scholarly journals Discovery Sulfoglycomics and Identification of the Characteristic Fragment Ions for High-Sensitivity Precise Mapping of Adult Zebrafish Brain–Specific Glycotopes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan-Chuan Tseng ◽  
Cheng-Te Hsiao ◽  
Nao Yamakawa ◽  
Yann Guérardel ◽  
Kay-Hooi Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Diagnostic Ions ◽  
The Brain

Mass spectrometry–based high-sensitivity mapping of terminal glycotopes relies on diagnostic MS2 and/or MS3 ions that can differentiate linkage and define the location of substituents including sulfates. Unambiguous identification of adult zebrafish glycotopes is particularly challenging due to the presence of extra β4-galactosylation on the basic building block of Galβ1-4GlcNAc that can be fucosylated and variably sialylated by N-acetyl, N-glycolyl, or deaminated neuraminic acids. Building on previous groundwork that have identified various organ-specific N- and O-glycans of adult zebrafish, we show here that all the major glycotopes of interest can be readily mapped by direct nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of permethylated glycans. Homing in on the brain-, intestine-, and ovary-derived samples, organ-specific glycomic reference maps based on overlaid extracted ion chromatograms of resolved glycan species, and composite charts of summed intensities of diagnostic MS2 ions representing the distribution and relative abundance of each of the glycotopes and sialic acid variants were established. Moreover, switching to negative mode analysis of sample fractions enriched in negatively charged glycans, we show, for the first time, that a full range of sulfated glycotopes is expressed in adult zebrafish. In particular, 3-O-sulfation of terminal Gal was commonly found, whereas terminal sulfated HexNAc as in GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc), and 3-O-sulfated hexuronic acid as in HNK-1 epitope (SO3-3GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc) were identified only in the brain and not in the intestine or ovaries analyzed in parallel. Other characteristic structural features of sulfated O- and N-glycans along with their diagnostic ions detected in this discovery mode sulfoglycomic work collectively expand our adult zebrafish glycome atlas, which can now allow for a more complete navigation and probing of the underlying sulfotransferases and glycosyltransferases, in search of the functional relevance of zebrafish-specific glycotopes. Of particular importance is the knowledge of glycomic features distinct from those of humans when using adult zebrafish as an alternative vertebrate model, rather than mouse, for brain-related glyco-neurobiology studies.

Ultrastructural identification of three types of sensory setae on copepod antennae

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 956-957
Author(s):  
T. M. Weatherby ◽  
P.H. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Phase Locking ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Marine Food Webs ◽  
Dendritic Membrane ◽  
Ultrastructural Characterization

Crustaceans, as well as other arthropods, are covered with sensory setae and hairs, including mechanoand chemosensory sensillae with a ciliary origin. Calanoid copepods are small planktonic crustaceans forming a major link in marine food webs. In conjunction with behavioral and physiological studies of the antennae of calanoids, we undertook the ultrastructural characterization of sensory setae on the antennae of Pleuromamma xiphias.Distal mechanoreceptive setae exhibit exceptional behavioral and physiological performance characteristics: high sensitivity (<10 nm displacements), fast reaction times (<1 msec latency) and phase locking to high frequencies (1-2 kHz). Unusual structural features of the mechanoreceptors are likely to be related to their physiological sensitivity. These features include a large number (up to 3000) of microtubules in each sensory cell dendrite, arising from or anchored to electron dense rods associated with the ciliary basal body microtubule doublets. The microtubules are arranged in a regular array, with bridges between and within rows. These bundles of microtubules extend far into each mechanoreceptive seta and terminate in a staggered fashion along the dendritic membrane, contacting a large membrane surface area and providing a large potential site of mechanotransduction.

Rapid Online Buffer Exchange: A Method for Screening of Proteins, Protein Complexes, and Cell Lysates by Native Mass Spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary VanAernum ◽  
Florian Busch ◽  
Benjamin J. Jones ◽  
Mengxuan Jia ◽  
Zibo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Native Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Cell Lysates ◽  
Protein Expression And Purification

It is important to assess the identity and purity of proteins and protein complexes during and after protein purification to ensure that samples are of sufficient quality for further biochemical and structural characterization, as well as for use in consumer products, chemical processes, and therapeutics. Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has become an important tool in protein analysis due to its ability to retain non-covalent interactions during measurements, making it possible to obtain protein structural information with high sensitivity and at high speed. Interferences from the presence of non-volatiles are typically alleviated by offline buffer exchange, which is timeconsuming and difficult to automate. We provide a protocol for rapid online buffer exchange (OBE) nMS to directly screen structural features of pre-purified proteins, protein complexes, or clarified cell lysates. Information obtained by OBE nMS can be used for fast (<5 min) quality control and can further guide protein expression and purification optimization.

Comparison of Cytocidal Activities of L-DOPA and Dopamine in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Carmen E. Iriarte ◽  
Ian G. Macreadie
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
The Brain

Background: Parkinson's Disease results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons, and reduced levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Parkinson's Disease treatments involve increasing dopamine levels through administration of L-DOPA, which can cross the blood brain barrier and be converted to dopamine in the brain. The toxicity of dopamine has previously studied but there has been little study of L-DOPA toxicity. Methods: We have compared the toxicity of dopamine and L-DOPA in the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata by cell viability assays, measuring colony forming units. Results: L-DOPA and dopamine caused time-dependent cell killing in Candida glabrata while only dopamine caused such effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The toxicity of L-DOPA is much lower than dopamine. Conclusion: Candida glabrata exhibits high sensitivity to L-DOPA and may have advantages for studying the cytotoxicity of L-DOPA.

Superhydrophobic gradient wrinkle strain sensor with ultra-high sensitivity and broad strain range for motion monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 9634-9643
Author(s):  
Zhenming Chu ◽  
Weicheng Jiao ◽  
Yifan Huang ◽  
Yongting Zheng ◽  
Rongguo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
High Sensitivity

A graphene-based gradient wrinkle strain sensor with a broad range and ultra-high sensitivity was fabricated by a simple pre-stretching method. It can be applied to the detection of full-range human body motions.

scholarly journals Optical Imaging of Beta-Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Ziyi Luo ◽  
Hao Xu ◽  
Liwei Liu ◽  
Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy ◽  
Junle Qu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Abnormal Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, irreversible, and incurable neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological feature of AD is the deposition of misfolded β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The abnormal accumulation of Aβ plaques leads to the loss of some neuron functions, further causing the neuron entanglement and the corresponding functional damage, which has a great impact on memory and cognitive functions. Hence, studying the accumulation mechanism of Aβ in the brain and its effect on other tissues is of great significance for the early diagnosis of AD. The current clinical studies of Aβ accumulation mainly rely on medical imaging techniques, which have some deficiencies in sensitivity and specificity. Optical imaging has recently become a research hotspot in the medical field and clinical applications, manifesting noninvasiveness, high sensitivity, absence of ionizing radiation, high contrast, and spatial resolution. Moreover, it is now emerging as a promising tool for the diagnosis and study of Aβ buildup. This review focuses on the application of the optical imaging technique for the determination of Aβ plaques in AD research. In addition, recent advances and key operational applications are discussed.

scholarly journals Tackling Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8325
Author(s):  
Paola Zanfardino ◽  
Stefano Doccini ◽  
Filippo M. Santorelli ◽  
Vittoria Petruzzella
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteome ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Oxphos System ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the basic function of mitochondria, although the landscape of mitochondrial functions is continuously growing to include more aspects of cellular homeostasis. Thanks to the application of -omics technologies to the study of the OxPhos system, novel features emerge from the cataloging of novel proteins as mitochondrial thus adding details to the mitochondrial proteome and defining novel metabolic cellular interrelations, especially in the human brain. We focussed on the diversity of bioenergetics demand and different aspects of mitochondrial structure, functions, and dysfunction in the brain. Definition such as ‘mitoexome’, ‘mitoproteome’ and ‘mitointeractome’ have entered the field of ‘mitochondrial medicine’. In this context, we reviewed several genetic defects that hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, mostly involving the nervous tissue as one of the most prominent energy-dependent tissues and, as consequence, as a primary target of mitochondrial dysfunction. The dual genetic origin of the OxPhos complexes is one of the reasons for the complexity of the genotype-phenotype correlation when facing human diseases associated with mitochondrial defects. Such complexity clinically manifests with extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. Finally, we briefly discuss the future directions of the multi-omics study of human brain disorders.

scholarly journals A Full-Range Flexible and Printed Humidity Sensor Based on a Solution-Processed P(VDF-TrFE)/Graphene-Flower Composite

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1915
Author(s):  
Shenawar Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Muhammad Muqeet Rehman ◽  
Hafiz Mohammad Mutee Ur Rehman ◽  
Sheik Abdur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Full Range ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Relative Humidity Range ◽  
Response And Recovery ◽  
Proportional Relationship

A novel composite based on a polymer (P(VDF-TrFE)) and a two-dimensional material (graphene flower) was proposed as the active layer of an interdigitated electrode (IDEs) based humidity sensor. Silver (Ag) IDEs were screen printed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate followed by spin coating the active layer of P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower on its surface. It was observed that this sensor responds to a wide relative humidity range (RH%) of 8–98% with a fast response and recovery time of 0.8 s and 2.5 s for the capacitance, respectively. The fabricated sensor displayed an inversely proportional response between capacitance and RH%, while a directly proportional relationship was observed between its impedance and RH%. P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower-based flexible humidity sensor exhibited high sensitivity with an average change of capacitance as 0.0558 pF/RH%. Stability of obtained results was monitored for two weeks without any considerable change in the original values, signifying its high reliability. Various chemical, morphological, and electrical characterizations were performed to comprehensively study the humidity-sensing behavior of this advanced composite. The fabricated sensor was successfully used for the applications of health monitoring and measuring the water content in the environment.

Physiology and pathophysiology of the RANKL/RANK system

2010 ◽  
Vol 391 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko Hanada ◽  
Toshikatsu Hanada ◽  
Josef M. Penninger
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Rank System ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Rank Signaling ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Node Formation

Abstract The TNF family molecule RANKL and its receptor RANK are key regulators of bone remodeling, lymph node formation, and mammary gland development during pregnancy. RANKL and RANK are also expressed in the central nervous systems (CNS). However, the functional relevance of RANKL/RANK in the brain was entirely unknown. Recently, our group reported that the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway has an essential role in the central regulation of body temperature via the prostaglandin axis. This review discusses novel aspects of the RANKL/RANK system as key regulators of fever and female basal body temperature in the CNS.

Exposure to aluminium causes behavioural alterations and oxidative stress in the brain of adult zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 103636
Author(s):  
Teresa Capriello ◽  
Luis M. Félix ◽  
Sandra M. Monteiro ◽  
Dércia Santos ◽  
Rita Cofone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in normal rat tissues

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (4) ◽  
pp. C995-C1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Monacci ◽  
M. J. Merrill ◽  
E. H. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Vascular Permeability Factor ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
The Brain

Vascular permeability factor (VPF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a approximately 43-kDa secreted protein that has been shown in bioassays to induce endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and capillary hyperpermeability. VPF has been suggested to play an important role in the physiology of normal vasculature. To further elucidate the natural functions of VPF in vivo, the expression of VPF in normal tissues was examined using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry. VPF mRNA is expressed in the brain, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen of the healthy adult rat. On Northern blots, the relative abundance of VPF mRNA observed in these tissues was highest in the lung and lowest in the spleen. As determined by in situ hybridization, the patterns of VPF expression are organ specific. Hybridization of an antisense VPF probe was concentrated in the cerebellar granule cell layer of the brain and in the glomeruli and tubules of the kidney. In the liver and lung, intense hybridization was observed homogeneously throughout both tissues, demonstrating that VPF mRNA is present in virtually every hepatocyte and pulmonary alveolar cell. Hybridization to the spleen was weaker and more diffuse. The widespread expression and organ-specific distribution of VPF mRNA in normal rat tissues supports the suggestion of an extensive role for this factor in the physiology of normal vasculature.

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