scholarly journals A Carbon Fixation Enhanced Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Strain for Achieving the Double-Win Between Growth and Biofuel Production Under Non-stressed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhu ◽  
Huijiao Cao ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Junfeng Rong ◽  
Xupeng Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Calvin Cycle ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Carbon Conversion ◽  
Storage Compounds

The stressed cultivations are widely used in microalgae R&D for the biofuel production with the repress on growth to a certain degree, which limits the overall productivity. The balance between the growth and energy storage compounds accumulation is a target needing the combination of both strain selection or construction and culture optimization. Here, an engineered strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in which the chloroplast type glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cGAPDH) was overexpressed and named as P3-GAPDH, was cultured on the Algal Station platform. Compared with wild type (WT), C. reinhardtii CC137c, in Tris-acetate-phosphate (TAP) medium, the highest density of WT and P3-GAPDH were 1.23 ± 0.13 and 1.74 ± 0.09 g L–1 within 96 h, and the maximum biomass productivity was 24.30 ± 1.65 and 28.54 ± 1.43 mg L–1 h–1, respectively. In terms of the energy storage compounds, both carbohydrate and fatty acids content doubled in P3-GAPDH, from 0.13 ± 0.02 to 0.26 ± 0.04 g L–1 for carbohydrate and from 0.08 ± 0.01 to 0.16 ± 0.01 g L–1 for fatty acids, among which poly unsaturated fatty acids increased by 65.8%. Together with the continuous monitor of the chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics parameters Fv/Fm and Fv’/Fm’ and pH of culture, enhanced Calvin cycle by overexpressed cGAPDH promoted the carbon conversion and subsequent energy storage compounds accumulation. C. reinhardtii P3-GAPDH strain showed the potential as a good chassis with high carbon conversion ability.

scholarly journals Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is a Potential Food Supplement with the Capacity to Outperform Chlorella and Spirulina

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6736
Author(s):  
Randa Darwish ◽  
Mohamed A. Gedi ◽  
Patchaniya Akepach ◽  
Hirut Assaye ◽  
Abdelrahman S. Zaky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalgae used as a model organism associated with biotechnological applications, yet its nutritional value has not been assessed. This study investigates the nutritional capacity of C. reinhardtii as an additional value for this species beyond its known potential in biofuels and bio-products production. The composition of key nutrients in C. reinhardtii was compared with Chlorella and Spirulina, the species widely regarded as a superfood. The results revealed that the protein content of C. reinhardtii (46.9%) was comparable with that of Chlorella (45.3) and Spirulina (50.4%) on a dry weight basis. C. reinhardtii contained all the essential amino acids with good scores based on FAO/WHO values (0.9–1.9) as in Chlorella and Spirulina. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated the total fatty acids profile of C. reinhardtii were ~74 of which ~48% are n-3 fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in C. reinhardtii (42.4%) was significantly higher than that of Chlorella (23.4) and Spirulina (0.12%). For minerals, Spirulina was rich in iron (3.73 mg/g DW) followed by Chlorella (1.34 mg/g DW) and C. reinhardtii (0.96 mg/g DW). C. reinhardtii, unlike the other two species, consisted of selenium (10 µg/g DW), and had a remarkably lower heavy metal load. Moreover, C. reinhardtii contained relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll (a + b) and total carotenoids (28.6 mg/g DW and 6.9 mg/g DW, respectively) compared with Chlorella (12.0 mg/g DW and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively) and Spirulina (8.6 mg/g DW and 0.8 mg/g DW, respectively). This study confirms that, based on its nutrient credentials, C. reinhardtii has great potential as a new superfood or ingredient for a food supplement.

scholarly journals Preferential synthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in eutreptiella sp. (eugelnozoa) revealed by chromatographic and transcriptomic analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita C. Kuo ◽  
Huan Zhang ◽  
James D. Stuart ◽  
Anthony A. Provatas ◽  
Linda Hannick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Acyl Carrier Protein ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Type I ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractAlgal lipids are important fuel storage molecules in algae and a currency for energy transfer in the marine food chain as well as materials for biofuel production, but their production and regulation are not well understood in many species including the common coastal phytoplankton Eutreptiella spp. Here, using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), we discovered 24 types of fatty acids (FAs) in Eutreptiella sp. with a relatively high proportion of long chain unsaturated FAs. The abundances of C16, C18 and saturated FAs decreased when phosphate in the culture medium was depleted. Among the 24 FAs, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) were the most abundant, suggesting that Eutreptiella sp. preferentially invests in the synthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPFA). Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that Eutreptiella sp. likely synthesizes VLCPFA via Δ8 pathway and uses type I and II fatty acid synthases. Using RT-qPCR, we found that some of the lipid production genes, such as β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, fatty acid desaturase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acyl carrier protein, Δ8 desaturase, and Acyl-ACP thioesterase, were more actively expressed during light period. Besides, two carbon-fixation genes were more highly expressed in the high lipid illuminated cultures, suggesting a linkage between photosynthesis and lipid production.

scholarly journals Algal Lipid Bodies: Stress Induction, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization in Wild-Type and Starchless Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Teng Wang ◽  
Nico Ullrich ◽  
Sunjoo Joo ◽  
Sabine Waffenschmidt ◽  
Ursula Goodenough
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Soil Alga ◽  
Algal Lipid ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT When the unicellular green soil alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is deprived of nitrogen after entering stationary phase in liquid culture, the cells produce abundant cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LBs), as well as abundant starch, via a pathway that accompanies a regulated autophagy program. After 48 h of N starvation in the presence of acetate, the wild-type LB content has increased 15-fold. When starch biosynthesis is blocked in the sta6 mutant, the LB content increases 30-fold, demonstrating that genetic manipulation can enhance LB production. The use of cell wall-less strains permitted development of a rapid “popped-cell” microscopic assay to quantitate the LB content per cell and permitted gentle cell breakage and LB isolation. The highly purified LBs contain 90% triacylglycerol (TAG) and 10% free fatty acids (FFA). The fatty acids associated with the TAGs are ∼50% saturated (C16 and C18) fatty acids and ∼50% unsaturated fatty acids, half of which are in the form of oleic acid (C18:1). The FFA are ∼50% C16 and ∼50% C18. The LB-derived TAG yield from a liter of sta6 cells at 107 cells/ml after starvation for 48 h is calculated to approach 400 mg. The LB fraction also contains low levels of charged glycerolipids, with the same profile as whole-cell charged glycerolipids, that presumably form LB membranes; chloroplast-specific neutral glycerolipids (galactolipids) are absent. Very low levels of protein are also present, but all matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-identified species are apparent contaminants. Nitrogen stress-induced LB production in C. reinhardtii has the hallmarks of a discrete pathway that should be amenable to additional genetic and culture condition manipulation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Trophic Modes on Biomass and Lipid Production of Five Microalgal Strains

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Andonia Nicodemou ◽  
Michalis Kallis ◽  
Anastasia Agapiou ◽  
Androulla Markidou ◽  
Michalis Koutinas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Heterotrophic Cultivation ◽  
High Lipid

Five microalgae strains, namely Isochrysis galbana, Microchloropsis gaditana, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, were selected as potential candidates for polyunsaturated fatty acids’ production, evaluating biomass productivity and their capacity to accumulate high lipid contents under different trophic modes. Microalgae strains were cultivated in the presence of 1% glucose using mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, while autotrophic cultures served as control experiments. The results demonstrate that S. obliquus performed the highest biomass productivity that reached 0.13 and 0.14 g L−1 d−1 under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, respectively. I. galbana and S. obliquus utilized elevated contents of glucose in mixotrophy, removing 55.9% and 95.6% of the initial concentration of the carbohydrate, respectively, while glucose consumption by the aforementioned strains also remained high under heterotrophic cultivation. The production of lipids was maximal for I. galbana in mixotrophy and S. obliquus in heterotrophy, performing lipid productivities of 24.85 and 22.77 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The most abundant saturated acid detected for all microalgae strains evaluated was palmitic acid (C16:0), while oleic and linolenic acids (C18:1n9c/C18:3n3) comprised the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids. I. galbana performed the highest linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content under heterotrophic nutrition, which reached 87.9 mg g−1 of ash-free dry weight. Among the microalgae strains compared, the biomass and lipid production monitored for I. galbana and S. obliquus confirm that both strains could serve as efficient bioproducers for application in algal biorefineries.

scholarly journals Herbal Industry Wastes as Potential Materials for Biofuel Production

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Aneta Sienkiewicz ◽  
Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk ◽  
Andrzej Bajguz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel as alternative fuel has become more and more attractive in the recent years. In this research, the characterization of herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out. There results of analytical identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained in the transesterification reaction are presented. The reaction conditions were optimized, considering hexane ratio and catalyst concentration (methanol and KOH) for both steps. The FAME were extracted from the herbal samples by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. Additionally, the selected properties of some bioesters were analyzed. This study determined the compounds which are ideal for fuel production. The unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in herbal wastes, while palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid. The application of the optimized method also revealed differences in the physical and chemical properties of isolated FAME mixtures compared to conventional diesel fuel. In this research work, for the first time, the possibilities of using the herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production are assessed.

scholarly journals Production of metabolites from Scenedesmus sp. and a microalgal consortium cultured in unconventional media

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A González-Falfán ◽  
Claudia Guerrero-Barajas ◽  
Jesús A Badillo-Corona ◽  
Luis C Fernández-Linares
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
The Media

Growth comparisons were made between a microalgal consortium and Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in treated wastewater (TWw) enriched with 1 mL·L–1 Bayfolan Forte fertilizer (BM), TWw enriched with (NH4)2HPO4 (PAM), TWw enriched with NH4HCO3 (BCAM), tap water with piggery wastewater (PEM), tap water with piggery wastewater digestate (PDM), and raw wastewater (Ww). Nitrogen (N) content in the media, except for TWw, was adjusted to 80 mg·L–1 N (NH4+-N and NO3–-N). Unconventional low-cost media with lower nutrient contents (BM and TWw) showed adequate productions of biomass and lipids. PEM was the most advantageous medium, showing the highest biomass productivity with the consortium (191.25 ± 6.25 g·L–1·d–1) and a lipid productivity of 36.75 ± 9.90 mg·L–1·d–1. The fatty acid profile was composed mainly of C16 and C18. PAM, PEM, and PDM showed a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (60%–69%), whereas the composition of unsaturated fatty acids was in the range of 31% to 38%. In PEM and PDM the removal of NH4+ was 100%; however, there were NH4+ losses (as NH3) due to volatilization (46%). Unconventional media, especially Ww, are an option for growing microalgae.

scholarly journals Sustainable and Selective Extraction of Lipids and Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 4347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Santoro ◽  
Monica Nardi ◽  
Cinzia Benincasa ◽  
Paola Costanzo ◽  
Girolamo Giordano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Percentage Yield

The procedures for the extraction and separation of lipids and nutraceutics from microalgae using classic solvents have been frequently used over the years. However, these production methods usually require expensive and toxic solvents. Based on our studies involving the use of eco-sustainable methodologies and alternative solvents, we selected ethanol (EtOH) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) for extracting bio-oil and lipids from algae. Different percentages of EtOH in CPME favor the production of an oil rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), useful to biofuel production or rich in bioactive compounds. The proposed method for obtaining an extract rich in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids from dry algal biomass is disclosed as eco-friendly and allows a good extraction yield. The method is compared both in extracted oil percentage yield and in extracted fatty acids selectivity to extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2).

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
A. Levitsky ◽  
A. Lapinska ◽  
I. Selivanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

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