scholarly journals Interaction of Gut Microbiota and Brain Function in Patients With Chronic Insomnia: A Regional Homogeneity Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Feng ◽  
Shishun Fu ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Xiaofen Ma ◽  
Yunfan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Regional Homogeneity ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Chronic Insomnia ◽  
And Behavior

Recent studies have shown that the human gut microbiota (GM) plays a critical role in brain function and behavior via the complex microbiome–gut–brain axis. However, knowledge about the underlying relationship between the GM and changes in brain function in patients with chronic insomnia (CI) is still very limited. In this prospective study, 31 CI patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed and brain functional alterations in CI patients were evaluated using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method. We collected fecal samples of CI patients and used 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to assess the relative abundance (RA) and alpha diversity of the GM. We also performed extensive sleep, mood, and cognitive assessments. Then, we tested for potential associations between the GM profile, ReHo alterations, and neuropsychological changes in CI patients. Our results showed associations between the RA of Lactobacilli, ReHo values in the left fusiform gyrus, and depression scores in CI patients. We also found some bacterial genera related to ReHo values of the right triangular inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, the RA of genus Coprobacter was correlated with ReHo values of the left angular gyrus and with specific cognitive performance. These findings revealed complex relationships between GM, brain function, and behavior in patients with CI.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota composition is associated with narcolepsy type 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. e896
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lecomte ◽  
Lucie Barateau ◽  
Pedro Pereira ◽  
Lars Paulin ◽  
Petri Auvinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Differential Abundance ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is related to the gut microbiota, we compared the microbiota bacterial communities of patients with NT1 and control subjects.MethodsThirty-five patients with NT1 (51.43% women, mean age 38.29 ± 19.98 years) and 41 controls (57.14% women, mean age 36.14 ± 12.68 years) were included. Stool samples were collected, and the fecal microbiota bacterial communities were compared between patients and controls using the well-standardized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach. We studied alpha and beta diversity and differential abundance analysis between patients and controls, and between subgroups of patients with NT1.ResultsWe found no between-group differences for alpha diversity, but we discovered in NT1 a link with NT1 disease duration. We highlighted differences in the global bacterial community structure as assessed by beta diversity metrics even after adjustments for potential confounders as body mass index (BMI), often increased in NT1. Our results revealed differential abundance of several operational taxonomic units within Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, and Flavonifractor between patients and controls, but not after adjusting for BMI.ConclusionWe provide evidence of gut microbial community structure alterations in NT1. However, further larger and longitudinal multiomics studies are required to replicate and elucidate the relationship between the gut microbiota, immunity dysregulation and NT1.

scholarly journals Activity budget and gut microbiome structure across reproductive states in wild, female capuchin monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasta Ellen Webb ◽  
Joseph D Orkin ◽  
Rachel E Williamson ◽  
Amanda D Melin
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Energy Harvest ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation have been a significant force in mammalian evolution. To mitigate increased energy costs associated with reproduction, female mammals have evolved multiple behavioural and physiological responses. Some species alter activity budget to conserve energy during pregnancy and lactation, while others experience changes in metabolic rate and fat deposition. Previous studies suggest that restructuring of gut microbiota with shifting reproductive states may help females increase energy harvest from foods, especially during pregnancy, while others have found little change in response to pregnancy or lactation. Here, we combined a robust set of >10,000 individual behavioural scans with >300 fecal samples collected longitudinally across multiple years from 33 known white-faced capuchin monkey females to examine the relationships among behaviour, gut microbiota composition, and reproductive state. We used a 16S-based amplicon sequencing approach and the DADA2 pipeline to anlayse gut microbiota diversity and putative functions. We found that reproductive state explained some variation in activity budget, but that overall resting behaviour was relatively stable across the reproductive cycle. We found evidence for increases in biotin synthesis pathways among microbes in lactating females, and that the alpha diversity of gut microbial bacteria was higher in pregnant females. Otherwise, the gut microbiota community structure and estimated functional pathways were not significantly different between reproductive states. These results suggest that capuchins in our population may have limited ability to mitigate energy costs through behaviour and microbiota and/or that ecological factors, including food availability and temperature may constrain behavioural flexibility and/or gut microbial plasticity. These data contribute to a broader understanding of plasticity and constraint at multiple levels in response to the physiological shifts caused by mammalian reproduction.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, Glucose, Lipid, and Water-Electrolyte Metabolism in Children With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongfeng Pan ◽  
Atipatsa C. Kaminga ◽  
Aizhong Liu ◽  
Shi Wu Wen ◽  
Miyang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

There is evidence that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by gut microbiota, glucose, and lipid. However, the function of water-electrolyte metabolism remains undefined in children with NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to better understand these interactions. The sample consisted of 75 children, aged between 7 and 16, of whom 25 had nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), 25 had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 25 were obese and without NAFLD. These groups were matched by age, sex, and body mass index. Data were collected between June, 2019 and December, 2019 at the Hunan Children’s Hospital, in China. Microbiome composition in fecal samples was assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. In the clinical indices, 12 glucose and lipid metabolism indices were included, and six water-electrolyte metabolism indices were included. The results indicated that microbiomes of NAFLD children had lower alpha diversity but higher beta diversity index than the other two groups. Specifically, anti-inflammatory and probiotics abundance (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium_adolescentis) was significantly decreased in NAFLD, whereas the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcaceae) was increased. Moreover, the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia_inulinivorans, Roseburia_intestinalis, and Coprococcus_comes) was significantly decreased in NASH. The abundance of these bacteria were associated with glucose, lipid, and water-electrolyte metabolism (e.g., glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, inorganic salt, total body water, etc.), implying that the NAFLD and its severity were associated with glucose, lipid, and water-electrolyte metabolism dysbiosis. Therefore, these findings suggest that the gut microbiome, especially butyrate-producing bacteria, play an important role in the development of NAFLD in children.

scholarly journals Functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T Rolls ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Jingnan Du ◽  
Dongtao Wei ◽  
Jiang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex extends into the laterally adjacent inferior frontal gyrus. We analyzed how voxel-level functional connectivity of the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex is related to depression in 282 people with major depressive disorder (125 were unmedicated) and 254 controls, using FDR correction P < 0.05 for pairs of voxels. In the unmedicated group, higher functional connectivity was found of the right inferior frontal gyrus with voxels in the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, hippocampus and frontal gyri. In medicated patients, these functional connectivities were lower and toward those in controls. Functional connectivities between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the angular and middle frontal gyri were higher in unmedicated patients, and closer to controls in medicated patients. Medial orbitofrontal cortex voxels had lower functional connectivity with temporal cortex areas, the parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and medication did not result in these being closer to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in depression, and can influence mood and behavior via the right inferior frontal gyrus, which projects to premotor cortical areas.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2137
Author(s):  
María Bernad-Roche ◽  
Andrea Bellés ◽  
Laura Grasa ◽  
Alejandro Casanova-Higes ◽  
Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Body Weight Reduction

The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Peptococcaceae and Terrisporobacter were increased in the TG. Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. Regarding species, only Clostridium butyricum was increased in the TG (p = 0.048). Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters.

scholarly journals Plasma Metabolites Related to Peripheral and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity Are Not Directly Linked to Gut Microbiota Composition

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2308
Author(s):  
Annefleur M. Koopen ◽  
Nicolien C. de Clercq ◽  
Moritz V. Warmbrunn ◽  
Hilde Herrema ◽  
Mark Davids ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Plasma metabolites affect a range of metabolic functions in humans, including insulin sensitivity (IS). A subset of these plasma metabolites is modified by the gut microbiota. To identify potential microbial–metabolite pathways involved in IS, we investigated the link between plasma metabolites, gut microbiota composition, and IS, using the gold-standard for peripheral and hepatic IS measurement in a group of participants with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). In a cross-sectional study with 115 MetSyn participants, fasting plasma samples were collected for untargeted metabolomics analysis and fecal samples for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. A two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was performed to assess peripheral and hepatic IS. Collected data were integrated and potential interdependence between metabolites, gut microbiota, and IS was analyzed using machine learning prediction models. Plasma metabolites explained 13.2% and 16.7% of variance in peripheral and hepatic IS, respectively. Fecal microbiota composition explained 4.2% of variance in peripheral IS and was not related to hepatic IS. Although metabolites could partially explain the variances in IS, the top metabolites related to peripheral and hepatic IS did not significantly correlate with gut microbiota composition (both on taxonomical level and alpha-diversity). However, all plasma metabolites could explain 18.5% of the variance in microbial alpha-diversity (Shannon); the top 20 metabolites could even explain 44.5% of gut microbial alpha-diversity. In conclusion, plasma metabolites could partially explain the variance in peripheral and hepatic IS; however, these metabolites were not directly linked to the gut microbiota composition, underscoring the intricate relation between plasma metabolites, the gut microbiota, and IS in MetSyn

scholarly journals Dietary Tryptophan Modulate the Composition of the Ileum and Cecum microbiota in Weaned Piglets after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Yingli Yan ◽  
Daiyang Xia ◽  
Yongjie Yang ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Antioxidant Ability ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Abstract Background: The gut microbiota plays a critical role in metabolism and growth of piglets, and was modifiable by dietary tryptophan (Trp) in previous study. However, no studies focused on the investigation of whether additional dietary Trp supplementation would modulate the composition of ileum and cecum microbiota of piglets challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We conducted to investigate whether dietary tryptophan could alleviate dysbacteriosis of piglets after challenged with LPS.Methods: A total of 40 28 days old male weaning piglets were randomly allotted to five groups, include Con group (basal diet), LPS group (basal diet), 0.2% Trp group (0.2% Trp diet), LPS+0.2% Trp group (0.2% Trp diet) and LPS+0.4% group (0.4% Trp diet). On day 10, 20 and 29, Con and 0.2% Trp groups were injected with saline, LPS, LPS+0.2% Trp and LPS+0.4% Trp groups were injected with LPS respectively. The experiment lasted for 30 days.Results: These results showed that the major three phyla in ileum were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, in cecum were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Dietary with 0.2% Trp could attenuate the effect of LPS on the alpha diversity (diversity and richness) in ileum (P＜0.05). The alpha diversity of cecum microbiota was not affected by LPS or Try. The relative abundance of Turicibacte (P＜0.05) and unclassified_f__Peptostreptococccaceae (P＜0.05) were decreased but Lactobacillu (P＜0.05) was increased in ileum by LPS. Compared with LPS group, the relative abundance of Actinobacillus (P=0.07) was decreased in LPS+0.2% Trp group, and the level of Blautia (P=0.08) was increased in LPS+0.4% Trp group. The complexity of ileum microbiota was decreased by LPS. But the complexity of ileum microbiota was increased in LPS+0.2% and LPS+0.4% groups. The relative abundance of Lactobacillu was negative correlation with the majority of genus in ileum and positive correlation with the antioxidant ability of liver (P＜0.05). Conclusions: These finding indicated that Trp could alleviate dysbacteriosis induced by LPS, and ileum microbiota might have a self-protective mechanism to resist the injury induced by LPS through enriching Lactobacillu.

Assessment of Risk Factors for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 among Iranian Patients

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Medication History ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Hookah Smoking ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Iranian Patients

Background: The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a major concern for those who are more vulnerable to infections. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the most important risk factors for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: This retrospective study included information on clinical and epidemiological features of 105 patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia hospitalized in Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Initially, the medical records of the patients were investigated, and an interview was conducted based on a pre-prepared checklist to seek information about symptoms, past medical history, medication history, and behavior before hospitalization. Results: Out of 105 participants, 76 (72.5%) cases were male, and 54 (51.4%) patients were older than 54 years old. The majority of the patients (n=18; 17.1%) had both hypertension and diabetes (n=12; 11.4%). Metformin (n=36; 34.3%) was the most used medication amongst the studied patient. In addition, 24 (22.9%) patients were recreational hookah smokers, and the majority (75%) of them were under the age of 46 years old. Eventually, 19 patients were excluded from the study, of whom 11 individuals had diabetes, and 10 cases were using metformin. Conclusion: Apparently, hookah smoking played a critical role in the spread of COVID-19 in Iran and has made younger people more susceptible. In addition to older age, the immunosuppressive effects of Metformin seem to make diabetic patients with an impaired immune system more vulnerable to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. More studies on the immune system of vulnerable individuals by identifying their differences can help to protect them.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota through Dietary Phytochemicals as a Novel Anti-infective Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan K. Mujawdiya ◽  
Suman Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Gut Microbes

: Quorum Sensing (QS) is a phenomenon in which bacterial cells communicate with each other with the help of several low molecular weight compounds. QS is largely dependent on population density, and it triggers when the concentration of quorum sensing molecules accumulate in the environment and crosses a particular threshold. Once a certain population density is achieved and the concentration of molecules crosses a threshold, the bacterial cells show a collective behavior in response to various chemical stimuli referred to as “auto-inducers”. The QS signaling is crucial for several phenotypic characteristics responsible for bacterial survival such as motility, virulence, and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is also responsible for making bacterial cells resistant to antibiotics. : The human gut is home to trillions of bacterial cells collectively called “gut microbiota” or “gut microbes”. Gut microbes are a consortium of more than 15,000 bacterial species and play a very crucial role in several body functions such as metabolism, development and maturation of the immune system, and the synthesis of several essential vitamins. Due to its critical role in shaping human survival and its modulating impact on body metabolisms, the gut microbial community has been referred to as “the forgotten organ” by O`Hara et al. (2006) [1]. Several studies have demonstrated that chemical interaction between the members of bacterial cells in the gut is responsible for shaping the overall microbial community. : Recent advances in phytochemical research have generated a lot of interest in finding new, effective, and safer alternatives to modern chemical-based medicines. In the context of antimicrobial research various plant extracts have been identified with Quorum Sensing Inhibitory (QSI) activities among bacterial cells. This review focuses on the mechanism of quorum sensing and quorum sensing inhibitors isolated from natural sources.

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