different phases of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) metabolism. For this, a modified protein extraction protocol applicable to PHB-harboring cells was developed to enable 2D PAGE-based proteome analysis of such cells. Subsequently, samples from (i) the exponential growth phase, (ii) the stationary growth phase permissive for PHB biosynthesis, and (iii) a phase permissive for PHB mobilization were analyzed. Among several proteins exhibiting quantitative changes during the time course of a cultivation experiment, flagellin, which is the main protein of bacterial flagella, was identified. Initial investigations that report on changes of flagellation for R. eutropha were done, but 2D PAGE and electron microscopic examinations of cells revealed clear evidence that R. eutropha exhibited further significant changes in flagellation depending on the life cycle, nutritional supply, and, in particular, PHB metabolism. The results of our study suggest that R. eutropha is strongly flagellated in the exponential growth phase and loses a certain number of flagella in transition to the stationary phase. In the stationary phase under conditions permissive for PHB biosynthesis, flagellation of cells admittedly stagnated. However, under conditions permissive for intracellular PHB mobilization after a nitrogen source was added to cells that are carbon deprived but with full PHB accumulation, flagella are lost. This might be due to a degradation of flagella; at least, the cells stopped flagellin synthesis while normal degradation continued. In contrast, under nutrient limitation or the loss of phasins, cells retained their flagella.

The effect of starvation on the biochemical composition of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilis

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Frolov ◽  
S.L. Pankov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Free Sterols

Alterations of the biochemical composition and survival of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilishave been investigated. During starvation the proportion of total protein increased from 45·3 to 62·7% while that of total lipid, carbohydrate and glycogen decreased from 20·1 to 6·9%, from 21·2 to 14·1% and from 17·3 to 4·9% dry weight, respectively. The proportion of polar lipids and free sterols in total lipids increased, from 8·3 to 32·0% and from 29·2 to 58·3% whereas triacylglycerol decreased from 54·7 to 4·2% dry weight. The most abrupt alteration in these fractions took place in the interval from 24 to 48 h. The proportion of monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, free fatty acids and esters of waxes and sterols in-creased from 1·2 to 3·0% (72 h), from 0·2 to 1·8 (48 h), from 0·7 to 2·4 (72 h) and from 5·7 to 12·1% (48 h) and then decreased to the level of 1·1, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·3%, respectively.

scholarly journals Mechanism of manganese oxidization of Bacillus safensis strain ST7 isolated from the soil of mineral area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
XQ Ran ◽  
Hong Long ◽  
Qun Tian ◽  
Jiafu Wang ◽  
Longjiang You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Manganese Oxidation ◽  
Bacillus Safensis ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Background: The manganese pollution is very serious surrounding the mine area, which could be enriched and harmful to animal, plant and human. Manganese oxidation bacteria (MOB) can completely remove the toxicity of Mn(II) with diverse mechanisms. Results: To seek a resource and disclose the oxidation mechanism of MOB, we isolated the Bacillus safensis strain ST7 from the soil of Songtao manganese mine in Guizhou province, China. Strain ST7 could survive in media containing 2200 mg/L Mn(II) with the Mn(II) removal efficiency of 82% after seven days cultivation. The rate was 7.75 μmol/L of Mn(II) each day detected by LBB method. The manganese oxides appeared after stationary growth phase and lots of irregular precipitates were observed on the surface of bacteria by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We further constructed eight cDNA libraries at two growth stages of strain ST7, at which the first stage is the mid-exponential growth phase (stage1) and the second one at the onset of stationary phase (stage2). The gene expression patterns were analyzed across the entire transcriptome under 250 mg/L Mn(II) stress by using Illumina Hiseq platform. After mapping to the reference B. safensis genome, we detected 3574 expressed genes from the eight libraries. At the first stage, 1040 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were determined with 502 genes up-regulated in Mn(II) dealt group. For the second stage, 760 genes were increased and 702 genes down-regulated under Mn(II) stress. Of those, the expressed trend of seventeen random selective genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR method. Only nine high expressed DEGs were screened out and all of them were up-regulated in the manganese dealt group at stage1. The great changes at stage 1 were focused on the genes related with siderophore synthesis to help Mn(II) uptake and oxidation and gene cheA to elevate the chemotaxis and the motility of bacteria. It was observed that the motility of strain ST7 was much active in the media with Mn(II) supply. And the expression level of gene601, coded for a multicopper oxidase (MCO) enzyme-like protein, raised about 3.66 times than its control group at stage 1. By using homologous recombination technology, it was demonstrated that the Mn(II) oxidase ability decreased obviously when the gene601 of B. safensis strain ST7 was knocked out. For stage 2 of strain ST7 dealt with Mn(II), there were nineteen genes related with sporulation and most of flagellum genes were inhibited. However, lots of transporters genes were augmented to function as pumps to extrude manganese outside of the bacterium cell. Conclusions: In a brief, the isolated B. sanfensis took two strategies against Mn stress including manganese oxidation at exponential growth stage and transformation of Mn(II) at stationary phase. The strain could be used to treat the environmental manganese pollution to minimize the use of chemical oxidants as a cost-effective technology.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Late-Stage Disease in Mice Infected bythe Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mutant Lacking theSigF Alternate Sigma Factor and Identification ofSigF-Dependent Genes by MicroarrayAnalysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1733-1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah E. Geiman ◽  
Deepak Kaushal ◽  
Chiew Ko ◽  
Sandeep Tyagi ◽  
Yukari C. Manabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Wild Type

ABSTRACT The Mycobacterium tuberculosis alternate sigma factor, SigF, is expressed during stationary growth phase and under stress conditions in vitro. To better understand the function of SigF we studied the phenotype of the M. tuberculosis ΔsigF mutant in vivo during mouse infection, tested the mutant as a vaccine in rabbits, and evaluated the mutant's microarray expression profile in comparison with the wild type. In mice the growth rates of theΔ sigF mutant and wild-type strains were nearly identical during the first 8 weeks after infection. At 8 weeks, theΔ sigF mutant persisted in the lung, while the wild type continued growing through 20 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed that both wild-type and mutant strains had similar degrees of interstitial and granulomatous inflammation during the first 12 weeks of infection. However, from 12 to 20 weeks the mutant strain showed smaller and fewer lesions and less inflammation in the lungs and spleen. Intradermal vaccination of rabbits with the M. tuberculosis ΔsigF strain, followed by aerosol challenge, resulted in fewer tubercles than did intradermal M. bovis BCG vaccination. Complete genomic microarray analysis revealed that 187 genes were relatively underexpressed in the absence of SigF in early stationary phase, 277 in late stationary phase, and only 38 genes in exponential growth phase. Numerous regulatory genes and those involved in cell envelope synthesis were down-regulated in the absence of SigF; moreover, the ΔsigF mutant strain lacked neutral red staining, suggesting a reduction in the expression of envelope-associated sulfolipids. Examination of 5′-untranslated sequences among the downregulated genes revealed multiple instances of a putative SigF consensus recognition sequence: GGTTTCX18GGGTAT. These results indicate that in the mouse the M. tuberculosis ΔsigF mutant strain persists in the lung but at lower bacterial burdens than wild type and is attenuated by histopathologic assessment. Microarray analysis has identified SigF-dependent genes and a putative SigF consensus recognition site.

scholarly journals Taxon- and Growth Phase-Specific Antioxidant Production by Chlorophyte, Bacillariophyte, and Haptophyte Strains Isolated From Tropical Waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norazira Abdu Rahman ◽  
Tomoyo Katayama ◽  
Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid ◽  
Nor Azman Kasan ◽  
Helena Khatoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Compound ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Β Carotene

Antioxidants found in microalgae play an essential role in both animals and humans, against various diseases and aging processes by protecting cells from oxidative damage. In this study, 26 indigenous tropical marine microalgae were screened. Out of the 26 screened strains, 10 were selected and were further investigated for their natural antioxidant compounds which include carotenoids, phenolics, and fatty acids collected in their exponential and stationary phases. The antioxidant capacity was also evaluated by a total of four assays, which include ABTS, DPPH, superoxide radical (O2•–) scavenging capacity, and nitric oxide (•NO–) scavenging capacity. This study revealed that the antioxidant capacity of the microalgae varied between divisions, strains, and growth phase and was also related to the content of antioxidant compounds present in the cells. Carotenoids and phenolics were found to be the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to other fatty acids. The antioxidant capacity of the selected bacillariophytes and haptophytes was found to be positively correlated to phenolic (R2-value = 0.623, 0.714, and 0.786 with ABTS, DPPH, and •NO–) under exponential phase, and to carotenoid fucoxanthin and β-carotene (R2 value = 0.530, 0.581 with ABTS, and 0.710, 0.795 with O2•–) under stationary phase. Meanwhile, antioxidant capacity of chlorophyte strains was positively correlated with lutein, β-carotene and zeaxanthin under the exponential phase (R2 value = 0.615, 0.615, 0.507 with ABTS, and R2 value = 0.794, 0.659, and 0.509 with •NO–). In the stationary phase, chlorophyte strains were positively correlated with violaxanthin (0.755 with •NO–), neoxanthin (0.623 with DPPH, 0.610 with •NO–), and lutein (0.582 with •NO–). This study showed that antioxidant capacity and related antioxidant compound production of tropical microalgae strains are growth phase-dependent. The results can be used to improve the microalgal antioxidant compound production for application in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, and feed industry.

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