Gut Microbial Composition and Diversity in Four Ophiuroid Species: Divergence Between Suspension Feeder and Scavenger and Their Symbiotic Microbes

Gut microbiota have important roles in the survival and adaptation of the host. Ophiuroids, as the worldwide dominant benthos, have ecological roles in benthic–pelagic coupling in the sea floor. However, little is known about the composition and diversity of their gut microbiota and its potential functions in benthic ecosystems. In present study, we preformed 16S rRNA sequencing and function analysis in four dominant species (Stegophiura sladeni, Ophiopholis mirabilis, Ophiura sarsii vadicola, and Ophiura kinbergi) with two feeding types (suspension feeding/herbivores and scavenger/carnivores) from the Yellow Sea, China. Results showed that 56 phyla and 569 genera of microbiota were identified among ophiuroid guts. Multivariate and diversity analyses showed that the ophiuroid gut microbiota were independent and have higher biodiversity to the sediment microbial in the Yellow Sea. Phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria, with more than 80% abundance among the four ophiuroid species. A comparison among the gut microbial compositions among four ophiuroids showed the similarity of two offshore carnivore ophiuroids (S. sladeni and O. sarsii vadicola) and variation in the dominant microbiota types of three nearshore ophiuroids (S. sladeni, O. mirabilis, and O. kinbergi). The functional analysis revealed the significant differences of the environment-related expression in S. sladeni gut microbiota between nearshore and offshore environments. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) functional annotation showed the significant divergence of metabolism pathways between two nearshore species, the herbivores O. mirabilis and carnivores S. sladeni, such as the Lipid metabolism, Carbohydrate metabolism, and Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. The homolog search and phylogenetic analysis identified the first gut symbiotic Candidatus Hepatoplasma in S. sladeni with important roles for the nutrient metabolisms. Overall, our study reported the comprehensive data of ophiuroid gut microbiota, while the functional microbiome provides insight into the physiology and environmental adaptation in ophiuroids.

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Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Adult Mosquitoes From Eight Locations in Hainan, China

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2020.596750 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Xun Kang ◽

Yanhong Wang ◽

Siping Li ◽

Xiaomei Sun ◽

Xiangyang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Disease Control ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Variable Region ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Quality Filtering ◽

And Function

The midgut microbial community composition, structure, and function of field-collected mosquitoes may provide a way to exploit microbial function for mosquito-borne disease control. However, it is unclear how adult mosquitoes acquire their microbiome, how the microbiome affects life history traits and how the microbiome influences community structure. We analyzed the composition of 501 midgut bacterial communities from field-collected adult female mosquitoes, including Aedes albopictus, Aedes galloisi, Culex pallidothorax, Culex pipiens, Culex gelidus, and Armigeres subalbatus, across eight habitats using the HiSeq 4000 system and the V3−V4 hyper-variable region of 16S rRNA gene. After quality filtering and rarefaction, a total of 1421 operational taxonomic units, belonging to 29 phyla, 44 families, and 43 genera were identified. Proteobacteria (75.67%) were the most common phylum, followed by Firmicutes (10.38%), Bacteroidetes (6.87%), Thermi (4.60%), and Actinobacteria (1.58%). The genera Rickettsiaceae (33.00%), Enterobacteriaceae (20.27%), Enterococcaceae (7.49%), Aeromonadaceae (7.00%), Thermaceae (4.52%), and Moraxellaceae (4.31%) were dominant in the samples analyzed and accounted for 76.59% of the total genera. We characterized the midgut bacterial communities of six mosquito species in Hainan province, China. The gut bacterial communities were different in composition and abundance, among locations, for all mosquito species. There were significant differences in the gut microbial composition between some species and substantial variation in the gut microbiota between individuals of the same mosquito species. There was a marked variation in different mosquito gut microbiota within the same location. These results might be useful in the identification of microbial communities that could be exploited for disease control.

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Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

10.3389/fcvm.2021.759735 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Shuangyue Li ◽

Georgios Kararigas

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Host Health ◽

Health And Disease ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

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Long term exposure of human gut microbiota with high and low emulsifier sensitivity to soy lecithin in M-SHIME model.

10.1101/2021.12.16.472798 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Miclotte ◽

Ellen De Paepe ◽

Qiqiong Li ◽

Andreja Rajkovic ◽

John Van Camp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Treatment Phase ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Soy Lecithin ◽

Potential Health ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact

In the context of the potential health hazards related to food processing, dietary emulsifiers have been shown to alter the structure and function of the gut microbial community, both in vivo and in vitro. In mouse models, these emulsifier exposed gut microbiota were shown to contribute to gut inflammation. Several knowledge gaps remain to be addressed though. As such, the impact from a longer timeframe of exposure on the gut microbiota is not known and interindividual variability in microbiome response needs to be measured. To answer these research questions, in this study the faecal microbiota from two individuals, previously selected for high and low emulsifier sensitivity, were exposed to two concentrations of soy lecithin during a 7 day treatment phase in the dynamic mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (M-SHIME). The results showed mild effects from soy lecithin on the composition and functionality of these microbial communities, which depended on the original microbial composition. The effects also mostly levelled off after 3 days of exposure. The emulsifier sensitivity for which the microbiota were selected, was preserved. Some potentially concerning effects were also registered: butyrate levels, positively correlating with Faecalibacterium abundance, were lowered by soy lecithin. Also the abundance of the beneficial Bifidobacterium genus was lowered, while the abundance of the notorious unclassified Enterobacteriaceae was increased. Within the family of the unclassified Lachnospiraceae, several genera were either suppressed or stimulated. The effects that these microbial alterations would have on a living host is not yet certain, especially given the fact that large fractions of soy lecithins constituents can be absorbed. Nevertheless, choline and phosphatidylcholine, both primary and absorbable constituents of soy lecithin, have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease via the generation of TMA by the gut microbiota. Further studies that validate our findings and link them to potential health outcomes are thus justified.

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Influence of proton pump inhibitor or rebamipide use on gut microbiota of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keaa316 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ji-Won Kim ◽

Yunju Jeong ◽

Sang-Jun Park ◽

Hui Jin ◽

Jennifer Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Proton Pump ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Bacterial Dna ◽

Microbial Function ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Functional Pathway ◽

And Function

Abstract Objective Patients with RA commonly use gastrointestinal (GI) protective drugs for treatment and prevention of drug-associated GI injuries. However, how these drugs affect the gut microbiota in RA patients remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the gut microbiota of RA patients according to use of GI protective drugs such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine 2-receptor antagonists and rebamipide. Methods Faecal samples were obtained from 15 healthy controls and 32 RA patients who were receiving PPI, histamine 2-receptor antagonist or rebamipide. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the faecal samples and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Microbial composition and function were analysed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. Results RA patients exhibited reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiota compared with healthy controls. The gut microbiota of RA patients receiving acid-suppressing drugs, particularly PPIs, was distinct from that of RA patients receiving rebamipide (PPI vs rebamipide, P = 0.005). Streptococcus was enriched in RA patients receiving PPI, while Clostridium bolteae was enriched in RA patients receiving rebamipide. The gut microbiota of PPI users was abundant with microbial functional pathway involved in the production of virulence factors. This featured microbial function was positively correlated with relative abundance of Streptococcus, the differentially abundant taxa of PPI users. Conclusion The gut microbiota of RA patients receiving PPIs was distinguishable from that of those receiving rebamipide. The enriched virulent function in the gut microbiota of PPI users suggests that inappropriate PPI use may be harmful in RA patients.

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Can we modulate the breastfed infant gut microbiota through maternal diet?

FEMS Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1093/femsre/fuab011 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Azhar S Sindi ◽

Donna T Geddes ◽

Mary E Wlodek ◽

Beverly S Muhlhausler ◽

Matthew S Payne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Human Milk ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Breastfed Infant ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Infant Gut Microbiome ◽

And Function ◽

Microbiome Data

Abstract Initial colonisation of the infant gut is robustly influenced by regular ingestion of human milk, a substance that contains microbes, microbial metabolites, immune proteins, and oligosaccharides. Numerous factors have been identified as potential determinants of the human milk and infant gut microbiota, including maternal diet; however, there is limited data on the influence of maternal diet during lactation on either of these. Here, we review the processes thought to contribute to human milk and infant gut bacterial colonisation and provide a basis for considering the role of maternal dietary patterns during lactation in shaping infant gut microbial composition and function. Although only one observational study has directly investigated the influence of maternal diet during lactation on the infant gut microbiome, data from animal studies suggests that modulation of the maternal gut microbiota, via diet or probiotics, may influence the mammary or milk microbiota. Additionally, evidence from human studies suggests that the maternal diet during pregnancy may affect the gut microbiota of the breastfed infant. Together, there is a plausible hypothesis that maternal diet during lactation may influence the infant gut microbiota. If substantiated in further studies, this may present a potential window of opportunity for modulating the infant gut microbiome in early life.

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Analysis of Colon Microbial Diversity of African Ostriches at Different Ages

10.21203/rs.3.rs-125467/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng Li ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Jie Yang ◽

Xiaoting Zhang ◽

Lixun Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Diversity ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Middle Part ◽

Sequencing Technology ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Different Ages ◽

And Function ◽

Dominant Bacteria ◽

Richness Index

Abstract Background:The colon is the unique digestive organ of the African ostrich. It has a large microbial population, which plays an important role in the digestive process of the African ostriches. Methods: In order to understand the diversity of colon microbes in African ostriches, this study used metagenomics sequencing technology to sequence and analyze the colonic microbes of African ostriches at the age of 7, 30, 60 and 180 days. Results: The results showed that with the increase of age, the microbial richness index first increased and then decreased, the highest at 60 days of age (ACE 271.5, Chao1 274.097), while the microbial diversity gradually reduced with the increase of age, the highest at 7 days ( Shannon 3.203, Simpson 0.104). At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria phylum at 7 days of age is Firmicutes, while at 30 days of age, the phyla Firmicutes and Tenericutes are dominant phyla, and the abundance of Proteobacteria is highest at 60 days of age and 180 days of age. At the genus level, the dominant bacteria in the colon at 7 and 30 days are Anaeroplasma and Bacteroides. Acinetobacter is the dominant genus at 60 days, and the dominant genus at 180 days is Pseudomonas. PCA analysis showed that the microbial composition in the 180-day-old colon was very different from other days. The microbial composition in the anterior and middle part of the colon at 7-day-old was similar to that of 30-day-old, while the microbial composition in the latter part was similar to that of 60-day-old. Results of LEfSe analysis showed that there were 34, 37, and 36 differential flora in the colon at 7, 30, and 60 days, respectively, while there was only one differential flora at 180 days of age. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the composition of the microbial community in the colon of African ostriches of different ages is different and there are different flora, but the microbes in the colon are still mainly concentrated in the phylum Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Proteobacteria, which gives the intestinal tract and function of the African ostrich further research provides a theoretical basis.

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A Prospective Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Impact of Exercise and/or Whey Protein Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Sedentary Adults

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00044-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Owen Cronin ◽

Wiley Barton ◽

Peter Skuse ◽

Nicholas C. Penney ◽

Isabel Garcia-Perez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Microbial Populations ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Protein Consumption ◽

And Function

ABSTRACT Many components of modern living exert influence on the resident intestinal microbiota of humans with resultant impact on host health. For example, exercise-associated changes in the diversity, composition, and functional profiles of microbial populations in the gut have been described in cross-sectional studies of habitual athletes. However, this relationship is also affected by changes in diet, such as changes in dietary and supplementary protein consumption, that coincide with exercise. To determine whether increasing physical activity and/or increased protein intake modulates gut microbial composition and function, we prospectively challenged healthy but sedentary adults with a short-term exercise regime, with and without concurrent daily whey protein consumption. Metagenomics- and metabolomics-based assessments demonstrated modest changes in gut microbial composition and function following increases in physical activity. Significant changes in the diversity of the gut virome were evident in participants receiving daily whey protein supplementation. Results indicate that improved body composition with exercise is not dependent on major changes in the diversity of microbial populations in the gut. The diverse microbial characteristics previously observed in long-term habitual athletes may be a later response to exercise and fitness improvement. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota of humans is a critical component of functional development and subsequent health. It is important to understand the lifestyle and dietary factors that affect the gut microbiome and what impact these factors may have. Animal studies suggest that exercise can directly affect the gut microbiota, and elite athletes demonstrate unique beneficial and diverse gut microbiome characteristics. These characteristics are associated with levels of protein consumption and levels of physical activity. The results of this study show that increasing the fitness levels of physically inactive humans leads to modest but detectable changes in gut microbiota characteristics. For the first time, we show that regular whey protein intake leads to significant alterations to the composition of the gut virome.

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Dynamic signatures of gut microbiota and influences of delivery and feeding modes during the first 6 months of life

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 368-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rong Yang ◽

Renyuan Gao ◽

Sainan Cui ◽

Hui Zhong ◽

Xiaohui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Affecting Factors ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Feeding Mode ◽

Feeding Modes ◽

Stool Samples ◽

And Function ◽

Over Time

The gut microbiota of infants changes over time and is affected by various factors during early life. However, rarely have studies explored the gut microbiota development and affecting factors in the Chinese infant population. We enrolled 102 infants and collected stool samples from them at birth, 42 days, 3 mo, and 6 mo after delivery to characterize the microbiota signatures and the effects of different factors that modulate the gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function over time. DNA extracted from the bacteria in the stool samples was subjected to high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Microbial richness and diversity increased significantly during the first 6 mo of life. Beneficial microbes such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Blautia were found to be increased in the infant’s gut at 6 mo, while pathological bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, and Klebsiella decreased over time. The changes in the infant delivery mode and infant-feeding mode only produced changes in the microbial composition, whereas changes in bacterial richness, diversity and effects sizes on the microbial architecture were all time dependent. A comparison of infant delivery modes conveyed a decrease in abundance of Bacteroidetes over time in the gut of infants born via C-section, while the Bifidobacterium was the most dominant genus in the vaginal delivery group. The gut microbiota of infants changed extensively during the first 6 mo of life. Delivery and feeding modes were strong factors that significantly affected microbial architecture and functions.

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Seasonal Variation in Gut Microbiota Related to Diet in Fejervarya limnocharis

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11051393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1393

Author(s):

Chunhua Huang ◽

Wenbo Liao

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Condition ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Intestinal Microorganisms ◽

Different Seasons ◽

And Function ◽

Fejervarya Limnocharis

Organisms adapt to environmental fluctuations by varying their morphology and structural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Gut microbiome, varying rapidly in response to environmental shifts, has been proposed as a strategy for adapting to the fluctuating environment (e.g., new dietary niches). Here, we explored the adaptive mechanism of frog intestinal microbes in response to environmental changes. We collected 170 Fejervarya limnocharis during different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and pre-hibernation) to study the compositional and functional divergence of gut microbiota and analysed the effects of seasonal feeding habits and body condition on intestinal microorganisms using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, Tax4Fun function prediction analysis, and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed no significant dietary difference in various seasons and between males and females. However, a significantly positive correlation was detected between dietary diversity and food niche width. Host condition (body size, body mass, and body condition) also revealed seasonal changes. The frogs were colonised by 71 bacterial phyla and dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Stenotrophomonas was the most abundant genus in the Proteobacteria. The composition, diversity, and function of intestinal microorganisms in different seasons were significantly different. Significant differences were observed in composition and function but not in the microbial diversity between sexes. Furthermore, seasonal foods and body mass were significantly correlated with gut microbial composition. Our results suggest that gut microbiomes of F. limnocharis vary seasonally in response to diet under fluctuating environments.

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Seasonal Dietary Shifts Alter the Gut Microbiota of Avivorous Bats: Implication for Adaptation to Energy Harvest and Nutritional Utilization

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00467-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lixin Gong ◽

Boyu Liu ◽

Hui Wu ◽

Jiang Feng ◽

Tinglei Jiang

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Ecological Niche ◽

Energy Harvest ◽

Nutritional Requirements ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Gut Microbes ◽

Dietary Shifts ◽

And Function

The coevolution between the host and its gut microbes can promote an animal’s adaptation to its specific ecological niche and changes in energy and nutritional requirements. This study focused on an avivorous bat, the great evening bat ( Ia io ), to investigate how seasonal dietary shifts affect the gut microbial composition and function, thereby facilitating adaptation to an avian diet.

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