scholarly journals Effects of Low Temperature on Shrimp and Crab Physiology, Behavior, and Growth: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyun Ren ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Huixin Shao ◽  
Yao Xu ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neuromuscular Function ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cellular Dehydration ◽  
Function Loss

As important aquaculture species worldwide, shrimps and crabs are thermophilic animals with a feeble thermoregulation ability. Changes in environmental factors are the main reason for the decrease in the immunity and disease resistance ability of cultured organisms. Water temperature is one of the most common abiotic stress factors for aquatic ectotherms. It influences nearly all biochemical and physiological processes in crustaceans, resulting in an imbalance in ion and water homeostasis, neuromuscular function loss, cellular dehydration, and altered metabolic pathways. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of low temperature on the physiological response, and the behavior, development, and growth of shrimp and crab. We suggest a deeper research to understand the physiological processes involved in thermoregulation; this knowledge could be used to reduce the adverse effects in the shrimps and crabs during the culture.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2950
Author(s):  
Beatrycze Nowicka ◽  
Agnieszka Trela-Makowej ◽  
Dariusz Latowski ◽  
Kazimierz Strzalka ◽  
Renata Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
And Function

Plant prenyllipids, especially isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, are very efficient low-molecular-weight lipophilic antioxidants, protecting membranes and storage lipids from reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are byproducts of aerobic metabolism that can damage cell components, they are also known to play a role in signaling. Plants are particularly prone to oxidative damage because oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 formation in their green tissues. In addition, the photosynthetic electron transfer chain is an important source of ROS. Therefore, chloroplasts are the main site of ROS generation in plant cells during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and plastidic antioxidants are crucial to prevent oxidative stress, which occurs when plants are exposed to various types of stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. The increase in antioxidant content during stress acclimation is a common phenomenon. In the present review, we describe the mechanisms of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) production in chloroplasts in general and during exposure to abiotic stress factors, such as high light, low temperature, drought and salinity. We highlight the dual role of their presence: negative (i.e., lipid peroxidation, pigment and protein oxidation) and positive (i.e., contribution in redox-based physiological processes). Then we provide a summary of current knowledge concerning plastidic prenyllipid antioxidants belonging to isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, as well as their structure, occurrence, biosynthesis and function both in ROS detoxification and signaling.

scholarly journals Bitkilerde Abiyotik Stres Toleransında Etkili Olan Moleküllere Örnek Olarak Eksojen Salisilik Asit Uygulamaları

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (sp3) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Ayşe Gül Nasırcılar ◽  
Kamile Ulukapı ◽  
Sevinç Şener
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Mode Of Application

Plant growth and development, which is associated with endogenous and exogenous factors, is greatly affected by abiotic stress factors such as drought, salt, high and low temperature, radiation and heavy metals. Coping with stress in plants takes place by making changes in cell metabolism under adverse conditions and activating defence mechanisms. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the molecules that activate these mechanisms in plants and it is an internal plant growth regulator which is especially effective in responding to pathogen attacks. SA, which is a phenolic compound and also known as a plant hormone, acts as a signalling molecule under stress conditions and regulates the response of the plant under stress conditions and ensures its survival. It is known that especially exogenous SA applications provide resistance by activating pathogenicity-related genes in plants. There are many studies showing that externally applied SA increases plant resistance against abiotic stress factors as well as biotic stress factors. Exogenous SA applications were researched in different plants such as tomato, pepper, corn, maize and bean and it was found to be effective in forming resistance for salt, high and low temperature, drought and heavy metal stresses. However, some studies have shown that exogenous SA applications have inhibitory properties in some vegetative and biochemical contents of some plant species. It is concluded that the effects of SA may vary depending on the application dose, plant species and the mode of application.

scholarly journals Variability of potassium content in the needles of Douglas-fir provenances of Canadian origin

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanović ◽  
Vera Lavadinović ◽  
Ljubinko Rakonjac ◽  
Snežana Stajić ◽  
Zoran Miletić
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Allochthonous Species ◽  
Provenance Test

The provenance test model is based on the analysis of growth, anatomical, physiological, chemical, mechanical, and other properties of an allochthonous species to justify its transfer from the place of origin to new ecosystems. Douglas-fir is one of the most common allochthonous conifer species in the forest plantations of Europe. Given that the analysis of different physiological properties of trees is important for the introduction of specified provenances into new habitats, this paper presents the results of an investigation of the variability of potassium content in young Douglas-fir needles of 14 Canadian provenances raised on two experimental sites in Belgrade. Potassium is an essential element involved in a number of biochemical and physiological processes and plays a significant role in the adaptation of plants on biotic and abiotic stress factors. Determination of the deviation of potassium content in the needles of each Douglas-fir provenance studied was performed using the Z-test.

GRAFTED TOMATOES – ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF SOIL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorin Sora ◽  
Mădălina Doltu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Chemical Disinfection

This study aimed to identification of an ecological alternative for the chemical disinfection of soil in the greenhouses from Romania. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world. The carbohydrate, vitamins, salts of important mineral elements and organic acids content of tomato fruits is very important. Tomato crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield and the fruit quality. Grafting on Solanaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse of the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. The biological material used was a Romanian tomato hybrid (Siriana F1), a Dutch tomato hybrid (Abellus F1) and four rootstocks, a Dutch tomato hybrid (Emperador F1) and three Romanian tomato cultivars (L542, L543 and L544) obtained from the Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing, Buzău, Romania. The rootstocks have had resistance to biotic stress factors (soil diseases and pests) and the chemical disinfection of soil has was eliminated. The result of this research are presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Identification of Biomolecules Involved in the Adaptation to the Environment of Cold-Loving Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways for Their Production

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155
Author(s):  
Eva Garcia-Lopez ◽  
Paula Alcazar ◽  
Cristina Cid
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Light Protection ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Function Discovery

Cold-loving microorganisms of all three domains of life have unique and special abilities that allow them to live in harsh environments. They have acquired structural and molecular mechanisms of adaptation to the cold that include the production of anti-freeze proteins, carbohydrate-based extracellular polymeric substances and lipids which serve as cryo- and osmoprotectants by maintaining the fluidity of their membranes. They also produce a wide diversity of pigmented molecules to obtain energy, carry out photosynthesis, increase their resistance to stress and provide them with ultraviolet light protection. Recently developed analytical techniques have been applied as high-throughoutput technologies for function discovery and for reconstructing functional networks in psychrophiles. Among them, omics deserve special mention, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, glycomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. These techniques have allowed the identification of microorganisms and the study of their biogeochemical activities. They have also made it possible to infer their metabolic capacities and identify the biomolecules that are parts of their structures or that they secrete into the environment, which can be useful in various fields of biotechnology. This Review summarizes current knowledge on psychrophiles as sources of biomolecules and the metabolic pathways for their production. New strategies and next-generation approaches are needed to increase the chances of discovering new biomolecules.

scholarly journals The Multiple Functions of Rho GTPases in Fission Yeasts

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1422
Author(s):  
Jero Vicente-Soler ◽  
Teresa Soto ◽  
Alejandro Franco ◽  
José Cansado ◽  
Marisa Madrid
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange Factors ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Rho Family

The Rho family of GTPases represents highly conserved molecular switches involved in a plethora of physiological processes. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has become a fundamental model organism to study the functions of Rho GTPases over the past few decades. In recent years, another fission yeast species, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, has come into focus offering insight into evolutionary changes within the genus. Both fission yeasts contain only six Rho-type GTPases that are spatiotemporally controlled by multiple guanine–nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and whose intricate regulation in response to external cues is starting to be uncovered. In the present review, we will outline and discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on how the fission yeasts Rho family GTPases regulate essential physiological processes such as morphogenesis and polarity, cellular integrity, cytokinesis and cellular differentiation.

scholarly journals Tree Vitality and Forest Health: Can Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes Be Used as Indicators?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Giovanna Battipaglia ◽  
John L. Innes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physiological Processes

Abstract Purpose of Review Society is concerned about the long-term condition of the forests. Although a clear definition of forest health is still missing, to evaluate forest health, monitoring efforts in the past 40 years have concentrated on the assessment of tree vitality, trying to estimate tree photosynthesis rates and productivity. Used in monitoring forest decline in Central Europe since the 1980s, crown foliage transparency has been commonly believed to be the best indicator of tree condition in relation to air pollution, although annual variations appear more closely related to water stress. Although crown transparency is not a good indicator of tree photosynthesis rates, defoliation is still one of the most used indicators of tree vitality. Tree rings have been often used as indicators of past productivity. However, long-term tree growth trends are difficult to interpret because of sampling bias, and ring width patterns do not provide any information about tree physiological processes. Recent Findings In the past two decades, tree-ring stable isotopes have been used not only to reconstruct the impact of past climatic events, such as drought, but also in the study of forest decline induced by air pollution episodes, and other natural disturbances and environmental stress, such as pest outbreaks and wildfires. They have proven to be useful tools for understanding physiological processes and tree response to such stress factors. Summary Tree-ring stable isotopes integrate crown transpiration rates and photosynthesis rates and may enhance our understanding of tree vitality. They are promising indicators of tree vitality. We call for the use of tree-ring stable isotopes in future monitoring programmes.

Main Plant Extracts’ Active Properties Effective on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Loss

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 418-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana-Miruna Balmus ◽  
Alin Ciobica
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Theory Research

Alzheimer’s disease leads to progressive cognitive function loss, which may impair both intellectual capacities and psychosocial aspects. Although the current knowledge points to a multifactorial character of Alzheimer’s disease, the most issued pathological hypothesis remains the cholinergic theory. The main animal model used in cholinergic theory research is the scopolamine-induced memory loss model. Although, in some cases, a temporary symptomatic relief can be obtained through targeting the cholinergic or glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems, no current treatment is able to stop or slow cognitive impairment. Many potentially successful therapies are often blocked by the blood–brain barrier since it exhibits permeability only for several classes of active molecules. However, the plant extracts’ active molecules are extremely diverse and heterogeneous regarding the biochemical structure. In this way, many active compounds constituting the recently tested plant extracts may exhibit the same general effect on acetylcholine pathway, but on different molecular ground, which can be successfully used in Alzheimer’s disease adjuvant therapy.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Transfer in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3245
Author(s):  
Luca X. Zampieri ◽  
Catarina Silva-Almeida ◽  
Justin D. Rondeau ◽  
Pierre Sonveaux
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Tunneling Nanotubes ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cancer Cell Death ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Depending on their tissue of origin, genetic and epigenetic marks and microenvironmental influences, cancer cells cover a broad range of metabolic activities that fluctuate over time and space. At the core of most metabolic pathways, mitochondria are essential organelles that participate in energy and biomass production, act as metabolic sensors, control cancer cell death, and initiate signaling pathways related to cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis and resistance to treatments. While some mitochondrial modifications provide aggressive advantages to cancer cells, others are detrimental. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge about mitochondrial transfers that can occur between cancer and nonmalignant cells. Among different mechanisms comprising gap junctions and cell-cell fusion, tunneling nanotubes are increasingly recognized as a main intercellular platform for unidirectional and bidirectional mitochondrial exchanges. Understanding their structure and functionality is an important task expected to generate new anticancer approaches aimed at interfering with gains of functions (e.g., cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance) or damaged mitochondria elimination associated with mitochondrial transfer.

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