scholarly journals Immune response during lactation after anti-SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarden Golan ◽  
Mary Prahl ◽  
Arianna Cassidy ◽  
Alan H.B. Wu ◽  
Unurzul Jigmeddagva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Public Health Strategies

AbstractImportanceData regarding efficacy and safety of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation is needed to address vaccination guidelines, ease vaccine hesitancy concerns, and inform public health strategies for this population.ObjectiveTo determine whether anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines administered during lactation ellicit an immune response or the transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies into human milk.DesignPlasma and milk samples were collected from a prospective cohort of lactating individuals who received the mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 and from individuals who recovered from COVID-19 infection.SettingAmbulatory or during postpartum hospitalization.ParticipantsWe report results from lactating participants who received the mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n=9) or the BNT162b2 (Pfizer, n=14) vaccine or recovered from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=3).Interventions and ExposuresAnti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273) or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Plasma and milk samples were collected from lactating individuals before first vaccine dose, on the day of the second dose, and 4 weeks after the second dose. Maternal plasma was evaluated for vaccine-derived IgM and IgG antibodies. Human milk was evaluated by ELISA for vaccine-induced IgA antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2.ResultsTwenty-three lactating individuals were recruited for this study. Levels of IgG and IgM were significantly increased in plasma samples on the day of the second vaccine dose (post vaccine 1), when compared to pre-vaccine samples. In addition, plasma IgG levels 4 weeks after second vaccine dose were significantly higher than plasma IgG levels pre-vaccine or on the day of the second dose. In addition, our results show transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgA antibodies to human milk, 3-4 weeks after each dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273). The levels of anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA antibody in milk of vaccinated individuals were not significantly different from levels among participants who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusions and RelevanceAdministration of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation leads to increased anti-SARS-CoV2 IgM and IgG levels in the plasma of lactating mothers and increased anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA levels in human milk. Lactating women who receive the vaccine should consider continuing to breastfeed their infant human milk to allow transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies to the neonate. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these vaccines on lactation outcomes and infant health.Key PointsQuestionWhat is the immunologic response to anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines during lactation and does vaccination induce secretion of IgA antibodies into human milk?FindingsIn a cohort of 23 lactating individuals who were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, we found significantly increased levels of anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG and IgM antibodies in plasma, as well as anti-SARS-CoV2 IgA in human milk.MeaningLactating individuals receiving anti-COVID-19 vaccines transfer antibodies to their infants and given the long-term health benefits of breastfeeding for the maternal-infant dyad, lactating individuals should be encouraged to continue to breastfeed after vaccination.

scholarly journals The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidong Wang ◽  
Petya Koleva ◽  
Elloise du Toit ◽  
Donna T. Geddes ◽  
Daniel Munblit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Fold Change Analysis

Introduction: The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk. While some studies have compared the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se+ and Se− women, none have reported on the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se− and Le– mothers.Method and Results: To determine the differences in the non-HMO milk metabolome between Se–Le– mothers and other HMO phenotypes (Se+Le+, Se+Le–, and Se–Le+), 10 milk samples from 10 lactating mothers were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Se or Le HMO phenotypes were assigned based on the presence and absence of 6 HMOs generated by the Se and Le genes. After classification, 58 milk metabolites were compared among the HMO phenotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified clear separation between Se–Le– milk and the other milks. Fold change analysis demonstrated that the Se–Le– milk had major differences in free fatty acids, free amino acids, and metabolites related to energy metabolism.Conclusion: The results of this brief research report suggest that the milk metabolome of mothers with the Se–Le– phenotype differs in its non-HMO metabolite composition from mothers with other HMO phenotypes.

Cariogenic Potential of Stored Human Milk—An In-Vitro Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitha Hegde ◽  
Rani Vikyath
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Ph Buffer

Human milk samples collected from ten lactating mothers in the K. S. Hegde Medical Hospital, Mangalore were divided into five different parts and stored at different temperatures for varying durations. The pH,buffer capacity and growth of Streptococcus mutans were assessed in each of these samples. There was a fall in pH of human milk stored at various temperatures. The buffer capacity of human milk increased with duration of storage. There was an increase in Streptococcus colony count in stored human milk proportional to the duration of storage and it increased more rapidly in case of milk stored at higher temperatures (0°C -4°C) compared to the milk stored in the freezer (-19°C). Milk samples stored at room temperature for 6 hours and in the freezer at -19°C for 2 weeks were found to be relatively safe.

scholarly journals Total Fatty Acid and Polar Lipid Species Composition of Human Milk

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Talat Bashir Ahmed ◽  
Merete Eggesbø ◽  
Rachel Criswell ◽  
Olaf Uhl ◽  
Hans Demmelmair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

Human milk lipids are essential for infant health. However, little is known about the relationship between total milk fatty acid (FA) composition and polar lipid species composition. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the relationship between the FA and polar lipid species composition in human milk, with a focus on differences between milk with higher or lower milk fat content. From the Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS, 2002–2009), a subset of 664 milk samples were analyzed for FA and polar lipid composition. Milk samples did not differ in major FA, phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin species percentages between the highest and lowest quartiles of total FA concentration. However, milk in the highest FA quartile had a lower phospholipid-to-total-FA ratio and a lower sphingomyelin-to-phosphatidylcholine ratio than the lowest quartile. The only FAs associated with total phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin were behenic and tridecanoic acids, respectively. Milk FA and phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species containing these FAs showed modest correlations. Associations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids with percentages of phosphatidylcholine species carrying these FAs support the conclusion that the availability of these FAs limits the synthesis of phospholipid species containing them.

Investigating bifidobacteria and human milk oligosaccharide composition of lactating mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Andrea Lugli ◽  
Sabrina Duranti ◽  
Christian Milani ◽  
Leonardo Mancabelli ◽  
Francesca Turroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Lactating Mothers

ABSTRACT Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breastfeeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as the transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report the HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the greatest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether, these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated with their ability to metabolize HMOs.

scholarly journals Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Gestationally Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2-Weeks Postnatal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1025-1025
Author(s):  
Dominick Lemas ◽  
Xinsong Du ◽  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Marina Magalhães ◽  
Larissa Iapicca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract Objectives Human breast milk is the ideal nutrition source for infant development during the first year of life. Epidemiological data demonstrates that bovine whole milk is often substituted for human milk during the first 12-months of life and may be associated with adverse infant outcomes. The goal of this project is to interrogate the human and bovine milk metabolome at 2-weeks postnatal to identify unique and overlapping metabolites that may impact infant health outcomes. Methods Human milk (n = 10) was collected at 2-weeks postpartum from normal weight mothers (pre-pregnant BMI <25 kg/m2) that vaginally delivered term infants and planned to exclusively breastfeed for at least 2-months. Similarly, bovine milk (n = 10) was collected 2-weeks postpartum from normal weight primiparous Holstein dairy cows. Dairy cattle were housed in sand-bedded, shaded barns with access to fans and water soakers and fed a common transition cow total mixed ration. Untargeted metabolomics was completed on all milk samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Metabolomic analysis was implemented using an open-source containerized metabolomics pipeline. Data processing was completed using MZmine, mummichog and Python were used for statistical analysis. Results We detected 716 metabolomic features in human and bovine milk samples after quality control. Our analysis also revealed that 43% (312) of metabolomics features were present in both human and bovine milk, 23% (167) of metabolomics features were unique to human milk and 33% (237) of metabolomics features existed only in bovine milk samples. Pathway analysis revealed that sialic acid and glycosphingolipid metabolism (P < 0.0009) were common to human and bovine milk samples. We also found that amino acid (tryptophan, tyrosine, purine) metabolism (P < 0.005) was unique to bovine samples and vitamin B3 pathways (P = 0.03) was unique to human samples. Conclusions Our analysis revealed a core milk metabolome shared between human and bovine samples. Collectively, these results highlight untargeted metabolomics as a potential strategy to identify unique and overlapping metabolites in bovine and human milk that may impact infant health outcomes. Funding Sources Research was supported by NIDDK/K01; SECIM P&F; CTSI Pilot Award; Robin Hood Foundation; NIH Loan Repayment Program.

scholarly journals BNT162b2 vaccination induces SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody secretion into human milk with minimal transfer of vaccine mRNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Ming Low ◽  
Yue Gu ◽  
Melissa Shu Feng Ng ◽  
Zubair Amin ◽  
Le Ye Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Impact

AbstractImportanceTo examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of lactating mothers on human milkObjective(1) To quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human milk of lactating mothers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, with reference to a cohort convalescent from antenatal COVID-19, and healthy lactating mothers. (2) To detect and quantify vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.DesignGestational Immunity For Transfer 2 (GIFT-2) is a prospective cohort study of lactating mothers who were due to receive two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, recruited between 5th February 2021 and 9th February 2021.SettingLactating healthcare workers living in SingaporeParticipantsConvenience sample of ten lactating healthcare workers. Human milk samples were collected at four time points: pre-vaccination, 1-3 days after dose one, 7-10 days after dose one, and 3-7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine.ExposureTwo doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine 21 days apart.Main Outcome and Measure(i) SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine, (ii) Detection and quantification of vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.ResultsTen lactating healthcare workers aged 32.5 years (range 29 – 42) were recruited, with 40 human milk samples collected and analysed. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA was predominant in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine. The sharpest rise in antibody production was 3 −7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine, with medians of 1110 picomolar of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike and 374 picomolar of anti-Receptor Binding Domain IgA. Vaccine mRNA was detected only on rare occasions, at a maximum concentration of 2 ng/mL.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort of ten lactating mothers following BNT162b2 vaccination, nine (90%) produced SARS-CoV-2 IgA, and ten (100%) produced IgG in human milk with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA. Lactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving mRNA vaccination for SARS-CoV-2.Trial RegistrationRegistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04802278).Key PointsQuestionDoes BNT162b2 (i) induce the production and secretion of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies into human milk, and/or (ii) get secreted into human milk?FindingsIn this cohort that included ten lactating healthcare workers following BNT162b2 vaccination, 90% produced SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin A, and 100% produced immunoglobulin G in human milk, with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA transfer.MeaningLactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

scholarly journals Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Milk Conversion Rates in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110181
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Juncker ◽  
Michelle Romijn ◽  
Veerle N. Loth ◽  
Eliza J. M. Ruhé ◽  
Sjors Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Large Prospective Cohort Study

Background It has been demonstrated that human milk from mothers who have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contains antibodies against the virus, which could play an important role in protecting the recipient infant against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Seroconversion is measured frequently around the world, but the milk conversion rate is unknown. Research Aims To determine (1) the prevalence and (2) the dynamics of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk amongst lactating mothers in the Netherlands. Methods In this large prospective cohort study, lactating mothers ( N = 2312) were included between October 12, 2020 and February 24, 2021. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine levels of IgA antibodies in human milk and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in serum against the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Results A total of 691 (30.6%) participants had SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human milk and/or serum. Of these participants, 524 (23.1%) had IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk, and 356 (15.7%) had IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in serum. A total of 199 (8.8%) participants had antibodies in both human milk and serum. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA antibodies in human milk remain present at least 10 months after a polymerase chain reaction confirmed infection. Conclusion The prevalence of IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk was 23.1% in our cohort. This high prevalence of antibodies in human milk might lead to passive immunity in many breastfed infants and may serve as protection against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Lectin-Based Method for Deciphering Human Milk IgG Sialylation

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 3797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Lis-Kuberka ◽  
Barbara Królak-Olejnik ◽  
Marta Berghausen-Mazur ◽  
Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Molecular Probe ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Lactating Mothers

In light of the immunoprotective function of human milk and the incontestable impact of IgG glycosylation on its immune functions, characterization of the sialylation profile of human milk IgG is needed. Lectins as a molecular probe were applied in lectin-IgG-ELISA to analyze the sialylation and galactosylation pattern of skim milk IgG of mothers who delivered at term and prematurely. Well-defined biotinylated lectins were used: Maackia amurensis II (MAA II), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Ricinus communis I (RCA I), and Griffonia simplicifolia II (GSL II) specific to α2,3-Neu5Ac, α2,6-Neu5Ac, Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc, and agalactosylated glycans, respectively. The sialylation pattern of milk IgG differs qualitatively and quantitatively from maternal plasma IgG and is related to lactation stage and perinatal risk factors. Expression of MAA-, SNA-, and GSL-reactive glycotopes on term milk IgG showed a positive correlation with milk maturation from days 1 to 55. Preterm birth was associated with an increase of MAA-reactive and a decrease of RCA-reactive IgG glycotopes. Moreover, higher SNA- and GSL-reactive and lower RCA-reactive glycoform levels of milk IgG were associated with infection of lactating mothers. Application of a specific and simple method, lectin-IgG-ELISA, reveals the sialylation pattern of milk IgG over milk maturation. However, further investigations are needed in this area.

scholarly journals Detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA in the human milk of COVID-19 vaccinated, lactating health care workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Valcarce ◽  
Lauren S Stafford ◽  
Josef Neu ◽  
Nicole Cacho ◽  
Leslie Parkier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Present Design

Importance: In 2019, a deadly virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for COVID-19, emerged. In December 2020, two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines were approved for use in the United States (US) which provide immunity to those receiving the vaccine. Maternally derived antibodies are a key element of infants' immunity. Certain vaccines given to pregnant and lactating mothers provide immunity to infants through transmission across the placenta, umbilical cord (IgG) and human milk (IgA). Human milk produced by mothers with a history of COVID-19 infection contains SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG. Objective: To determine whether SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulins are found in human milk after the COVID-19 vaccination, and to characterize the types of immunoglobulins present. Design, setting and participants: This is a prospective observational study conducted at Shands Hospital, University of Florida from December 2020 to March 2021. Twenty-two lactating healthcare workers who received the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer/BioNtech or Moderna) made up the sample group. Plasma and human milk were collected at three-time points (pre-vaccination, post first vaccine dose , and post-second vaccine dose). SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG in human milk and in plasma were measured by ELISA. Maternal demographics was compiled. Exposures: Pfizer/BioNtech or Moderna vaccination. Main outcome and measure: Levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG in human milk and plasma. Results: We found significant secretion of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG in human milk and plasma after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Conclusions and relevance: Our results show that the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines induce SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG secretion in human milk. Further studies are needed to determine the duration of this immune response, its capacity to neutralize the COVID-19 virus, the transfer of passive immunity to breastfeeding infants, and the potential therapeutic use of human milk IgA to combat SARS-Cov-2 infections and COVID-19.

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