scholarly journals Non-coding RNA Regulated Cross-Talk Between Mitochondria and Other Cellular Compartments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Huang ◽  
Sipeng Wu ◽  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Geng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Mitochondrial Biosynthesis ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Functional States ◽  
Cellular Compartments

Mitochondria are the main hubs for cellular energy production. Metabolites produced in mitochondria not only feed many important biosynthesis pathways but also function as signaling molecules. Mitochondrial biosynthesis requires collaboration of both nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression systems. In addition, mitochondria have to quickly respond to changes inside and outside the cells and have their own functional states reported to the nucleus and other cellular compartments. The underlying molecular mechanisms of these complex regulations have not been well understood. Recent evidence indicates that in addition to small molecules, non-coding RNAs may contribute to the communication between mitochondria and other cellular compartments and may even serve as signals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about mitochondrial non-coding RNAs (including nucleus-encoded non-coding RNAs that are imported into mitochondria and mitochondrion-encoded non-coding RNAs that are exported), their trafficking and their functions in co-regulation of mitochondrial and other cellular processes.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNA Networks in Pulmonary Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbin Zang ◽  
Qiongyu Zhang ◽  
Xiaodong Li
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Literature Reading ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Or Genes

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in various cellular processes. There are several ncRNA classes, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). The detailed roles of these molecules in pulmonary hypertension (PH) remain unclear. We systematically collected and reviewed reports describing the functions of ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) in PH through database retrieval and manual literature reading. The characteristics of identified articles, especially the experimental methods, were carefully reviewed. Furthermore, regulatory networks were constructed using ncRNAs and their interacting RNAs or genes. These data were extracted from studies on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, pulmonary artery endothelial cells, and pulmonary artery fibroblasts. We included 14 lncRNAs, 1 circRNA, 74 miRNAs, and 110 mRNAs in the constructed networks. Using these networks, herein, we describe the current knowledge on the role of ncRNAs in PH. Moreover, these networks actively provide an improved understanding of the roles of ncRNAs in PH. The results of this study are crucial for the clinical application of ncRNAs.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of lncRNAs in the Dependent Regulation of Cancer and Their Potential Therapeutic Use

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Carlos García-Padilla ◽  
Ángel Dueñas ◽  
Virginio García-López ◽  
Amelia Aránega ◽  
Diego Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Landscape ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms

Deep whole genome and transcriptome sequencing have highlighted the importance of an emerging class of non-coding RNA longer than 200 nucleotides (i.e., long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)) that are involved in multiple cellular processes such as cell differentiation, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. Cancer is a prime example derived from a loss of homeostasis, primarily caused by genetic alterations both in the genomic and epigenetic landscape, which results in deregulation of the gene networks. Deregulation of the expression of many lncRNAs in samples, tissues or patients has been pointed out as a molecular regulator in carcinogenesis, with them acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Herein, we summarize the distinct molecular regulatory mechanisms described in literature in which lncRNAs modulate carcinogenesis, emphasizing epigenetic and genetic alterations in particular. Furthermore, we also reviewed the current strategies used to block lncRNA oncogenic functions and their usefulness as potential therapeutic targets in several carcinomas.

scholarly journals Role of Long Non-Coding RNA Polymorphisms in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Meng Gu ◽  
Zhongze Gu ◽  
Yan-Ru Lou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Response ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Personalized Oncology ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Genetic polymorphisms are defined as the presence of two or more different alleles in the same locus, with a frequency higher than 1% in the population. Since the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which refer to a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, their biological roles have been increasingly revealed in recent years. They regulate many cellular processes, from pluripotency to cancer. Interestingly, abnormal expression or dysfunction of lncRNAs is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases, including cancer and degenerative neurological diseases. Particularly, their polymorphisms have been found to be associated with altered drug response and/or drug toxicity in cancer treatment. However, molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, which are expected to be discovered by detailed studies of RNA–protein, RNA–DNA, and RNA–lipid interactions. In conclusion, lncRNAs polymorphisms may become biomarkers for predicting the response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Here we review and discuss how gene polymorphisms of lncRNAs affect cancer chemotherapeutic response. This knowledge may pave the way to personalized oncology treatments.

scholarly journals The Chinese Medicinal Formulation Guzhi Zengsheng Zhitongwan Modulates Chondrocyte Structure, Dynamics, and Metabolism by Controlling Multiple Functional Proteins

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Baojin Yao ◽  
Bocheng Lu ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Gao ◽  
Xiangyang Leng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Medicinal Formulation

Traditional Chinese medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world and has its unique principles and theories in the prevention and treatment of human diseases, which are achieved through the interactions of different types of materia medica in the form of Chinese medicinal formulations. GZZSZTW, a classical and effective Chinese medicinal formulation, was designed and created by professor Bailing Liu who is the only national medical master professor in the clinical research field of traditional Chinese medicine and skeletal diseases. GZZSZTW has been widely used in clinical settings for several decades for the treatment of joint diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis to investigate the effects of GZZSZTW on mouse primary chondrocytes using state-of-the-art iTRAQ technology. We demonstrated that the Chinese medicinal formulation GZZSZTW modulates chondrocyte structure, dynamics, and metabolism by controlling multiple functional proteins that are involved in the cellular processes of DNA replication and transcription, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton dynamics, and signal transduction. Thus, this study has expanded the current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of GZZSZTW treatment on chondrocytes. It has also shed new light on possible strategies to further prevent and treat cartilage-related diseases using traditional Chinese medicinal formulations.

ADAMTS9-AS2: A functional long non-coding RNA in tumorigenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xu ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
Yuxuan Cai ◽  
Jinlan Chen ◽  
Xing Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
Cancer Proliferation ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been identified as novel molecular regulators in cancers. LncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 can mediate the occurrence and development of cancer through various ways such as regulating miRNAs, activating the classical signaling pathways in cancer, and so on, which have been studied by many scholars. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of ADAMTS9-AS2 in different human cancers. Methods: Through a systematic search of PubMed, lncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 mediated molecular mechanisms in cancer are summarized inductively. Results: ADAMTS9-AS2 aberrantly expression in different cancers is closely related to cancer proliferation, invasion, migration, inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of ADAMTS9-AS2 in DNA methylation, mediating PI3K / Akt / mTOR signaling pathways, regulating miRNAs and proteins, and such shows its significant potential as a therapeutic cancer target. Conclusion: LncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 can become a promising biomolecular marker and a therapeutic target for human cancer.

scholarly journals Emerging role of a novel small non-coding regulatory RNA: tRNA-derived small RNA

ExRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfang Jin ◽  
Zhigang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract The discovery of small non-coding RNAs, such as miRNA and piRNA, has dramatically changed our understanding of the role RNA plays in organisms. Recent studies show that a novel small non-coding RNA generated from cleavage of tRNA or pre-tRNA, called tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA), serves as a new regulator of gene expression. tsRNA has been determined participate in regulating some specific physiological and pathological processes. Although knowledge regarding the biological roles of miRNA and piRNA is expanding, whether tsRNAs play similar roles remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action and biological functions of tsRNAs in intracellular, extracellular and intergenerational inheritance, and highlight the potential application of tsRNAs in human diseases, and present the current problems and future research directions.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Biological Function and Clinical Application

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5944
Author(s):  
Jianfei Tang ◽  
Xiaodan Fang ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
Haixia Zhang ◽  
Zhangui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a type of malignancy with high mortality, leading to poor prognosis worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying OSCC carcinogenesis have not been fully understood. Recently, the discovery and characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have revealed their regulatory importance in OSCC. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been broadly implicated in the initiation and progress of tumors. In this review, we summarize the functions and molecular mechanisms regarding these lncRNAs in OSCC. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between lncRNA and tumor microenvironment (TME), and discuss the potential applications of lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools and therapeutic targets in OSCC. Notably, we also discuss lncRNA-targeted therapeutic techniques including CRISPR-Cas9 as well as immune checkpoint therapies to target lncRNA and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Therefore, this review presents the future perspectives of lncRNAs in OSCC therapy, but more research is needed to allow the applications of these findings to the clinic.

Epigenetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Edward Hookway ◽  
Nicholas Athanasou ◽  
Udo Oppermann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Epigenetics is a term that refers to a collection of diverse mechanisms that are important in both the control of gene expression and the transmission of this information during cell division. Epigenetic processes are deranged in many cancers, leading to a combination of inappropriate silencing of tumour suppressor genes and overexpression of oncogenes. In this chapter, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the major epigenetic processes of DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs will be described in both their normal physiological roles and in the context of cancer. The challenge of understanding the complexity of the interactions between different epigenetic mechanisms and the limitations of our current knowledge will be highlighted. Therapeutic approaches towards targeting deranged epigenetic processes will also be described, such as the use of small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases.

scholarly journals Lysosomal Exocytosis, Exosome Release and Secretory Autophagy: The Autophagic- and Endo-Lysosomal Systems Go Extracellular

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Buratta ◽  
Brunella Tancini ◽  
Krizia Sagini ◽  
Federica Delo ◽  
Elisabetta Chiaradia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Extracellular Release ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Endosomal System

Beyond the consolidated role in degrading and recycling cellular waste, the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems play a crucial role in extracellular release pathways. Lysosomal exocytosis is a process leading to the secretion of lysosomal content upon lysosome fusion with plasma membrane and is an important mechanism of cellular clearance, necessary to maintain cell fitness. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles originating from the inward budding of the membrane of late endosomes, which may not fuse with lysosomes but be released extracellularly upon exocytosis. In addition to garbage disposal tools, they are now considered a cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Autophagy is a cellular process leading to sequestration of cytosolic cargoes for their degradation within lysosomes. However, the autophagic machinery is also involved in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy-dependent secretion, which are fundamental mechanisms for toxic protein disposal, immune signalling and pathogen surveillance. These cellular processes underline the crosstalk between the autophagic and the endosomal system and indicate an intersection between degradative and secretory functions. Further, they suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion, either with lysosomes or plasma membrane, are key determinants to maintain cell homeostasis upon stressing stimuli. When they fail, the accumulation of undigested substrates leads to pathological consequences, as indicated by the involvement of autophagic and lysosomal alteration in human diseases, namely lysosomal storage disorders, age-related neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge on the functional role of extracellular release pathways involving lysosomes and the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems, evaluating their implication in health and disease.

Molecular mechanisms of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling in health and disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 439 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Morgan ◽  
Frances M. Platt ◽  
Emyr Lloyd-Evans ◽  
Antony Galione
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Lysosome Related Organelles ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Endosomal Vesicles ◽  
Intracellular Targets

Endosomes, lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles are emerging as important Ca2+ storage cellular compartments with a central role in intracellular Ca2+ signalling. Endocytosis at the plasma membrane forms endosomal vesicles which mature to late endosomes and culminate in lysosomal biogenesis. During this process, acquisition of different ion channels and transporters progressively changes the endolysosomal luminal ionic environment (e.g. pH and Ca2+) to regulate enzyme activities, membrane fusion/fission and organellar ion fluxes, and defects in these can result in disease. In the present review we focus on the physiology of the inter-related transport mechanisms of Ca2+ and H+ across endolysosomal membranes. In particular, we discuss the role of the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) as a major regulator of Ca2+ release from endolysosomes, and the recent discovery of an endolysosomal channel family, the TPCs (two-pore channels), as its principal intracellular targets. Recent molecular studies of endolysosomal Ca2+ physiology and its regulation by NAADP-gated TPCs are providing exciting new insights into the mechanisms of Ca2+-signal initiation that control a wide range of cellular processes and play a role in disease. These developments underscore a new central role for the endolysosomal system in cellular Ca2+ regulation and signalling.

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