scholarly journals Resistin, a Novel Host Defense Peptide of Innate Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanran Li ◽  
Qiyuan Yang ◽  
Dongjie Cai ◽  
Hongrui Guo ◽  
Jing Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Host Defense Peptide

Resistin, a cysteine-rich protein, expressed in adipocytes, was initially proposed as a link between obesity and diabetes in mice. In humans, resistin is considered to be a pro-inflammatory molecule expressed in immune cells, which plays a regulatory role in many chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. However, increasing evidence shows that resistin functions as a host defense peptide of innate immunity, in terms of its wide-spectrum anti-microbial activity, modulation of immunity, and limitation of microbial product-induced inflammation. To date, the understanding of resistin participating in host defense mechanism is still limited. The review aims to summarize current knowledge about the biological properties, functions, and related mechanisms of resistin in host defense, which provides new insights into the pleiotropic biological function of resistin and yields promising strategies for developing new antimicrobial therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals The role of selected mechanisms of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 544-549
Author(s):  
Paulina Trojanowska ◽  
Magdalena Chrościńska-Krawczyk ◽  
Alina Trojanowska ◽  
Ewa Tywanek ◽  
Jakub Wronecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins: Guardians of host defense in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Tretina ◽  
Eui-Soon Park ◽  
Agnieszka Maminska ◽  
John D. MacMicking
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Basic Biology

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) have recently emerged as central orchestrators of immunity to infection, inflammation, and neoplastic diseases. Within numerous host cell types, these IFN-induced GTPases assemble into large nanomachines that execute distinct host defense activities against a wide variety of microbial pathogens. In addition, GBPs customize inflammasome responses to bacterial infection and sepsis, where they act as critical rheostats to amplify innate immunity and regulate tissue damage. Similar functions are becoming evident for metabolic inflammatory syndromes and cancer, further underscoring the importance of GBPs within infectious as well as altered homeostatic settings. A better understanding of the basic biology of these IFN-induced GTPases could thus benefit clinical approaches to a wide spectrum of important human diseases.

scholarly journals Th17 Cells and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kübra Bunte ◽  
Thomas Beikler
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Bowel Diseases

Innate immunity represents the semi-specific first line of defense and provides the initial host response to tissue injury, trauma, and pathogens. Innate immunity activates the adaptive immunity, and both act highly regulated together to establish and maintain tissue homeostasis. Any dysregulation of this interaction can result in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity and is thought to be a major underlying cause in the initiation and progression of highly prevalent immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases among others, and periodontitis. Th1 and Th2 cells of the adaptive immune system are the major players in the pathogenesis of IMIDs. In addition, Th17 cells, their key cytokine IL-17, and IL-23 seem to play pivotal roles. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the differentiation of Th17 cells and the role of the IL-17/IL-23 axis in the pathogenesis of IMIDs. Moreover, it aims to review the association of these IMIDs with periodontitis and briefly discusses the therapeutic potential of agents that modulate the IL-17/IL-23 axis.

IL-37/IL-18Rα complex: receptors, signaling and pathogenesis of diseases

2014 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gene Location ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
T Helper 17 ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

The interleukin 1 (IL-1) family, a subset of cytokines consisting of IL-1a and IL-1b, in addition, seven novel IL-1 family members have been identified based on their sequence homology, three-dimensional protein structure, gene location and receptor binding profile. These proteins are now termed IL-36Ra, IL-36a, IL-36b, IL-36g, IL-37, IL-38 and IL-33 (previously known as IL-1F5, IL-1F6, IL-1F8, IL-1F9, IL-1F7, IL-1F10 and IL-1F11, respectively). Its plays crucial roles in host defense mechanism and in the development of inflammatory diseases. Although IL-17A is the signature cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, IL-17A and other IL-17 family cytokines have multiple sources ranging from immune cells to non-immune cells. The IL-17 family signals via their correspondent receptors and activates downstream pathways that include NFκB, MAPKs and C/EBPs to induce the expression of anti-microbial peptides, cytokines and chemokines. The proximal adaptor Act1 is a common mediator during the signaling of all IL-17 cytokines so far and is thus involved in IL-17 mediated host defense and IL-17-driven autoimmune conditions. This review will give an overview and recent updates on the IL-37/IL-18Rα complex, the activation and regulation of IL-37 signaling as well as diseases associated with this cytokine family.

The Role of Host Defense Peptide Human β-defensins in the Maintenance of Skin Barriers

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1092-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanisa Kiatsurayanon ◽  
Hideoki Ogawa ◽  
Francois Niyonsaba
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Host Defense Peptide ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

The epidermis functions as a first-line defense barrier that protects the body from the external environment. As a chemical hindrance, the epidermis possesses acidic pH, highly organized lipids and various host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides. Human β-defensins (hBDs), one of the most important host defense peptide families found in our skin, are well-known for their broad-spectrum microbicidal activities. However, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that hBDs also orchestrate several immunomodulatory functions and are the cornerstone that bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses during skin inflammation and infection. Moreover, recent work identified the potential role of hBDs in the regulation and maintenance of the skin barrier function. In this review, we describe the current knowledge concerning the role of hBDs in skin barriers and discuss the potential clinical implications of these peptides in cutaneous biology. Understanding the roles of hBDs in the regulation and maintenance of skin barriers may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for skin conditions where the skin barrier is impaired, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

scholarly journals Glycomacropeptide Bioactivity and Health: A Review Highlighting Action Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Córdova-Dávalos ◽  
Mariela Jiménez ◽  
Eva Salinas
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Compilation

Food-derived bioactive peptides are reported as beneficial and safe for human health. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-protein-derived peptide that, in addition to its nutritional value, retains many biological properties and has therapeutic effects in several inflammatory disorders. GMP was shown under in vitro and in vivo conditions to exert a number of activities that regulate the physiology of important body systems, namely the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. This review represents a comprehensive compilation summarizing the current knowledge and updated information on the major biological properties associated with GMP. GMP bioactivity is addressed with special attention on mechanisms of action, signaling pathways involved, and structural characteristics implicated. In addition, the results of various studies dealing with the effects of GMP on models of inflammatory diseases are reviewed and discussed.

scholarly journals Interaction of the core fragments of the LL-37 host defense peptide with actin

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 9361-9367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Sol ◽  
Guangshun Wang ◽  
Edna Blotnick ◽  
Radha Golla ◽  
Gilad Bachrach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
The Core ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Host Defense Peptide ◽  
Defense Peptides

Host defense peptides are effector molecules of the innate immunity that possess antimicrobial and health-promoting properties.

scholarly journals Biological Properties of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Physiological Functions in Infant

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Lianghui You ◽  
Zhenxing Zhang ◽  
Xianwei Cui ◽  
Hong Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells under pathological and physiological conditions. EVs harbor various biomolecules, including protein, lipid, non-coding RNA, messenger RNA, and DNA. In 2007, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) carried by EVs were found to have regulatory functions in recipient cells. The biological function of EVs has since then increasingly drawn interest. Breast milk, as the most important nutritional source for infants, contains EVs in large quantities. An increasing number of studies have provided the basis for the hypothesis associated with information transmission between mothers and infants via breast milk-derived EVs. Most studies on milk-derived EVs currently focus on miRNAs. Milk-derived EVs contain diverse miRNAs, which remain stable both in vivo and in vitro; as such, they can be absorbed across different species. Further studies have confirmed that miRNAs derived from milk-derived EVs can resist the acidic environment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the digestive tract; moreover, they can be absorbed by intestinal cells in infants to perform physiological functions. miRNAs derived from milk EVs have been reported in the maturation of immune cells, regulation of immune response, formation of neuronal synapses, and development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. This article reviews current status and advances in milk-derived EVs, including their history, biogenesis, molecular contents, and biological functions. The effects of milk-derived EVs on growth and development in both infants and adults were emphasized. Finally, the potential application and future challenges of milk-derived EVs were discussed, providing comprehensive understanding and new insight into milk-derived EVs.

Insight into innate immunity of the uterine cervix as a host defense mechanism against infection and preterm birth

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin S Buhimschi ◽  
Margaret A Baumbusch ◽  
Katherine H Campbell ◽  
Antonette T Dulay ◽  
Irina A Buhimschi
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Host Defense Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Ursolic Acid and Related Analogues: Triterpenoids with Broad Health Benefits

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Huynh Nga Nguyen ◽  
Sarah L. Ullevig ◽  
John D. Short ◽  
Luxi Wang ◽  
Yong Joo Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Ursolic acid (UA) is a well-studied natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in herbs, fruit and a number of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. UA has a broad range of biological activities and numerous potential health benefits. In this review, we summarize the current data on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of UA and review the literature on the biological activities of UA and its closest analogues in the context of inflammation, metabolic diseases, including liver and kidney diseases, obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. We end with a brief overview of UA’s main analogues with a special focus on a newly discovered naturally occurring analogue with intriguing biological properties and potential health benefits, 23-hydroxy ursolic acid.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document