scholarly journals Engineering Spiking Neurons Using Threshold Switching Devices for High-Efficient Neuromorphic Computing

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanting Ding ◽  
Yajun Zhang ◽  
Xumeng Zhang ◽  
Pei Chen ◽  
Zefeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Input Intensity ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Threshold Switching ◽  
High Efficient

Inspired by the human brain, the spike-based neuromorphic system has attracted strong research enthusiasm because of the high energy efficiency and powerful computational capability, in which the spiking neurons and plastic synapses are two fundamental building blocks. Recently, two-terminal threshold switching (TS) devices have been regarded as promising candidates for building spiking neurons in hardware. However, how circuit parameters affect the spiking behavior of TS-based neurons is still an open question. Here, based on a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron circuit, we systematically study the effect of both the extrinsic and intrinsic factors of NbOx -based TS neurons on their spiking behaviors. The extrinsic influence factors contain input intensities, connected synaptic weights, and parallel capacitances. To illustrate the effect of intrinsic factors, including the threshold voltage, holding voltage, and high/low resistance states of NbOx devices, we propose an empirical model of the fabricated NbOx devices, fitting well with the experimental results. The results indicate that with enhancing the input intensity, the spiking frequency increases first then decreases after reaching a peak value. Except for the connected synaptic weights, all other parameters can modulate the spiking peak frequency under high enough input intensity. Also, the relationship between energy consumption per spike and frequency of the neuron cell is further studied, leading guidance to design neuron circuits in a system to obtain the lowest energy consumption. At last, to demonstrate the practical applications of TS-based neurons, we construct a spiking neural network (SNN) to control the cart-pole using reinforcement learning, obtaining a reward score up to 450. This work provides valuable guidance on building compact LIF neurons based on TS devices and further bolsters the construction of high-efficiency neuromorphic systems.

scholarly journals A –5 dBm 400MHz OOK Transmitter for Wireless Medical Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
M. Yousefi ◽  
D. Koozehkanani ◽  
H. Jangi ◽  
N. Nasirzadeh ◽  
J. Sobhi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Amplifier ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
High Data Rate ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
High Data

Abstract A 400 MHz high efficiency transmitter for wireless medical application is presented in this paper. Transmitter architecture with high-energy efficiencies is proposed to achieve high data rate with low power consumption. In the on-off keying transmitters, the oscillator and power amplifier are turned off when the transmitter sends 0 data. The proposed class-e power amplifier has high efficiency for low level output power. The proposed on-off keying transmitter consumes 1.52 mw at -5 dBm output by 40 Mbps data rate and energy consumption 38 pJ/bit. The proposed transmitter has been designed in 0.18μm CMOS technology.

One High Efficiency Production Line of Clinker and Slag Grinding Separately by Roller Mill in Cement Industry

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Ning Chang Liu ◽  
Zhao Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Roller Mill ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Cement Grinding ◽  
Grinding System ◽  
High Energy Consumption

In cement industry, many grinding up systems are on operating now. The tradition process of tube mill grinding system is high energy consumption, so it’s low efficiency, especially in the final cement grinding process. The value and advantage of slag is recognized more and more, but it’s difficult to be grinded up. Furthermore, the disadvantage and shortages to grind up clinker compounded with slag to produce cement are obvious and adopted. The best process is to grind up slag, clinker separately. Then, these two kinds of powder are compounded by a mixer. Hereby, it introduces a design of the process to grind up clinker, slag by one roller mill.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Cutting Process Parameters to Ensure High Efficiency of Drilling Tunnels and Use the Technical Potential of the Boom-Type Roadheader

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6597
Author(s):  
Piotr Cheluszka
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Automatic Control ◽  
Automatic Control System ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Rock Cutting ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Underground Mines

This paper deals with the automation of the rock cutting process with roadheaders used widely in civil engineering for drilling roadways in underground mines and tunnels. Although there has been intensive technical development, roadheaders are still manually controlled. Manual control does not allow optimizing the values of the cutting process parameters, which often results in low mining efficiency, especially in the case of hard rocks, as well as high energy consumption and significant dynamic overloading of the roadheader. As part of theoretical and experimental research, an automatic control system was designed for the boom-type roadheader and an algorithm was developed for the optimal control of the cutting process parameters. Control criteria have been formulated, based on which the current values of the cutting process parameters are worked out using the information on the dynamic load state of the roadheader. The paper presents selected results of numerical tests conducted on roadheader dynamics, which simulated the automatic control system operation of the heading face cutting process of drilled roadway or tunnel. These tests were intended to analyze the behavior of the investigated object during simulated rock cutting in automatic mode. The results confirmed the possibility of a significant reduction in mining energy consumption.

Thinking of Comprehensive Energy-Saving System Construction for Urban Rail Transit

2014 ◽  
Vol 505-506 ◽  
pp. 405-409
Author(s):  
Jun Ke Liang ◽  
Zhi Gang Liu ◽  
Yuan Chun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Planning Period ◽  
Urban Rail

The High Energy Consumption of the Current Urban Rail Transit Industry, High Efficiency Energy Saving Measures must be Taken. this Paper Entity from the Traction Energy Consumption, Building Structure and Operating Equipment Aspects of the Current Situation, Described the Energy Saving Strategies. Aiming at the Present Problems Existing in Energy Saving Practice, this Article Puts Forward the Comprehensive Energy Saving System which Contains Optimization Design in Planning Period, Low Resource Consumption in Construction Period, Energy Saving Work in Operation Period. above all, Implement Energy Saving Practice at Every Concrete Work of Reaching.

scholarly journals Highly luminescent hetero-ligand MOF nanocrystals with engineered massive Stokes shift for photonic applications.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Perego ◽  
Charl Bezuidenhout ◽  
Irene Villa ◽  
Francesca Cova ◽  
Roberta Crapanzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Stokes Shift ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Fast Diffusion ◽  
High Energy Radiation ◽  
Radiative Energy Transfer ◽  
Molecular Length ◽  
Molecular Excitons

A high efficiency emission with a massive Stokes shift is obtained by fluorescent conjugated acene building blocks arranged in nanocrystals. The two ligands of equal molecular length and connectivity, yet complementary electronic properties, are co-assembled by zirconium oxy-hydroxy clusters, generating highly crystalline hetero-MOF nanoparticles The fast diffusion of singlet molecular excitons in the framework, coupled with the fine matching of ligands absorption and emission properties, enables to achieve an ultrafast activation of the low energy emission by diffusion-mediated non-radiative energy transfer in the 100 ps time scale, by using a low amount of co-ligands. This allow to obtain MOF nanocrystals with a fluorescence quantum efficiency of ̴ 70% and an actual Stokes shift as large as 750 meV. This large Stokes shift suppresses the reabsorption of fast emission issues in bulk devices, pivotal for a plethora of applications in photonics and photon managing spacing from solar technologies, imaging, and detection of high energy radiation. These features allowed to realize a prototypal fast nanocomposite scintillator that shows an enhanced performance with respect to the homo-ligand nanocrystals, achieving benchmark. values which compete with those of some inorganic and organic commercial systems.

Study and Analysis of an Electrical Energy Saving Strategies and Gas Emissions Reduction for a Private Hospital Building in Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
عبد الجليل علي العبيدي
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Private Hospital ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Load Ratio ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Hospital Building

Hospital buildings consume high energy more than other buildings in the commercial buildings sector as there is a continuous demand for power  supplies. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced in the buildings sector by using various energy saving methods. In this study, on-sight visiting for energy audit has been conducted at a private hospital in Sana’a - Yemen to record all data relevant to energy consumption by equipment, machines, and all other mechanical systems. Different energy saving scenarios were using to estimate the potential of energy saving such as using high-efficiency lighting devices, raising the thermostat set point temperature for air conditioners, using high-efficiency motors (HEM) with a different load ratio, and using variable speed motors (VSM). Results indicated that energy consumption for the hospital was 4,061.8 Megawatthourper year whereas energy intensity was 232 kWh/m2. It is found that about 150.32 megawatt-hours of annual energy saving is achieved by using HEM and 689.72 Megawatt-hour per year by raising the set point of air conditioners thermostat to 26 °C. In addition, 1513 megawatt-hours per year of energy can be saved by reducing the VSM speed to 60% whereas95.8 megawatt-hours per year is estimated by adopting 100% load of HEM. The economic study of energy saving strategies was found that the use of HEM is not economically viable, while the use of VSM with large capacity motors is better from economic and environmental points of view. Keywords: Hospital building, energy consumption, Energy index, Energy saving, Emission reduction

scholarly journals Analysis of a modular high efficiency Polygeneration System in a Science and Technological Park

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Polygeneration System

Polygeneration systems refers to highly efficiency integrated systems characterized by the simultaneously production of different services (electricity, heating, cooling, water, etc) by means of several technologies using fossil and/or renewable energy sources. In many cases it is difficult to promote polygeneration projects due to its complexity. This complexity mainly comes from the high energy integration of the technologies involved in polygeneration plants and the high variability in the energy demand in many applications in the building sector that makes the design and optimal operation of these systems quite complex. The result is that without a very careful design and operation of these plants the economic viability is in many cases not clear. In this paper is presented an economic, energetic and environmental analysis of a polygeneration system in Cerdanyola del Vallès (Spain) built in the framework of the Polycity project of the European Concerto Program. This polygeneration system comprises three high efficient natural gas cogeneration engines with a total power capacity of about 10 MW with advanced thermal cooling facilities including a single effect hot water driven chiller and a double effect chiller of 5 MW driven directly by the exhaust gases of the engines. This plant provides electricity, heating and cooling to a new Science and Technological Park in development including a Synchrotron Light Facility through a district heating and cooling network with a total length of more than 30 km. The operational data for the energy performance analysis was taken using the plant SCADA system and a monitoring system specific for the cooling units in order to study in detail its performance. The results show that the polygeneration plant is an efficient way to reduce the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions although it is not yet at its full capacity

Electron and Positron Beam–Driven Plasma Acceleration

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
pp. 63-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Positron Beam ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Plasma Waves ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Wakefield Acceleration ◽  
Electrons And Positrons ◽  
Plasma Wakefield

Particle accelerators are the ultimate microscopes. They produce high energy beams of particles — or, in some cases, generate X-ray laser pulses — to probe the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe and to explore the building blocks of life. But it takes huge accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider or the two-mile-long SLAC linac, to generate beams with enough energy and resolving power. If we could achieve the same thing with accelerators just a few meters long, accelerators and particle colliders could be much smaller and cheaper. Since the first theoretical work in the early 1980s, an exciting series of experiments have aimed at accelerating electrons and positrons to high energies in a much shorter distance by having them “surf” on waves of hot, ionized gas like that found in fluorescent light tubes. Electron-beam-driven experiments have measured the integrated and dynamic aspects of plasma focusing, the bright flux of high energy betatron radiation photons, particle beam refraction at the plasma–neutral-gas interface, and the structure and amplitude of the accelerating wakefield. Gradients spanning kT/m to MT/m for focusing and 100[Formula: see text]MeV/m to 50[Formula: see text]GeV/m for acceleration have been excited in meter-long plasmas with densities of 10[Formula: see text]–10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], respectively. Positron-beam-driven experiments have evidenced the more complex dynamic and integrated plasma focusing, 100[Formula: see text]MeV/m to 5[Formula: see text]GeV/m acceleration in linear and nonlinear plasma waves, and explored the dynamics of hollow channel plasma structures. Strongly beam-loaded plasma waves have accelerated beams of electrons and positrons with hundreds of pC of charge to over 5[Formula: see text]GeV in meter scale plasmas with high efficiency and narrow energy spread. These “plasma wakefield acceleration” experiments have been mounted by a diverse group of accelerator, laser and plasma researchers from national laboratories and universities around the world. This article reviews the basic principles of plasma wakefield acceleration with electron and positron beams, the current state of understanding, the push for first applications and the long range R&D roadmap toward a high energy collider.

scholarly journals A High-Efficiency Data Collection Method Based on Maximum Recharging Benefit in Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Sha ◽  
Qi-Wei Wang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Ru-Chuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Data Collection Method ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Efficiency Data

To reduce time delays during data collection and prolong the network lifetime in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs), a type of high-efficiency data collection method based on Maximum Recharging Benefit (DCMRB) is proposed in this paper. According to the minimum number of the Mobile Data Collectors (MDCs), the network is firstly divided into several regions with the help of the Virtual Scan Line (VSL). Then, the MDCs and the Wireless Charging Vehicles (WCVs) are employed in each region for high efficient data collection and energy replenishment. In order to ensure the integrity of data collection and reduce the rate of packet loss, a speed adjustment scheme for MDC is also proposed. In addition, by calculating the adaptive threshold of the recharging request, those nodes with different energy consumption rates are recharged in a timely way that avoids their premature death. Finally, the limited battery capacity of WCVs and their energy consumption while moving are also taken into account, and an adaptive recharging scheme based on maximum benefit is proposed. Experimental results show that the energy consumption is effectively balanced in DCMRB. Furthermore, this can not only enhance the efficiency of data collection, but also prolong the network lifetime compared with the Energy Starvation Avoidance Online Charging scheme (ESAOC), Greedy Mobile Scheme based on Maximum Recharging Benefit (GMS-MRB) and First-Come First-Served (FCFS) methods.

scholarly journals A Synergy Approach to Enhance Upconversion Luminescence Emission of Rare Earth Nanophosphors with Million-Fold Enhancement Factor

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1187
Author(s):  
Duc Tu Vu ◽  
Yi-Chang Tsai ◽  
Quoc Minh Le ◽  
Shiao-Wei Kuo ◽  
Ngoc Diep Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Absorption Cross Section ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Upconversion Luminescence ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Absorption Cross ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
Practical Applications

Lanthanide (Ln3+)–doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer an ennormous future for a broad range of biological applications over the conventional downconversion fluorescent probes such as organic dyes or quantum dots. Unfortunately, the efficiency of the anti−Stokes upconversion luminescence (UCL) process is typically much weaker than that of the Stokes downconversion emission. Albeit recent development in the synthesis of UCNPs, it is still a major challenge to produce a high−efficiency UCL, meeting the urgent need for practical applications of enhanced markers in biology. The poor quantum yield efficiency of UCL of UCNPs is mainly due to the fol-lowing reasons: (i) the low absorption coefficient of Ln3+ dopants, the specific Ln3+ used here being ytterbium (Yb3+), (ii) UCL quenching by high−energy oscillators due to surface defects, impurities, ligands, and solvent molecules, and (iii) the insufficient local excitation intensity in broad-field il-lumination to generate a highly efficient UCL. In order to tackle the problem of low absorption cross-section of Ln3+ ions, we first incorporate a new type of neodymium (Nd3+) sensitizer into UCNPs to promote their absorption cross-section at 793 nm. To minimize the UCL quenching induced by surface defects and surface ligands, the Nd3+-sensitized UCNPs are then coated with an inactive shell of NaYF4. Finally, the excitation light intensity in the vicinity of UCNPs can be greatly enhanced using a waveguide grating structure thanks to the guided mode resonance. Through the synergy of these three approaches, we show that the UCL intensity of UCNPs can be boosted by a million−fold compared with conventional Yb3+–doped UCNPs.

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