scholarly journals The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidong Wang ◽  
Petya Koleva ◽  
Elloise du Toit ◽  
Donna T. Geddes ◽  
Daniel Munblit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Fold Change Analysis

Introduction: The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk. While some studies have compared the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se+ and Se− women, none have reported on the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se− and Le– mothers.Method and Results: To determine the differences in the non-HMO milk metabolome between Se–Le– mothers and other HMO phenotypes (Se+Le+, Se+Le–, and Se–Le+), 10 milk samples from 10 lactating mothers were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Se or Le HMO phenotypes were assigned based on the presence and absence of 6 HMOs generated by the Se and Le genes. After classification, 58 milk metabolites were compared among the HMO phenotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified clear separation between Se–Le– milk and the other milks. Fold change analysis demonstrated that the Se–Le– milk had major differences in free fatty acids, free amino acids, and metabolites related to energy metabolism.Conclusion: The results of this brief research report suggest that the milk metabolome of mothers with the Se–Le– phenotype differs in its non-HMO metabolite composition from mothers with other HMO phenotypes.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns of Breastfeeding Mothers and Human Milk Composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Matteo Di Maso ◽  
Simone R. B. M. Eussen ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
Guglielmo Salvatori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis

(1) Background: Several studies have reported associations between maternal diet in terms of single foods or nutrients and human milk compounds, while the overall role of maternal diet and related dietary patterns has rarely been investigated. (2) Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, we enrolled 300 healthy Italian mothers, who exclusively breastfed their infant. During a hospital visit at 6 weeks postpartum, a sample of freshly expressed foremilk was collected and information on maternal dietary habits in the postpartum period was obtained through an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. We applied principal component factor analysis to selected nutrients in order to identify maternal dietary patterns, and assessed correlations in human milk macronutrients and fatty acids across levels of dietary patterns. (3) Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, named “Vitamins, minerals and fibre”, “Proteins and fatty acids with legs”, “Fatty acids with fins”, “Fatty acids with leaves”, “Starch and vegetable proteins”. These dietary patterns were correlated with some milk components, namely fatty acids, and in particular ω-3 and its subcomponents. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that overall maternal dietary habits during breastfeeding may influence human milk composition, suggesting the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during lactation not only for the mother herself but also to provide the infant with milk containing adequate amount and quality of nutrients for a balanced nutrition.

Cariogenic Potential of Stored Human Milk—An In-Vitro Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitha Hegde ◽  
Rani Vikyath
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Ph Buffer

Human milk samples collected from ten lactating mothers in the K. S. Hegde Medical Hospital, Mangalore were divided into five different parts and stored at different temperatures for varying durations. The pH,buffer capacity and growth of Streptococcus mutans were assessed in each of these samples. There was a fall in pH of human milk stored at various temperatures. The buffer capacity of human milk increased with duration of storage. There was an increase in Streptococcus colony count in stored human milk proportional to the duration of storage and it increased more rapidly in case of milk stored at higher temperatures (0°C -4°C) compared to the milk stored in the freezer (-19°C). Milk samples stored at room temperature for 6 hours and in the freezer at -19°C for 2 weeks were found to be relatively safe.

scholarly journals Quantification of non-protein nitrogen components of infant formulae and follow-up milks: comparison with cows' and human milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Orotic Acid ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Infant Formulae

The composition of fourteen infant formulae and six follow-up milks with regard to their free amino acids (including taurine), free nucleotides, orotic acid, and free and total L-carnitine content was studied. The levels found were compared with the limits established in European legislation and with the composition of human and cows' milk samples. HPLC methodologies, optimized and validated for the matrices under study, were used, except for free and total L-carnitine contents that were quantified using a flow-injection manifold, also optimized and validated for the matrices under study. Global statistical treatment of the results by cluster analysis indicated similarities between the contents of the N compounds under study of infant formulae, follow-up milks and cows' milk and differences with regard to human milk composition. The principal component analysis showed that 60·2% of the variation in data was due to the first principal component, and the second component represented 23·8% of the total information. Nucleotide profiles, orotic acid, and free and total L-carnitine contents explain the main differences observed between human milk and the other milks studied (cows' milk, infant formulae and follow-up milks). Cows' milk is distinguished from infant formulae and follow-up milks mainly owing to the different uric acid contents and free amino acids profiles.

scholarly journals Targeted LC-ESI-MS2 characterization of human milk oligosaccharide diversity at 6 to 16 weeks post-partum reveals clear staging effects and distinctive milk groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 412 (25) ◽  
pp. 6887-6907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Mank ◽  
Hans Hauner ◽  
Albert J. R. Heck ◽  
Bernd Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Automatic Grouping

Abstract Many molecular components in human milk (HM), such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), assist in the healthy development of infants. It has been hypothesized that the functional benefits of HM may be highly dependent on the abundance and individual fine structures of contained HMOs and that distinctive HM groups can be defined by their HMO profiles. However, the structural diversity and abundances of individual HMOs may also vary between milk donors and at different stages of lactations. Improvements in efficiency and selectivity of quantitative HMO analysis are essential to further expand our understanding about the impact of HMO variations on healthy early life development. Hence, we applied here a targeted, highly selective, and semi-quantitative LC-ESI-MS2 approach by analyzing 2 × 30 mature human milk samples collected at 6 and 16 weeks post-partum. The analytical approach covered the most abundant HMOs up to hexasaccharides and, for the first time, also assigned blood group A and B tetrasaccharides. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed and allowed for automatic grouping and assignment of human milk samples to four human milk groups which are related to the maternal Secretor (Se) and Lewis (Le) genotypes. We found that HMO diversity varied significantly between these four HM groups. Variations were driven by HMOs being either dependent or independent of maternal genetic Se and Le status. We found preliminary evidence for an additional HM subgroup within the Se- and Le-positive HM group I. Furthermore, the abundances of 6 distinct HMO structures (including 6′-SL and 3-FL) changed significantly with progression of lactation.

Investigating bifidobacteria and human milk oligosaccharide composition of lactating mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Andrea Lugli ◽  
Sabrina Duranti ◽  
Christian Milani ◽  
Leonardo Mancabelli ◽  
Francesca Turroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Lactating Mothers

ABSTRACT Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breastfeeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as the transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report the HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the greatest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether, these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated with their ability to metabolize HMOs.

scholarly journals Immune response during lactation after anti-SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarden Golan ◽  
Mary Prahl ◽  
Arianna Cassidy ◽  
Alan H.B. Wu ◽  
Unurzul Jigmeddagva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Public Health Strategies

AbstractImportanceData regarding efficacy and safety of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation is needed to address vaccination guidelines, ease vaccine hesitancy concerns, and inform public health strategies for this population.ObjectiveTo determine whether anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines administered during lactation ellicit an immune response or the transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies into human milk.DesignPlasma and milk samples were collected from a prospective cohort of lactating individuals who received the mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 and from individuals who recovered from COVID-19 infection.SettingAmbulatory or during postpartum hospitalization.ParticipantsWe report results from lactating participants who received the mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n=9) or the BNT162b2 (Pfizer, n=14) vaccine or recovered from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=3).Interventions and ExposuresAnti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273) or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Plasma and milk samples were collected from lactating individuals before first vaccine dose, on the day of the second dose, and 4 weeks after the second dose. Maternal plasma was evaluated for vaccine-derived IgM and IgG antibodies. Human milk was evaluated by ELISA for vaccine-induced IgA antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2.ResultsTwenty-three lactating individuals were recruited for this study. Levels of IgG and IgM were significantly increased in plasma samples on the day of the second vaccine dose (post vaccine 1), when compared to pre-vaccine samples. In addition, plasma IgG levels 4 weeks after second vaccine dose were significantly higher than plasma IgG levels pre-vaccine or on the day of the second dose. In addition, our results show transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgA antibodies to human milk, 3-4 weeks after each dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273). The levels of anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA antibody in milk of vaccinated individuals were not significantly different from levels among participants who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusions and RelevanceAdministration of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation leads to increased anti-SARS-CoV2 IgM and IgG levels in the plasma of lactating mothers and increased anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA levels in human milk. Lactating women who receive the vaccine should consider continuing to breastfeed their infant human milk to allow transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies to the neonate. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these vaccines on lactation outcomes and infant health.Key PointsQuestionWhat is the immunologic response to anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines during lactation and does vaccination induce secretion of IgA antibodies into human milk?FindingsIn a cohort of 23 lactating individuals who were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, we found significantly increased levels of anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG and IgM antibodies in plasma, as well as anti-SARS-CoV2 IgA in human milk.MeaningLactating individuals receiving anti-COVID-19 vaccines transfer antibodies to their infants and given the long-term health benefits of breastfeeding for the maternal-infant dyad, lactating individuals should be encouraged to continue to breastfeed after vaccination.

scholarly journals BNT162b2 vaccination induces SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody secretion into human milk with minimal transfer of vaccine mRNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Ming Low ◽  
Yue Gu ◽  
Melissa Shu Feng Ng ◽  
Zubair Amin ◽  
Le Ye Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Impact

AbstractImportanceTo examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of lactating mothers on human milkObjective(1) To quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human milk of lactating mothers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, with reference to a cohort convalescent from antenatal COVID-19, and healthy lactating mothers. (2) To detect and quantify vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.DesignGestational Immunity For Transfer 2 (GIFT-2) is a prospective cohort study of lactating mothers who were due to receive two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, recruited between 5th February 2021 and 9th February 2021.SettingLactating healthcare workers living in SingaporeParticipantsConvenience sample of ten lactating healthcare workers. Human milk samples were collected at four time points: pre-vaccination, 1-3 days after dose one, 7-10 days after dose one, and 3-7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine.ExposureTwo doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine 21 days apart.Main Outcome and Measure(i) SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine, (ii) Detection and quantification of vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.ResultsTen lactating healthcare workers aged 32.5 years (range 29 – 42) were recruited, with 40 human milk samples collected and analysed. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA was predominant in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine. The sharpest rise in antibody production was 3 −7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine, with medians of 1110 picomolar of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike and 374 picomolar of anti-Receptor Binding Domain IgA. Vaccine mRNA was detected only on rare occasions, at a maximum concentration of 2 ng/mL.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort of ten lactating mothers following BNT162b2 vaccination, nine (90%) produced SARS-CoV-2 IgA, and ten (100%) produced IgG in human milk with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA. Lactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving mRNA vaccination for SARS-CoV-2.Trial RegistrationRegistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04802278).Key PointsQuestionDoes BNT162b2 (i) induce the production and secretion of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies into human milk, and/or (ii) get secreted into human milk?FindingsIn this cohort that included ten lactating healthcare workers following BNT162b2 vaccination, 90% produced SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin A, and 100% produced immunoglobulin G in human milk, with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA transfer.MeaningLactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium bifidum Extracellular Sialidase Enhances Adhesion to the Mucosal Surface and Supports Carbohydrate Assimilation

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Nishiyama ◽  
Yuji Yamamoto ◽  
Makoto Sugiyama ◽  
Takashi Takaki ◽  
Tadasu Urashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Type A ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium is a natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We studied the role of the extracellular sialidase (SiaBb2, 835 amino acids [aa]) from Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 15696 in mucosal surface adhesion and carbohydrate catabolism. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) or porcine mucin oligosaccharides as the sole carbon source enhanced B. bifidum growth. This was impaired in a B. bifidum ATCC 15696 strain harboring a mutation in the siabb2 gene. Mutant cells in early to late exponential growth phase also showed decreased adhesion to human epithelial cells and porcine mucin relative to the wild-type strain. These results indicate that SiaBb2 removes sialic acid from HMOs and mucin for metabolic purposes and may promote bifidobacterial adhesion to the mucosal surface. To further characterize SiaBb2-mediated bacterial adhesion, we examined the binding of His-tagged recombinant SiaBb2 peptide to colonic mucins and found that His-SiaBb2 as well as a conserved sialidase domain peptide (aa 187 to 553, His-Sia) bound to porcine mucin and murine colonic sections. A glycoarray assay revealed that His-Sia bound to the α2,6-linked but not to the α2,3-linked sialic acid on sialyloligosaccharide and blood type A antigen [GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ] at the nonreducing termini of sugar chains. These results suggest that the sialidase domain of SiaBb2 is responsible for this interaction and that the protein recognizes two distinct carbohydrate structures. Thus, SiaBb2 may be involved in Bifidobacterium-mucosal surface interactions as well as in the assimilation of a variety of sialylated carbohydrates. IMPORTANCE Adhesion to the host mucosal surface and carbohydrate assimilation are important for bifidobacterium colonization and survival in the host gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic basis for B. bifidum extracellular sialidase (SiaBb2)-mediated adhesion. SiaBb2 cleaved sialyl-human milk oligosaccharides and mucin glycans to produce oligosaccharides that supported B. bifidum growth. Moreover, SiaBb2 enhanced B. bifidum adhesion to mucosal surfaces via specific interactions with the α2,6 linkage of sialyloligosaccharide and blood type A antigen on mucin carbohydrates. These findings provide insight into the bifunctional role of SiaBb2 and the adhesion properties of B. bifidum strains. IMPORTANCE Adhesion to the host mucosal surface and carbohydrate assimilation are important for bifidobacterium colonization and survival in the host gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic basis for B. bifidum extracellular sialidase (SiaBb2)-mediated adhesion. SiaBb2 cleaved sialyl-human milk oligosaccharides and mucin glycans to produce oligosaccharides that supported B. bifidum growth. Moreover, SiaBb2 enhanced B. bifidum adhesion to mucosal surfaces via specific interactions with the α2,6 linkage of sialyloligosaccharide and blood type A antigen on mucin carbohydrates. These findings provide insight into the bifunctional role of SiaBb2 and the adhesion properties of B. bifidum strains.

scholarly journals Silver Nanomaterials as Electron Mediators in a Bio-Electronic Tongue Dedicated to the Analysis of Milks. The Role of the Aspect Ratio of Nanoparticles vs. Nanowires

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Coral Salvo-Comino ◽  
Clara Perez-Gonzalez ◽  
Fernando Martin-Pedrosa ◽  
Cristina Garcia-Cabezon ◽  
Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Silver Nanowires ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Silver Nanomaterials ◽  
Electron Mediators

The integration of silver nanomaterials as electron mediators in electrochemical biosensors can be crucial to improve the affinity with biomolecules and the electrochemical response. In this work, two voltammetric bioelectronics tongues (bioET) formed by biosensors based on the combination of enzymes with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (bioET-1) or silver nanowires (AgNWs) (bioET-2) have been developed and used to analyze milks. Each array was formed by four biosensors formed by enzymes (glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, β-galactosidase and a blank), capable to detect compounds usually found in milks. Principal component analysis (PCA) has revealed the ability of both biosensor systems to discriminate between milk samples with different fat contents, but with some differences, attributed to the structure employed in the detection.

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