Effect of a 12-Week Concurrent Training Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Obese Men: A Pilot Study

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week concurrent training intervention on cardiometabolic health in obese men. Twelve obese men (42.5 ± 5.3 years old) participated in the current 12−week randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design. The participants were randomly assigned to a concurrent training group or to a no-exercise control group. Anthropometry and body composition assessment were determined by electrical bio-impedance. Blood samples were obtained and a cardiometabolic risk Z-Score was calculated. Energy metabolism-related parameters [i.e., resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate oxidation in both resting conditions and during exercise] were determined by indirect calorimetry. Echocardiographic studies were performed using an ultrasound system equipped with a transducer to measure cardiac function. A significant decrease of weight (Δ = −4.21 kg; i.e., primary outcome), body mass index (Δ = −1.32 kg/m2), fat mass (FM; Δ = −3.27 kg), blood pressure (BP; Δ = −10.81 mmHg), and cardiometabolic risk Z-Score (Δ = −0.39) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (all P < 0.05), while no significant changes were noted in waist circumference (WC), lean mass (LM), bone mineral content, glycemic and lipid profiles, liver function, nor in energy metabolism-related parameters (all P > 0.1). Moreover, a significant increment of left ventricular (LV) end diastolic diameter (Δ = −4.35 mm) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (P = 0.02). A 12-week concurrent training intervention is an effective strategy to induce weight and fat loss with simultaneous reductions of BP and cardiometabolic risk, and improving cardiac function in obese men.

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Quantitative Evaluation On Cardiac Remodeling Mechanism After Intensive Exercise: A Preliminary Study of Non-enhanced Cardiac Cine MRI

10.21203/rs.3.rs-710342/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

hongqin Liang ◽

Liqiang Zhu ◽

Bing Ji ◽

Yongning Shang ◽

xiaoyue Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Myocardial Strain ◽

Strain Analysis ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cine Mri ◽

Control Group ◽

Peak Strain ◽

Functional Parameters ◽

Time To Peak

Abstract Purpose: High intensity and longtime aerobic exercise may lead to the remodeling of both left and right ventricles with increased myocardial mass and cavity dilatation,which is mainly reflected in the changes of traditional cardiac function parameters.Feature tracking myocardial strain allows quantitative strain analysis of myocardial functionThe purpose was to quantitatively evaluate traditional cardiac function and feature tracking myocardial strain of exercise-induced ,andMaterials and methods: The study included 67 healthy volunteers (21 ± 2 years of age). The exercise group (n=43) who fulfilled our defined exercise criteria. The control group (n=23) who maintained a basic daily life .Noncontrast enhancement CMR scanning were performed on all the subjects using a 3T MRI scanner .Cvi42 software was used for post-processing . Left ventricular cardiac function and overall globle stress were measured.Results: Cardiac function parameters in the exercise group were significantly higher than those of the control group except for the ejection fractions (EFs) and heart rates (HRs). The GRS peak strain and GLS peak diastolic strain rates of both groups were significantly different (P＜0.05).The GRS peak strains and EFs were partly correlated (R=0.61). The GRS peak diastolic strains and cardiac Indices (CIs) were significantly correlated (R=0.68). The GCS and GRS Peak Strains showed highly negative correlations (R=–0.96). The GCS and GRS time to peak values were also highly correlated (R= 0.87). Conclusion:The initial results showed that Changes in the functional parameters were more obvious than in the myocardial strain parameters, and some strain indices were correlated with the cardiac functional parameters,when the remodeling of the heart occurs.This is a new attempt to quantitatively assessment of Cardiac function and strain by Non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance.

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A Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Effect of Yoga Therapy on Cardiac Function and N Terminal Pro BNP in Heart Failure

Integrative Medicine Insights ◽

10.4137/imi.s13939 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. IMI.S13939 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bandi Hari Krishna ◽

Pravati Pal ◽

G. K. Pal ◽

J. Balachander ◽

E. Jayasettiaseelon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Medical Therapy ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Left Ventricular Ejection ◽

Control Group ◽

Tei Index ◽

Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽

Yoga Therapy ◽

Standard Medical Therapy

Aims The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether yoga training in addition to standard medical therapy can improve cardiac function and reduce N terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT pro BNP) in heart failure (HF). Methods 130 patients were recruited and randomized into two groups: Control Group (CG) ( n = 65), Yoga Group (YG). In YG, 44 patients and in CG, 48 patients completed the study. Cardiac function using left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial performance index (Tei index), and NT pro BNP, a biomarker of HF, was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Result Improvement in LVEF, Tei index, and NT pro BNP were statistically significant in both the groups. Furthermore, when the changes in before and after 12 weeks were in percentage, LVEF increased 36.88% in the YG and 16.9% in the CG, Tei index was reduced 27.87% in the YG and 2.79% in the CG, NT pro BNP was reduced 63.75% in the YG and 10.77% in the CG. The between group comparisons from pre to post 12 weeks were significant for YG improvements (LVEF, P < 0.01, Tei index, P < 0.01, NT pro BNP, P < 0.01). Conclusion These results indicate that the addition of yoga therapy to standard medical therapy for HF patients has a markedly better effect on cardiac function and reduced myocardial stress measured using NT pro BNP in patients with stable HF.

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Abstract 17667: Local Atrophy of Parahippocampal Gyrus is Prominent in Heart Failure Patients Without Dementia

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.17667 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Tomomi Meguro

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Brain Atrophy ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽

Control Group ◽

Z Score ◽

Heart Failure Patients

Introduction: The exacerbation of heart failure (HF) induces brain damage and the cognitive impairment that attenuates the effects of treatment. The medial lateral lobe of brain, including parahippocampal gyrus, is known to reduce its volume in patients with cognitive disorder especially in Alzheimer’s disease. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans identify morphological changes in the brains of patients with HF. Therefore, the Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of three-dimensional brain MRI may contribute to predict the potential risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of patients with HF. Hypothesis: The severity of local atrophy of parahippocampal gyrus, a potential risk of MCI, is prominent in heart failure patients without dementia. Methods: Ten HF patients (age 72+/-15 years, NYHA class II, EF43+/-15 %) and 9 control (age 76+/- 8 years) were enrolled. Patients with dementia were excluded from this study. Three dimensional T1 weighted sagittal images of whole brain were taken using 1.5T MRI. Image analysis was performed to evaluate the severity of local brain atrophy of gray matter using 2mm VBM by the software based on statistical parametric mapping. The Z-score value of volume of interest (VOI) was calculated to evaluate the severity of atrophy in parahippocampal gyrus. Results: The severity of total brain atrophy was similar between HF (8.3+/-3.4%) and control (8.0+/-4.1%). However, as shown in the figure of representative cases, the Z-score value of VOI (pink circle), reflecting the severity of atrophy in parahippocampal gyrus (white arrows), was larger in HF patients group (1.4+/-0.7) in comparison with control group (0.8+/-0.4, P=0.034). The Z-score value was not correlated with age, ejection fraction, left atrial dimension, left ventricular dimensions, or BNP in HF group. Conclusions: In patients with HF, atrophy in parahippocampal gyrus was prominent in comparison with control. Patients with heart failure have potential risk of MCI and dementia.

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Effects of human recombinant growth hormone on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, and cardiac function in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060517723798 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 1708-1719 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Gonzalez ◽

JD Windram ◽

T Sathyapalan ◽

Z Javed ◽

AL Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Hormone Deficiency ◽

Control Group ◽

Cardiac Structure ◽

Adult Onset ◽

Risk Of Death

Objective Epidemiological studies suggest that adult-onset growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) might increase the risk of death from cardiovascular causes. Methods This was a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over trial followed by a 6-month open-label phase. Seventeen patients with AGHD received either recombinant human growth hormone (rGH) (0.4 mg injection daily) or placebo for 12 weeks, underwent washout for 2 weeks, and were then crossed over to the alternative treatment for a further 12 weeks. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed at baseline, 12 weeks, 26 weeks, and the end of the open phase (12 months). The results were compared with those of 16 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Results At baseline, patients with AGHD had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass than the control group, even when corrected for body surface area. Treatment with rGH normalised the insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration without an effect on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, or cardiac function. Conclusion Administration of rGH therapy for 6 to 9 months failed to normalise the functional and structural cardiac differences observed in patients with AGHD when compared with a control group.

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The Effect of Gypenosides on Cardiac Function and Expression of Cytoskeletal Genes of Myocardium in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Rats

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x09007491 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (06) ◽

pp. 1059-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Min Ge ◽

Shanfeng Ma ◽

Liang Tao ◽

Sudong Guan

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽

Diastolic Pressure ◽

Pure Water ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Ventricular Systolic Pressure

The relationship between changes of cardiac function and the gene expressions of two major myocardial skeleton proteins, titin and nebulin, and the effect of gypenosides on these gene expressions in diabetic cardiomyopathy rat were explored in the present study. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, diabetic cardiomyopathy group and gypenosides-treated diabetic cardiomyopathy group. The diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Seven weeks after the rats suffered from diabetes, the rats were treated with gypenosides 100 mg/kg per day orally for six weeks in gypenosides-treated group. In the meanwhile, the pure water was given to diabetic cardiomyopathy and the control groups. Subsequently, the cardiac functions, including left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), ± dP/dtmax and t–dP/dmaxt, as well as the mRNA content and proteins of titin and nebulin in myocardium were determined. The results indicated that (1) the diabetic cardiomyopathy rats had decreased LVSP and ± dP/dtmax, increased LVEDP, and prolonged t–dP/dtmax than normal rats; (2) LVSP and ± dP/dtmax in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats treated with gypenosides were significantly higher and LVEDP and t–dP/dtmax were significantly lower than those without giving gypenosides; (3) the mRNA contents and proteins of titin and nebulin in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats were remarkably lower than those in the control rats and gypenosides had no effect on mRNA and protein expression levels of titin and nebulin in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. We conclude that (1) the cardiac function as well as the mRNA expressions of titin and nebulin decreased in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats; (2) gypenosides secure cardiac muscles and their function from diabetic impairment and these beneficial effects of gypenosides are not by changing the expressions of titin and nebulin.

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The Effects of a Preconception Lifestyle Intervention on Childhood Cardiometabolic Health—Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells11010041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Stijn Mintjens ◽

Mireille N. M. van Poppel ◽

Henk Groen ◽

Annemieke Hoek ◽

Ben Willem Mol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Z Score ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Z Scores

Maternal obesity is associated with adverse metabolic outcomes in her offspring, from the earliest stages of development leading to obesity and poorer cardiometabolic health in her offspring. We investigated whether an effective preconception lifestyle intervention in obese women affected cardiometabolic health of their offspring. We randomly allocated 577 infertile women with obesity to a 6-month lifestyle intervention, or to prompt infertility management. Of the 305 eligible children, despite intensive efforts, 17 in the intervention and 29 in the control group were available for follow-up at age 3–6 years. We compared the child’s Body Mass Index (BMI) Z score, waist and hip circumference, body-fat percentage, blood pressure Z scores, pulse wave velocity and serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations. Between the intervention and control groups, the mean (±SD) offspring BMI Z score (0.69 (±1.17) vs. 0.62 (±1.04)) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure Z scores (0.45 (±0.65) vs. 0.54 (±0.57); 0.91 (±0.66) vs. 0.96 (±0.57)) were similar, although elevated compared to the norm population. We also did not detect any differences between the groups in the other outcomes. In this study, we could not detect effects of a preconception lifestyle intervention in obese infertile women on the cardiometabolic health of their offspring. Low follow-up rates, perhaps due to the children’s age or the subject matter, combined with selection bias abating contrast in periconceptional weight between participating mothers, hampered the detection of potential effects. Future studies that account for these factors are needed to confirm whether a preconception lifestyle intervention may improve the cardiometabolic health of children of obese mothers.

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PO-173 The Effects of Interval Exercise on oxidative stress and Smyd1-related myocardial hypertrophy in Rats with Myocardial Infarction

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i4.12643 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Qiaoqin Liang ◽

Mengxin Cai ◽

Jiaqi Zhang ◽

Zhenjun Tian

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Stress Level ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Coronary Artery Ligation ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Oxidative Stress Level ◽

Sarcomere Assembly

Objective This study was carried out to investigate interval exercise on Smyd1 expression and F-actin sarcomere assembly in non-infarcted myocardium of normal and myocardial infarction(MI) rats and its possible mechanism. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (C), normal interval exercise group (CE), sham-operated group (S), MI group (MI), MI with interval exercise group (ME) and MI with ROS Tempol group (MT), n=10. MI model was established by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Interval exercise was carried out on a small animal treadmill. MT group was given an oral solution of Tempol (2mmol/L). Hemodynamics was performed to evaluate cardiac function. HE and Masson staining were used to analyze the cross-sectional area (CSA) of cardiomyocytes and collagen volume fraction, respectively. T-SOD and MDA kits were used to detect oxidative stress. H9C2 cells were treated with H2O2. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine Smyd1 expression and F-actin sarcomere assembly. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the gene or protein expression of Smyd1, Trx1, Hsp90, MuRF1, cTnI, α-actinin and BNP. Results Smyd1, Trx1, Hsp90, MuRF1 and BNP expression in the peri-infarcted area were up-regulated, but cTnI and α-actinin expression and F-actin assembly were decreased. The cardiac function was reduced. Both interval exercise and Tempol intervention significantly increase the CSA and expression of Smyd1, Trx1, cTnI and α-actinin, improve the antioxidation capacity and F-actin sarcomere assembly and cardiac function, reduce the expression of Hsp90, MuRF1, BNP and ROS level, and inhibit the fibrosis of myocardium. The oxidative stress level was closely related to the Smyd1 expression. Improvement of cardiac function were correlated with Smyd1 expression. H2O2 can induce oxidative stress injuries of H9C2, and its closely related to cardiomyocytes oxidative stress level and Smyd1 expression. Conclusions Interval exercise could promote antioxidant capability and physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, regulate the expression of Smyd1, Hsp90 and MuRF1 in infarcted heart; so as to improve the cardiac function. Smyd1 may participate in pathologic hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes caused by oxidative stress.

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Abstract 411: In Utero Exposure to PM2.5 Causes Adult Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Reduced Exercise Capacity

Circulation Research ◽

10.1161/res.119.suppl_1.411 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Vineeta Tanwar ◽

Kristin I Stanford ◽

Loren E Wold

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

In Utero ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Intrauterine Development ◽

Total Distance

Objective: Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5) during intrauterine development is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes at adulthood. Deteriorations in cardiac function are observed with increased myocardial demand in PM2.5-exposed individuals. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of in utero PM2.5exposure on exercise training capacity and cardiac function in adult mice. Methods: Female FVB mice were exposed either to filtered air (FA) or PM2.5at an average concentration of 73.61μg/m 3 for 6h/day, 7days/wk throughout pregnancy. 12wk old male offspring from exposed dams were assigned to in utero FA (n=5) or PM2.5 (n=5) exposed groups which underwent exercise training for 3 weeks (housed with running wheels for 3 weeks). We measured total distance travelled and performed echocardiography at baseline, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Results: There was a progressive decrease in total distance travelled each week in the in utero PM2.5 exposed mice (Week 1: 12.2±3.46 Km FA, 5.32±2.06 Km PM2.5; Week 2: 41.4±9.62 Km FA, 17.28±6.60 Km PM2.5; Week 3: 61.8±16.59 Km FA, 25.92.±8.62 Km PM2.5) compared to the in utero FA exposed mice. When comparing to their respective sedentary counterparts, the FA exercise group showed increased fractional shortening (%FS), left ventricular end systolic (LVESd) and diastolic (LVEDd) diameters, suggesting eccentric hypertrophy. There was a modest decrease in %FS and marked increase in posterior wall thickness during diastole (PWTd) in the PM2.5 exercise group suggesting concentric hypertrophy. Comparison of in utero FA vs PM2.5 exercise groups after 3 weeks of exercise training showed reduced %FS and marked decrease in LVEDd in the PM2.5 exercise group compared to the FA exercise group. Furthermore, a decrease in PWTs and increased PWTd was also observed in the PM2.5 group compared to FA controls. Conclusions: In utero PM2.5exposure reduced exercise capacity at adulthood and the development of both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Thus, our study showed that individuals residing in high pollution areas are predisposed to develop cardiac dysfunction under conditions of increased myocardial demand.

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One-day cold perfusion of bimakalim and butanedione monoxime restores ex situ cardiac function

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.5.h1884 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 271 (5) ◽

pp. H1884-H1892 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. F. Stowe ◽

B. M. Graf ◽

S. Fujita ◽

G. J. Gross

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Myocardial Function ◽

Left Ventricular Pressure ◽

Katp Channels ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Control Group ◽

Cardiac Efficiency ◽

Time Control ◽

Butanedione Monoxime

Bimakalim (Bim), an opener of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, was given alone or with 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), a reversible uncoupler of contractility, to protect myocardial function during 1 day of hypothermia. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), coronary flow (CF), percent O2 extraction (%O2E), and cardiac efficiency were measured in 96 isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts divided into seven groups: 1) cold control (no drugs); 2) BDM; 3) Bim; 4) BDM + Bim; 5) BDM + glibenclamide (Glib, a blocker of KATP channels); 6) BDM + Bim + Glib; and 7) time control (6 h warm perfusion only). Drugs were given before, during, and initially after 22 h of low CF at 3.8 degrees C. At 26 h (cold groups) or 4 h (warm group) LVP (mmHg; means +/- SE) was similar for time control (94 +/- 4) and BDM + Bim (92 +/- 4) groups, lower and equivalent in the BDM (65 +/- 7) and BDM + Bim + Glib (64 +/- 7) groups, but LVP was higher than in the Bim group (46 +/- 3), and lowest in the cold control (30 +/- 8) group. In addition, only in the BDM + Bim group were basal CF, %O2E, and cardiac efficiency returned to values obtained in the time control group. Epinephrine increased LVP to that of the time control (106 +/- 3) group only in the BDM + Bim group (106 +/- 3) after hypothermia, and CF increases with adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and nitroprusside were similar to that of the time control group only in the BDM + Bim group after hypothermia. All of the effects of Bim were reversed by Glib. These results indicate that Bim, given with BDM, effectively preserves myocardial function and metabolism as well as inotropic and vasodilatory reserve during long-term hypothermic preservation as if the 1-day hypothermic state had not been instituted. Because the beneficial effects of Bim are blocked by Glib, the protective effect of Bim likely results from maintained KATP channel opening. Treatment with exogenous KATP openers may prove useful in preserving cardiac function in the transplanted heart.

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Elevated vascular resistance and afterload reduce the cardiac output response to dobutamine in early growth-restricted rats in adulthood

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511001784 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (9) ◽

pp. 1374-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vladislava Zohdi ◽

M. Jane Black ◽

James T. Pearson

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Peripheral Resistance ◽

Early Growth ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Ventricular Pressure ◽

Control Group ◽

Increased Risk

Epidemiological studies have linked intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) with an increased risk of CVD later in life. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of maternal protein restriction on cardiac function in adulthood during dobutamine (DOB) stimulation. IUGR was induced in Wistar Kyoto dams through administration of a low-protein diet (LPD; 8·7 % casein) during pregnancy and lactation; the control group received a normal-protein diet (NPD; 20 % casein). At 14 weeks of age, cardiac function was assessed in male and female NPD (eight females and eight males) and LPD offspring (ten females and ten males) by pressure volumetry using an anaesthetised closed-chest approach. We determined mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and left ventricular pressure–volume indices under baseline conditions and DOB stimulation (2 and 4 μg/kg per min). During β-adrenergic activation in LPD offspring, increases in cardiac output (CO, P < 0·018) and stroke volume (SV, P < 0·005) were attenuated in comparison with NPD offspring, while increases in ejection fraction and the maximal rate of ventricular pressure development were not affected. LPD females maintained a smaller end-diastolic volume (P < 0·017). MAP did not differ between the groups and did not change significantly during DOB infusion. Arterial elastance and total peripheral resistance decreased in all rats but remained significantly elevated in LPD offspring (P < 0·015 and < 0·01). Early growth restriction did not affect ventricular contractility but led to an increased afterload and impaired the ability to increase SV and CO during β-adrenergic stimulation.

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