scholarly journals ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПАЛЕОДЕМОГРАФИИ ГОРОДА ТВЕРЬ XVIII–XIX ВВ. ПО ДАННЫМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СМОЛЕНСКОГО КЛАДБИЩА ИЗ БЫВШЕГО ЗАГОРОДНОГО ПОСАДА

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-329
Author(s):  
Светлана Борисовна Боруцкая ◽  
Наталья Владимировна Харламова ◽  
Сергей Александрович Рудников ◽  
Игорь Николаевич Черных
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
The City

Скелетный материал из Твери был получен при раскопках Смоленского кладбища на юго-восточной окраине города, из бывшего Загородного посада. Формирование этого некрополя началось в XVIII веке и продолжалось на протяжении двух веков. Наша работа посвящена палеодемографическому исследованию населения города Тверь XVIII–XIX вв. по данным половозрастного определения скелетного материала. В результате исследования можно сделать следующее заключение. Демографическую ситуацию в городе Тверь XVIII–XIX вв. можно считать довольно благополучной, о чем свидетельствует высокий показатель средней продолжительности жизни, относительно невысокий показатель детской смертности, значительная представительность финальной возрастной когорты, низкая смертность в молодом возрасте. На нестандартное соотношение взрослых индивидов по полу в пользу мужчин могли повлиять миграционные процессы, связанные с ростом, строительством и развитие города в XVIII–XIX вв. Skeletal materials from Tver were obtained in the course of excavations at the Smolensk cemetery on the south-eastern outskirts of the city, the former Zagorodny posad (settlement). The necropolis originated in the XVIII century and was used for two centuries. The authors study the paleodemography of the population of Tver in the XVIII–XIX centuries according to the data of the sex and age estimations of the skeletal material. The study showed that the demographic situation in Tver in the XVIII–XIX centuries was relatively sound, as evidenced by the high average life expectancy, a relatively low infant mortality rate, a strong presence of the oldest age group, and low mortality at a young age. The distorted sex ratio of adult individuals in favor of males can be explained by the migration processes associated with the growth and development of the city in the XVIII–XIX centuries.

The Myth of Increasing Life Expectancy and Its Social Policy Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Robert E. Parker ◽  
Vianett G. Achaval
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Extended Lifespan

This paper concerns official “average life expectancy” data, and their use by demographers in a way that appears common-sensical and valid, but are neither. The notion that Americans have, and continue to experience ever-increasing life expectancy is a widely held myth in U.S. society. The Census Bureau states Americans’ life expectancy advanced 30 years between 1900 and 2013. Accompanying this myth is the idea that Americans are generally working longer while experiencing an extended lifespan. But these commonly shared assumptions about American life are dubious. The increase in average life expectancy among Americans has been achieved by reducing the infant mortality rate, not by increasing additional years at the end of the life cycle. An examination of age-specific death rates combined with an understanding of the importance of the infant mortality rate makes the “life expectancy myth” transparent. Upon considering these aspects of official life expectancy, the implications of this misunderstanding, specifically as it pertains to Social Security, will be examined.

Mortality and longevity in the whelk Dicathais orbita (Gmelin)

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Phillips ◽  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Fish Hook

A population of the whelk Dicathais orbita (Gmelin) at Fish-Hook Bay, Rottnest Island, in Western Australia, was found to have a high annual mortality and hence a low average life expectancy. A longevity of 19 years has been estimated but the average life expectancy is not more than 5 years. The mortality rate of the animals on the reef platforms (1-S = 0.46; M = 0.62) was found to be independent of age. A life table for D. orbita is presented and discussed, and these data compared with data on some other predatory gastropods.

scholarly journals Modern Demographic Processes in Ukraine, Factors of Influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Victoria Yavorska ◽  
Vitaliy Sych ◽  
Ihor Hevko ◽  
Inna Shorobura ◽  
Olexandra Dolynska
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Demographic Processes

The presented article gives the analysis of the modern demographic indicators such as life expectancy, age structure and fertility rate of the population in Ukraine and their geographical differences. The aim of the research is a spatial analysis of the demographic situation to determine the development trends of the population of the regions of Ukraine. In the conditions of depopulation and gradual aging of labor force in Ukraine requirements to its qualitative characteristics, first of all a state of health and average life expectancy grow. Ukraine belongs to the countries with high intensity of depopulation processes that is caused by a number of various factors of economic, socio-cultural, institutional character. Large-scale and protracted depopulation is now a component and one of the most pronounced manifestations of the general crisis demographic situation in Ukraine. The tendencies of influence of average life expectancy on indicators of population aging are investigated in the work. The regional analysis is carried out and territorial differences in indicators of average life expectancy and indicators of population aging are defined. The reasons for such a tense situation have been identified. The paper emphasizes that the development of really effective measures aimed at bringing the oblasts out of the deep demographic crisis and slowing down the progressive depopulation should focus not only on reducing mortality, but mainly on improving the health of the population, which can correct high mortality. These demographic trends increase global demographic asymmetry, give a special sharpness and new "sound" to the demographic problem in the global context, and, in addition, have long-term socio-economic consequences for countries with depopulation and deepening aging. In view of this, there is now a need for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the phenomenon of depopulation and assessment of its possible prospects, the development of a strategy to influence depopulation processes by means of sociodemographic policy. In our country, the study of depopulation factors, its nature and origins, analysis of the peculiarities of the deployment of depopulation and assessment of its consequences have become particularly relevant.

scholarly journals The lower COVID-19 related mortality and incidence rates in Eastern European countries are associated with delayed start of community circulation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243411
Author(s):  
Alban Ylli ◽  
Yan Yan Wu ◽  
Genc Burazeri ◽  
Catherine Pirkle ◽  
Tetine Sentell
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Related Mortality

Background The purpose of this analysis was to assess the variations in COVID-19 related mortality in relation to the time differences in the commencement of virus circulation and containment measures in the European Region. Methods The data for the current analysis (N = 50 countries) were retrieved from the John Hopkins University dataset on the 7th of May 2020, with countries as study units. A piecewise regression analysis was conducted with mortality and cumulative incidence rates introduced as dependent variables and time interval (days from the 22nd of January to the date when 100 first cases were reported) as the main predictor. The country average life expectancy at birth and outpatient contacts per person per year were statistically adjusted for in the regression model. Results Mortality and incidence were strongly and inversely intercorrelated with days from January 22, respectively -0.83 (p<0.001) and -0.73 (p<0.001). Adjusting for average life expectancy and outpatients contacts per person per year, between days 33 to 50 from the 22nd of the January, the average mortality rate decreased by 30.1/million per day (95% CI: 22.7, 37.6, p<0.001). During interval 51 to 73 days, the change in mortality was no longer statistically significant but still showed a decreasing trend. A similar relationship with time interval was found for incidence. Life expectancy and outpatients contacts per person per year were not associated with mortality rate. Conclusion Countries in Europe that had the earliest COVID-19 circulation suffered the worst consequences in terms of health outcomes, specifically mortality. The drastic social isolation measures, quickly undertaken in response to those initial outbreaks appear effective, especially in Eastern European countries, where community circulation started after March 11th. The study demonstrates that efforts to delay the early spread of the virus may have saved an average 30 deaths daily per one million inhabitants.

scholarly journals The lower COVID-19 related mortality and incidence rates in Eastern European countries are associated with delayed start of community circulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Ylli ◽  
Yan Yan Wu ◽  
Genc Burazeri ◽  
Catherine Pirkle ◽  
Tetine Sentell
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Related Mortality

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this analysis was to assess the variations in COVID-19 related mortality and incidence rates in relation to the time differences in the commencement of virus circulation and containment measures in different countries of the European Region.MethodsThe data for the current analysis (N=50 countries) were retrieved from the John Hopkins University dataset on the 7th of May 2020, with countries as study units. A piecewise regression analysis was conducted with mortality and cumulative incidence rates introduced as dependent variables and time interval (days from the 22nd of January to the date when 100 first cases were reported) as the main predictor. The country average life expectancy at birth was statistically adjusted for in the regression model.ResultsMortality and incidence were strongly and inversely intercorrelated with days from January 22, respectively −0.83 (p<.0001) and −0.73 (p<.0001). Adjusting for average life expectancy, between days 33 to 50 from the 22th of the January, the average mortality rate decreased by 30.4/million per day (95% CI: 23.2, 37.1, p<0.0001). During interval 51 to 73 days, the change in mortality was no longer statistically significant but still showed a decreasing trend. A similar relationship with time interval was found in incidence. Life expectancy was not associated with mortality rate.ConclusionCountries in Europe which observed the earliest COVID-19 circulation, suffered the worst consequences in terms of health outcomes, specifically mortality. The drastic social isolation measures, undertaken especially in Eastern European countries, where community circulation started after March 11th, may have been timely. This may explain their significantly lower COVID-related mortality compared with the Western European countries.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge of women about cervical cancer: an urban and rural comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lesińska-Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The City

Abstract Introduction Cervical cancer and its etiopathogenesis, the age of women in whom it is diagnosed, average life expectancy, and prognosis are information widely covered in scientific reports. However, there is no coherent information regarding which regions—urban or rural—it may occur more often. This is important because the literature on the subject reports that people living in rural areas have a worse prognosis when it comes to detection, treatment, and life expectancy than city dwellers. Material and methods The subjects of the study were women and their knowledge about cervical cancer. The research was carried out using a survey directly distributed among respondents and via the Internet, portals, and discussion groups for women from Poland. Three hundred twenty-nine women took part in the study, including 164 from rural and 165 from urban areas. The collected data enabled the following: (1) an analysis of the studied groups, (2) assessment of the respondents’ knowledge about cervical cancer, and (3) comparison of women’s knowledge depending on where they live. Results The average assessment of all respondents’ knowledge was 3.59, with women living in rural areas scoring 3.18 and respondents from the city—4.01. Statistical significance (p < 0.001) between the level of knowledge and place of residence was determined. The results indicate that an increase in the level of education in the subjects significantly increases the chance of getting the correct answer. In the case of age analysis, the coefficients indicate a decrease in the chance of obtaining the correct answer in older subjects despite the fact that a statistically significant level was reached in individual questions. Conclusions Women living in rural areas have less knowledge of cervical cancer than female respondents from the city. There is a need for more awareness campaigns to provide comprehensive information about cervical cancer to women in rural areas. A holistic approach to the presented issue can solve existing difficulties and barriers to maintaining health regardless of the place of life and residence. Implication for cancer survivors They need intensive care for women’s groups most burdened with risk factors.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF THE POPULATION RESIDING IN THE TULA REGION IN THE AREAS WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF HEA VYMETALS IN THE SOIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
KHROMUSHIN V.A. ◽  
◽  
VOLKOV A.V. ◽  
KHADARTSEV A.A. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Algebraic Model ◽  
Constructive Logic ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Regional Mortality

The article presents the relevance of the problem, defines the research purpose: to compare the average life expectancy of the population in the areas of the Tula region with different contents of heavy metals in the class of causes of death “Respiratory diseases ”. The authors used the data of the regional mortality register, the results of analyzes of the content of heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) in the soil by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the calculation of the average life expectancy by the algebraic model of constructive logic. The results indicate a decrease in average life expectancy due to the presence of heavy metals in the soil, but the average life expectancy in both contaminated and non-contaminated areas is gradually increasing.

FEATURES OF THE BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI) IN THE LABORATORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
YA.YU. GOLIVANOV ◽  
◽  
V.V. ZELENENKO ◽  
V.V. GRITSENKO
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Biological Development

The article presents data on the assessment of some issues of the ontogenesis of the bird cherryoat aphid: the average life expectancy, the number of offspring over a lifetime, the beginning of the reproductive period, the end of the reproductive period, the duration of the reproductive period, the life span of aphids and the number of offspring. The author found that the average life expectancy of animals was 21.55 days. The beginning of the reproductive period, on average, was on days 7–8, the end – on day 19. The average duration of the reproductive period was 12.5 days. The average number of offspring over the entire life for individuals in the sample was 34 nymphs, in a separate litter – 2–3 nymphs.

scholarly journals THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN STRUCTURE INDICES OF INFANT MORTALITY IN ST. PETERSBURG DURING 2005-2017 YEARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
A. S. Simakhodsky ◽  
L. D. Sevostianova ◽  
U. V. Gorelik ◽  
N. P. Akincheva ◽  
U. V. Kolechko
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The review presents the literature data and, revealed by authors, the patterns of changes in the dynamics of the infant mortality rate and its structure over a long period (2005-2017) in St. Petersburg. This index is one of the lowest in the Russian Federation. There are analyzed changes in the individual components of the structure of the infant mortality rate, related both to objective and subjective factors. In the city of St. Petersburg there was shown a persistent decline in the infant mortality rate due to the implementation of federal and city programs, closely correlated with structural components. The authors believe the positive dynamics of structural components in St. Petersburg to indicate the organization of all types of specialized and high-tech medical care for newborns.

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