scholarly journals Elite Marathoners Run Faster With Increasing Temperatures in Berlin Marathon

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
David Valero ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
José Ramón Alvero Cruz ◽  
Volker Scheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
General Mass ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Elite Runners

The influence of environmental conditions has been investigated for different marathon races, but not for the Berlin Marathon, the fastest marathon race course in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and atmospheric pressure on marathon race times in the Berlin Marathon since its first event in 1974–2019. A total of n = 882,540 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 724,135 correspond to male and 158,405 to female runners. We performed analyses regarding performance levels considering all finishers, the top 3, the top 10, and the top 100 women and men. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under study, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21, cloud cover was predominant. There was no significant trend with time in any of the weather variables (e.g., no increase in temperature across the years). Overall runners became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, however, elite runners (i.e., top 3 and top 10) seemed to run faster and improved their race times when the temperature increased (with women improving more than men). Top 10 women seemed to benefit more from increasing temperatures than top 10 males, and male top 100 runners seemed to benefit more from increasing temperatures than female top 100 runners. In the top three sub-group, no differences were observed between male and female correlations. In summary, in marathoners competing in the Berlin Marathon between 1974 and 2019, increasing temperatures and sunshine duration showed a different effect on different performance levels where overall runners (i.e., the general mass of runners) became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, but elite runners (i.e., top 3, top 10) became faster with increasing temperatures where sex differences exist.

scholarly journals Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
David Valero ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
José R. Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time.

Anaerobic heat production of bull spermatozoa II. The effects of changes in the colligative and other properties of the suspending medium

1959 ◽  
Vol 151 (942) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Hypotonic Medium ◽  
Depressant Effect ◽  
Depressant Action ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isothermal Calorimeter ◽  
Future 2 ◽  
The Relationship

1. The anaerobic heat production of bull spermatozoa has been examined under varying environmental conditions, in an isothermal calorimeter, capacity 2·4 ml., working at atmospheric pressure. The minimum detectable heat production was 10 μ cal/min. The calorimeter was calibrated with needles containing plutonium oxide of known heat production, both now and in the future. 2. Abnormal environmental conditions or treatments, such as washing, hypertonicity, hypotonicity and dilution elicited a shock reaction characterized by depressed metabolism, followed by a gradual recovery or adaptation, which in certain conditions was complete. 3. The effect of the pH of the suspending medium was examined under rigorous conditions. A low pH causes a reduction in metabolism but the response is not linear, there being a change in the relationship between heat production and pH within the range pH 6·9 to 6·4. The difference between the rate of heat production at pH 7·4 and 6·9 is insignificant, but at pH 6·4, heat production is reduced to nearly half its normal value. 4. The rate of heat production of bull spermatozoa in hypertonic and hypotonic media has been examined. The osmotic pressure range was from 3·4 to 15·1 atm, Δ = –0·28 to –1·25, or, in terms of mM-NaCl, 80 to 368. Hypertonic media in which Δ = –0·75, 0·22 below the normal tonicity, have a barely perceptible effect; but a hypotonic medium in which Δ = –0·42, 0·11 above the normal tonicity, has a depressant action, though adaptation occurs. 5. The depressant effect of hypertonicity and hypotonicity is less marked, relative to controls, at pH 6·4 than at 7·4. 6. The rate of anaerobic heat production declines before substrate exhaustion or a reduction in the pH of the medium are likely to have any effect on sperm metabolism. The following possible explanations are examined: (i) that the energy required for high sperm activity is of the same order as the rate of free energy change associated with anaerobic fructolysis; (ii) that the rate of A . T . P . synthesis during anaerobic fructolysis does not keep pace with the rate of A . T . P . hydrolysis necessary to provide the energy for high sperm activity.

Does the weather affect the Chinese stock markets? Evidence from the analysis of DCCA cross-correlation coefficient

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Cao ◽  
Yan Han
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Nonlinear Method ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Chinese Stock Markets ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Relationship

Recent studies confirm that weather affects the Chinese stock markets, based on a linear model. This paper revisits this topic using DCCA cross-correlation coefficient (ρ DCCA (n)), which is a nonlinear method, to determine if weather variables (i.e., temperature, humidity, wind and sunshine duration) affect the returns/volatilities of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. We propose an asymmetric ρ DCCA (n) by improving the traditional ρ DCCA (n) to determine if different cross-correlated properties exist when one time series trending is either positive or negative. Further, we improve a statistical test for the asymmetric ρ DCCA (n). We find that cross-correlation exists between weather variables and the stock markets on certain time scales and that the cross-correlation is asymmetric. We also analyze the cross-correlation at different intervals; that is, the relationship between weather variables and the stock markets at different intervals is not always the same as the relationship on the whole.

scholarly journals Associations of environmental variables with different types of stroke

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Vaiciulis ◽  
J Vencloviene ◽  
R Radisauskas ◽  
D Kranciukaite-Butylkiniene ◽  
A Tamosiunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Stroke Register

Abstract Background Air temperature (T) and atmospheric pressure (AP) are among the most closely studied weather variables; increases, decreases, and fluctuations in both have been significantly linked to numerous stroke subtypes. We decided to detect the association between daily numbers of ischaemic stroke (IS) and haemorrhagic stroke (HS) and daily North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) indices and monthly indices of Quasi-Biennal Oscillation (QBO). Methods The study was conducted in Kaunas city from 2000 to 2010. Kaunas stroke register presented daily numbers of IS, subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAH), and intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH). We evaluated the association between these types of stroke and NAO, AO, and QBO indices (NAOI, AOI, and QBOI) by applying Poisson regression, adjusting for month and other weather variables. Results During the study period, we analysed 3,992 cases (2,205 men and 1,787 women) with stroke. IS composed 3,199 (80.1%), ICH 533 (13.4%), and SAH - 260 (6.5%). A change in mean daily atmospheric pressure (AP) of > 3.9 hPa and QBOI <-27 were associated with the risk of SAH (RRs with 95% CI were, respectively, 1.54 (1.18-2.03), and 1.68 (1.06-2.66)). The risk of HS was associated with daily increases in AP and QBOI <8.37 (p < 0.05). The risk of IS was negatively associated with AOI (RR = 0.97 (0.94-0.99). During November-March, NAOI >0 was associated with HS (RR = 1.29 (1.03-1.62)), and a negative association between NAOI and IS (RR = 0.91 (0.84-0.98)) was found. Conclusions The results of our study provided new evidence that the NAO, AO, and QBO pattern may affect the risk of stroke. The impact of these teleconnection indices is not identical for different types of stroke. Key messages This abstract is part of publication, which will be published later on. In some cases, environmental impact is not essential, but quite often determines the course of various diseases, especially of the circulatory system.

Neoseiulus baraki (Acari: Phytoseiidae) survival and walking in response to environmental stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaneska Barbosa Monteiro ◽  
Girleide Vieira França ◽  
Manoel Guedes Correa Gondim Jr ◽  
Debora Barbosa Lima ◽  
Jose Wagner Silva Melo
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Neoseiulus Baraki ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Living organism is exposed to the influence of various environmental conditions. These environmental conditions can trigger stress and compromise the fitness of the organism. As living organisms, phytoseiid mites are frequently exposed to a range of environmental stressors. In the present study, we attempted to explore the responses of the Neoseiulus baraki to environmental stress factors (temperature and humidity). Initially, the effect of different temperature (18–33 °C) and relative humidity (10–95%) levels on the survivorship of unfed N. baraki females was evaluated. Next, we estimated the walking parameters (distance traveled and average walking speed) with a computerized tracking system and we tested how N. baraki is constrained in their effective displacement by their ability to walk and survive in absence of food. The proportion of surviving N. baraki as well as mean survival time decreased significantly with increasing temperature. The opposite trend was observed to relative humidity. The distance covered by N. baraki reduced with increasing temperature (when only taking the temperature dependence of the survival time but not of walking speed and neither the tortuosity of the walking path) ranged from 550 m at 18 ºC to 100 m at 33 ºC. Under climatic conditions representative for the Tropics (27 ºC and 75 % RH) N. baraki was able to survive up to 1.5 days (36 h) without feeding and covered 0.9 m in 10 min as displacement estimated by walking.

The Copper–Selenium System at Temperatures to 850 K and Pressures To 50 Kbar

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritchie MacLaren Murray ◽  
Robert Donald Heyding
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Enthalpy Change ◽  
Reverse Reaction ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Pressure Phase ◽  
Tetragonal Cell ◽  
Phase Relationships

Phase relationships in the copper/selenium system in the composition range 30–70 atomic % selenium have been studied at temperatures from 298 to 850 K and at pressures to 50 kbar. A revised atmospheric pressure phase diagram is given, as well as an outline of the phase diagram at 20 kbar.αCu2Se is monoclinic at 298 K with a = 14.087, b = 20.481, c = 4.145 Å, β = 90° 23′. The α → β (f.c.c.) transformation is complex, and occurs over a 30 K interval centered on 396 K. The overall enthalpy change is 6.4 ± 2 kJ mol−1. The maximum in the DTA signal for this transition decreases slowly with increasing pressure at < 1 K kbar−1. The signal disappears above 42 kbar, presumably due to the formation of a high pressure modification.Variable composition in Cu2−xSe (berzelianite) extends from Cu2.00Se to Cu1.75Se in the range 402–523 K. Cu1.80Se, with a = 5.765 Å at 298 K, is stable throughout the temperature and pressure ranges investigated.Cu3Se2 (umangite) is stable at 298 K to at least 35 kbar. Dimensions of the tetragonal cell at 298 are a = 6.385, c = 4.217 Å. At atmospheric pressure it disproportionates to Cu2−xSe and βCuSe at 386 K with an enthalpy change of 10.0 ± 5 kJ mol−1. The reverse reaction is very slow. Above ca. 5 kbar it disproportionates to Cu2−xSe and CuSe2II at a temperature less than 413 K. The reverse reaction is fast.αCuSe (klockmannite) is hexagonal with a = 3.934, c = 17.217 Å at 298 K. It transforms to βCuSe at 323 K under atmospheric pressure with an enthalpy change of 0.84 ± 5 kJ mol−1. This modification is C end-centered orthorhombic with a = 3.948, b = 6.958, c = 17.239 Å at 324 K. With increasing temperature the orthorhombic a/b ratio increases rapidly until, at 393 K, the transition to γCuSe is complete. This modification is hexagonal with a = 3.984, c = 17.288 Å at 430 K. CuSe is unstable above 5 kbar at 298 K, decomposing to form Cu3Se2 and CuSe2II.Marcasite-type CuSe2, with a = 5.0046, b = 6.1822, c = 3.7397 Å at 298 K, disproportionates to CuSe and Se at 605 K under atmospheric pressure with an enthalpy change of 9.6 ± 4 kJ mol−1. It transforms at less than 5 kbar at 298 K to the cubic pyrite modification CuSe2II, with a = 6.116 Å. CuSe2II melts congruently at 818 K and 20 kbar. The melting point increases with increasing pressure at ca. 3 K kbar−1.

scholarly journals Characterisation of liquid oil from pyrolysis of waste tyre

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Rusmi Alias ◽  
Atiqah Mohd Rafee
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Degradation Study ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Waste Tyre ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The aim of this study is to characterise the liquid oil produced from pyrolysis of waste tyre. In this study, a series of experiment were carried out at various process temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C. The degradation study was carried out by using TGA, meanwhile the pyrolysis process was done using a fixed bed reactor. Liquid oil obtained from the pyrolysis was analysed using FTIR and GC-MS. The oil yield was found to decrease with increasing final pyrolysis temperature and the yield of the gas increased. The highest oil yield was 58.3 wt. %. For pyrolysis at 400 °C. The pyrolysis of waste tyre at atmospheric pressure commenced at about 340 °C and completed at 460 °C. An increase in the aromatic content of the oil was observed with increasing temperature. However, the aliphatic content decreased as the temperature increased from 300 °C to 500 °C. It was observed that the amount of aliphatic fraction in the oil decreased from 7.8 wt. % to 5.4 wt. %. In the meantime, the number of aromatic compounds increased from 37.4 wt. % to 51.2 wt. %. The main aromatic compounds were limonene, xylene, styrene, toluene, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and benzene.

scholarly journals Short-Term Forecasting of Off-Street Parking Occupancy

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110363
Author(s):  
Elisabeth S. Fokker ◽  
Thomas Koch ◽  
Marco van Leeuwen ◽  
Elenna R. Dugundji
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
The Impact

Information and communication technologies have opened the way to guide recent developments in the field of parking. In this paper these technologies are applied to model a decision support system that gives insight into 6-months ahead parking occupancy forecasts for 57 off-street parking locations in Amsterdam. An effect analysis was conducted into the influence of weather-, event-, parking tariff-, and public transport attributes on parking occupancy. The most influential factors on the parking occupancy were the scheduling of artistic and sports events, the addition of a public transport line, and the weather variables thunderstorm, average wind speed, temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration. Parking tariffs did not significantly contribute to model performance, which could have been because of the lack of data and time variability in the parking tariffs of the examined parking locations. The forecasting algorithms compared were the seasonal naive model as a benchmark approach, the Box–Jenkins seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with and without exogenous regressors (SARIMAX and SARIMA, respectively), exponential smoothing models, and the long short-term memory neural network. The SARIMAX model outperformed the other algorithms for the 6-months ahead forecasts according to the lowest root mean square error (RMSE). By including the event factor, the model improved by 24% based on the RMSE. Weather variables improved the predictive performance by 8%. Future studies could focus on the addition of more event variables, extension into an online model, and the impact of spatial–temporal features on parking occupancy.

scholarly journals DENSITIES AND EXCESS MOLAR VOLUMES FOR BINARY SOLUTION OF WATER + ETHANOL, + METHANOL AND + PROPANOL FROM (283.15 TO 313.15) K

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
A. SHALMASHI ◽  
F. AMANI
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Binary Solution ◽  
Excess Molar Volumes ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Densities for binary solutions of three alcohol (Ethanol, Methanol and propanol) with water over the whole composition range have been measured at temperatures from (283.15 to 313.15) K in 10 K intervals and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). From these data, the excess molar volumes (VE) were calculated. The excess molar volumes for these systems were found to be negative across the whole composition and at all temperatures investigated. The excess molar volumes for ethanol and propanol + water become less negative with increasing temperature and conversely the excess molar volumes for methanol+ water become more negative with increasing temperature. The standard deviations (σ) for densities were calculated that ranged from 0.0000 to 0.001.

scholarly journals Observations of solar global oscillations (1983–1985) and potential influence of terrestrial sources of errors

1988 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
A.B. Severny ◽  
V.A. Kotov ◽  
T.T. Tsap
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations

The Earth atmospheric pressure fluctuations in the 5-min range of periods are analysed and their influence on observations of solar 5-min oscillations are briefly discussed. New series of observations confirmed the oscillations of the Sun with period of 160.010 min.

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