scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Differences Between Two Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk Phenotypes With Single- and Double-Headed Roots

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Yuqiu Chen ◽  
Qinghe Zhang ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Qiong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Coa Ligase ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Saposhnikovia Divaricata ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Saposhnikovia divaricata is derived from the dried roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk and used as a Chinese herbal medicine for treating respiratory, immune, and nervous system diseases. The continuously increasing market demand for traditional Chinese medicine requires the commercial cultivation of Saposhnikovia divaricata using standardized methods and high yielding genotypes, such as double-headed root plants, for achieving consistent quality and a reliable supply. In this study, we aimed to identify the quantitative differences in chromone, a precursor of flavonoid biosynthesis, between plants with single- and double-headed roots using high-performance liquid chromatography and further explore the two phenotypes at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. Our results showed that the chromone content was significantly higher in plants with double-headed roots than in those with single-headed roots. Transcriptomic analysis revealed six significantly differentially expressed genes between the two phenotypes, including five key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (4-coumarate-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, vinorine synthase, chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1, and flavanone 3 beta-hydroxylase) and one key gene in the abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway (zeaxanthin epoxidase). Moreover, metabolomic analysis showed that the 126 differentially expressed metabolites were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Overall, our results suggest that plants with double-headed roots have higher medicinal value than those with single-headed roots, probably due to differences in various biosynthetic pathways. These data might help select the genotypes with superior yield and therapeutic properties.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Ampelopsis megalophylla for Identifying Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Accumulation during Different Seasons

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Yang ◽  
Peina Zhou ◽  
Chun Gui ◽  
Guozheng Da ◽  
Ling Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Coa Ligase ◽  
Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Ampelopsis megalophylla is an important species used in Chinese folk medicine. Flavonoids, the most important active components of plants, greatly determine the quality of A. megalophylla. However, biosynthesis of flavonoids at the molecular and genetic levels in A. megalophylla is not well understood. In this study, we performed chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis of A. megalophylla in different seasons (i.e., May, August, and October). Accumulation of flavonoids was higher in May than in the other two months. Genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, such as chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase, were identified based on transcriptome data. Fifty ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, nine SNARE, forty-nine GST, and eighty-four glycosyltransferases unigenes related to flavonoid transport and biomodification were also found. Moreover, seventy-eight cytochrome P450s and multiple transcription factors (five MYB, two bHLH, and three WD40 family genes) may be associated with the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis process. These results provide insights into the molecular processes of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. megalophylla and offer a significant resource for the application of genetic engineering in developing varieties with improved quality.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealing the potential mechanism of seed germination in Polygonatum cyrtonema

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liu ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Jiayi Xing ◽  
Mei Du ◽  
Mingxiu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Flavonoid Synthesis ◽  
Germinated Seeds

AbstractPolygonatum cyrtonema Hua (Huangjing, HJ) has medicinal and edible value in China. However, the seeds of this plant are naturally difficult to germinate. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism underlying the germination of this plant in order to meet the market demand, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed in this study. We observed that plant hormones and α-amylase activity were differentially regulated when comparing germinated and un-germinated seeds. In addition, the metabolites related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly up-accumulated in germinated seeds. Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives and organic acids were observed to be significantly decreased during germination. The results of this study suggested that compared to un-germinated seeds, germinated seeds promote flavonoid synthesis and inhibit lignin synthesis which could be beneficial to the germination of HJ seeds. Furthermore, these results suggested that starch if hydrolyzed into glucose, which could provide the necessary energy for germination. Our results may help to establish a foundation for further research investigating the regulatory networks of seed germination and may facilitate the propagation of HJ seeds.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF ANTHOCYANINS OF CORN WITH DARK GRAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Leyla Sadraddin kyzy Valiyeva ◽  
Viktor Ivanovich Deyneka ◽  
Yelena Yur'yevna Oleynits ◽  
Gul'shan Kagraman kyzy Rahimova ◽  
Natiga Asker kyzy Nabieva
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Reverse Phase Hplc ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Corn Grains

In corn grains, anthocyanins pigments accumulate – belonging to the class of flavanoids, products of the secondary metabolism of plants and which are low molecular weight antioxidants. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the use of foods rich in anthocyanins leads to a significant reduction in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Compared to an equal amount of vegetables and fruits containing anthocyanins, more of them are present in the grain in bound form. Participating in the metabolism in the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract, they have a beneficial effect on maintaining health. To analyze the total content and determine the composition of anthocyanins in grains of 21 samples of corn from the collection of the National Gene Bank of Azerbaijan, in order to identify promising samples in breeding to increase the content of anthocyanins, we used the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with reverse phase (HPLC) with spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. The grains of the test samples identified mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, as well as the isomeric products of their mono- and diacylation with malonic acid. Pelargonidin-3-glucoside derivatives prevailed in the grain extracts of some of the samples studied. Corn samples were selected as starting material for further breeding work to create local forms of corn with improved nutritional and therapeutic properties.

scholarly journals Discovery and evaluation of a novel step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway regulated by F3H gene using a yeast expression system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmatullah Jan ◽  
Sajjad Asaf ◽  
Sanjita Paudel ◽  
Sangkyu Lee ◽  
Kyung-Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Western Blotting ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Yeast Expression ◽  
List Type ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Yeast Expression System ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

AbstractKaempferol and quercetin are the essential plant secondary metabolites that confer huge biological functions in the plant defense system. These metabolites are produced in low quantities in plants, therefore engineering microbial factory is a favorable strategy for the production of these metabolites. In this study, biosynthetic pathways for kaempferol and quercetin were constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using naringenin as a substrate. The results elucidated a novel step for the first time in kaempferol and quercetin biosynthesis directly from naringenin catalyzed by flavonol 3-hydroxylase (F3H). F3H gene from rice was cloned into pRS42K yeast episomal plasmid (YEP) vector using BamH1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes. We analyzed our target gene activity in engineered and in empty strains. The results were confirmed through TLC followed by Western blotting, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and LC-MS. TLC showed positive results on comparing both compounds extracted from the engineered strain with the standard reference. Western blotting confirmed lack of Oryza sativa flavonol 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H) activity in empty strains while high OsF3H expression in engineered strains. NMR spectroscopy confirmed only quercetin, while LCMS-MS results revealed that F3H is responsible for naringenin conversion to both kaempferol and quercetin. These results concluded that rice F3H catalyzes naringenin metabolism via hydroxylation and synthesizes kaempferol and quercetin.HighlightsCurrent study is a discovery of a novel step in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of rice plant.In this study F3H gene from rice plant was functionally expressed in yeast expression system.Results confirmed that, F3H gene is responsible for the canalization of naringenin and converted into kaempferol and quercetin.The results were confirmed through, western blotting, TLC, HPLC and NMR analysis.

Colour genes (R and Rc) for grain and coleoptile upregulate flavonoid biosynthesis genes in wheat

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiko Himi ◽  
Ahmed Nisar ◽  
Kazuhiko Noda
Keyword(s):  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Homoeologous Group ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Polyphenol Compounds ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Significant Expression ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Pigmentation of wheat grain and coleoptile is controlled by the R gene on chromosomes of the homoeologous group 3 and the Rc gene on chromosomes of the homoeologous group 7, respectively. Each of these genes is inherited monogenically. The pigment of grain has been suggested to be a derivative of catechin-tannin and that of coleoptile to be anthocyanin. These polyphenol compounds are known to be synthesized through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We isolated 4 partial nucleotide sequences of the early flavonoid biosynthesis genes (CHS, CHI, F3H, and DFR) in wheat. The expression of these genes was examined in the developing grain of red-grained and white-grained wheat lines. CHS, CHI, F3H, and DFR were highly upregulated in the grain coat tissue of the red-grained lines, whereas there was no significant expression in the white-grained lines. These results indicate that the R gene is involved in the activation of the early flavonoid biosynthesis genes. As for coleoptile pigmentation, all 4 genes were expressed in the red coleoptile; however, DFR was not activated in the white coleoptile. The Rc gene appears to be involved in DFR expression. The possibility that wheat R and Rc genes might be transcription factors is discussed.Key words: flavonoid biosynthesis genes, R gene for grain color, Rc gene for coleoptile color, wheat.

scholarly journals A fast and simple LC-MS-based characterization of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway for few seed(ling)s

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Jaegle ◽  
Miran Kalle Uroic ◽  
Xu Holtkotte ◽  
Christina Lucas ◽  
Andreas Ole Termath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Seed Ling ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Evaluation of High-Speed Copper Plating Products for RDL, Micropillar, and Fan-Out Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000631-000649
Author(s):  
Matthew A Thorseth ◽  
Mark Scalisi ◽  
Inho Lee ◽  
Sang-Min Park ◽  
Yil-Hak Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Feature Size ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Cu Pillar ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Pure Cu

Increasing market demand for portable high-performance electronic devices is requiring an increase in the I/O density in the chip packaging used to make these products. Flip-chip interconnects that enable advanced packaging utilize a C4 bumping process with lead-free solder to make the chip interconnection. However, with the decreasing chip size and tighter I/O pitch requirements that are needed to realize high-performance, Cu pillar plating has emerged as an enabling technology to meet the technical demands. Cu pillars, capped with a lead-free solder, allow for increased I/O density while still maintaining the standoff needed for proper thermal and electrical performance of stacked chips. With this realized performance, there is expected to be a significant increase in capacity of Cu pillar in the industry, requiring electrolytic Cu plating products with fast deposition rates in order to decrease wafer plating time and increase throughput. In this paper, Cu electroplating products are evaluated for plating performance at increased deposition rates for Cu pillar applications ranging from micropillar (<20 μm feature size), to standard pillar (20 – 75 μm feature size), redistribution layer (RDL) wiring, and the emerging fan-out wafer level packaging (FO-WLP), which encompasses megapillars (>150 μm feature sizes) as well as stacked via RDL designs. The chief performance criteria for evaluation is the ability to increase deposition rates while maintaining feature height uniformity, smooth and uniform feature morphology, and ability to plate a wide variety of feature sizes and shapes. Additionally, performance of these products is assessed on their ability to plate highly pure Cu deposits which enable void-free integration with lead-free solder without the need of (but is compatible with) a cost-added barrier layer.

scholarly journals Temporospatial Flavonoids Metabolism Variation in Ginkgo biloba Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Fang-Fang Fu ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Guibin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Flavonoids Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a high-value medicinal tree species characterized by its flavonoids beneficial effects that are abundant in leaves. We performed a temporospatial comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome dynamics analyses of clonally propagated Ginkgo plants at four developmental stages (time: May to August) across three different environments (space) to unravel leaves flavonoids biosynthesis variation. Principal component analysis revealed clear gene expression separation across samples from different environments and leaf-developmental stages. We found that flavonoid-related metabolism was more active in the early stage of leaf development, and the content of total flavonoid glycosides and the expression of some genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway peaked in May. We also constructed a co-expression regulation network and identified eight GbMYBs and combining with other TF genes (3 GbERFs, 1 GbbHLH, and 1 GbTrihelix) positively regulated the expression of multiple structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We found that part of these GbTFs (Gb_11316, Gb_32143, and Gb_00128) expressions was negatively correlated with mean minimum temperature and mean relative humidity, while positively correlated with sunshine duration. This study increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis in Ginkgo leaves and provided insight into the proper production and management of Ginkgo commercial plantations.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Proteome Profiling of Different Colored Rice Reveals Physiological Dynamics Involved in the Flavonoid Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqiong Chen ◽  
Yu Tao ◽  
Asif Ali ◽  
Zhenhua Zhuang ◽  
Daiming Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Colored Rice

Black and red rice are rich in both anthocyanin and proanthocyanin content, which belong to a large class of flavonoids derived from a group of phenolic secondary metabolites. However, the molecular pathways and mechanisms underlying the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway are far from clear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to gain insight into physiological factors that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in rice cultivars with red, black, and white colors. RNA sequencing of caryopsis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analyses have generated a nearly complete catalog of mRNA and expressed proteins in different colored rice cultivars. A total of 31,700 genes were identified, of which 3417, 329, and 227 genes were found specific for red, white, and black rice, respectively. A total of 13,996 unique peptides corresponding to 3916 proteins were detected in the proteomes of black, white, and red rice. Coexpression network analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among the different rice cultivars showed significant differences in photosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Based on a differential enrichment analysis, 32 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were detected, out of which only CHI, F3H, ANS, and FLS were detected by iTRAQ. Taken together, the results point to differences in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways among different colored rice cultivars, which may reflect differences in physiological functions. The differences in contents and types of flavonoids among the different colored rice cultivars are related to changes in base sequences of Os06G0162500, Os09G0455500, Os09G0455500, and Os10G0536400. Current findings expand and deepen our understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and concurrently provides potential candidate genes for improving the nutritional qualities of rice.

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