scholarly journals The Hamstrings: Anatomic and Physiologic Variations and Their Potential Relationships With Injury Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Afonso ◽  
Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues ◽  
Filipe M. Clemente ◽  
Michele Aquino ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Individual

The incidence and recurrence of hamstrings injuries are very high in sports, posing elevated performance and financial-related costs. Attempts to identify the risk factors involved in predicting vulnerability to hamstrings injury is important for designing exercise-based programs that aim to mitigate the rate and severity of hamstrings injuries and improve rehabilitation strategies. However, research has shown that non-modifiable risk factors may play a greater role than modifiable risk factors. Recognizing non-modifiable risk factors and understanding their implications will afford the prescription of better suited exercise programs, i.e., that are more respectful of the individual characteristics. In a nutshell, non-modifiable risk factors can still be acted upon, even if indirectly. In this context, an underexplored topic is how intra and inter- individual anatomic and physiologic variations in hamstrings (e.g., muscle bellies, fiber types, tendon length, aponeurosis width, attachment sites, sex- and age-related differences) concur to alter hamstrings injuries risk. Some anatomic and physiologic variations may be modifiable through exercise interventions (e.g., cross-sectional area), while others may not (e.g., supernumerary muscle bellies). This apparent dichotomy may hide a greater complexity, i.e., there may be risk factors that are partially modifiable. Therefore, we explored the available information on the anatomic variations of the hamstrings, providing a deeper insight into the individual risk factors for hamstrings injuries and contributing with better knowledge and potential applications toward a more individualized exercise prescription.

scholarly journals Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Recurrent Falls in Elderly Patients Hospitalized after Falls

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2441
Author(s):  
Hai Minh Vu ◽  
Long Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen ◽  
Giang Thu Vu ◽  
Cuong Tat Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Recurrent Falls ◽  
The Individual

Falls and recurrent falls cause great health and social consequences in older people. However, these problems are poorly understood in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was performed at seven hospitals in Thai Binh province, Vietnam, to investigate the individual and environmental factors associated with recurrent falls among elderly patients hospitalized due to fall injuries in Vietnam. A history of recurrent falls within the last 12 months, sociodemographic, health, and clinical characteristics, as well as environmental conditions, were obtained via self-reported interviews. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regression models were used to identify associated factors. Overall, the mean fall episodes in the last 12 months were 1.8 (Standard deviation—SD = 1.2) episodes, and the 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls was 40.5%. The individual risk factors included not receiving fall prevention guidelines, walking with devices, loss of sensation in hand or foot, and using pain relief medications. The environmental risk factors comprised having too-high stairs and not having dry, clean, and nonslippery bathrooms. This study highlights a significantly high 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls in older patients hospitalized after falls in Vietnam. Moreover, regular assessments of functional disabilities and hazardous environmental conditions, as well as the provision of prevention programs, have potential to prevent falls and recurrent falls.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis Disruptions in Older Men Are Differentially Linked to Age and Modifiable Risk Factors: The European Male Aging Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 2737-2745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. W. Wu ◽  
Abdelouahid Tajar ◽  
Stephen R. Pye ◽  
Alan J. Silman ◽  
Joseph D. Finn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Men

Abstract Context: The cause of declining testosterone (T) in aging men and their relationships with risk factors are unclear. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationships between lifestyle and health with reproductive hormones in aging men. Design: This was a baseline cross-sectional survey on 3200 community-dwelling men aged 40–79 yr from a prospective cohort study in eight European countries. Results: Four predictors were associated with distinct modes of altered function: 1) age: lower free T (FT; −3.12 pmol/liter·yr, P < 0.001) with raised LH, suggesting impaired testicular function; 2) obesity: lower total T (TT; −2.32 nmol/liter) and FT (−17.60 pmol/liter) for body mass index (BMI; ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2) and lower TT (−5.09 nmol/liter) and FT (−53.72 pmol/liter) for BMI 30 kg/m2 or greater (P < 0.001–0.01, referent: BMI < 25 kg/m2) with unchanged/decreased LH, indicating hypothalamus/pituitary dysfunction; 3) comorbidity: lower TT (−0.80 nmol/liter, P < 0.01) with unchanged LH in younger men but higher LH in older men; and 4) smoking: higher SHBG (5.96 nmol/liter, P < 0.001) and LH (0.77 U/liter, P < 0.01) with increased TT (1.31 nmol/liter, P < 0.001) but not FT, compatible with a resetting of T-LH-negative feedback due to elevated SHBG. Conclusions: Complex multiple alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function exist in aging men against a background of progressive age-related testicular impairment. These changes are differentially linked to specific risk factors. Some risk factors operate independently of but others interact with age, in contributing to the T decline. These potentially modifiable risk factors suggest possible preventative measures to maintain T during aging in men.

scholarly journals Association of workplace and population characteristics with prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian industry workers: a multilevel analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e015755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele B Vinholes ◽  
Sérgio L Bassanesi ◽  
Hilton de Castro Chaves Junior ◽  
Carlos Alberto Machado ◽  
Ione M F Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

BackgroundExposure to risk factors for hypertension may be influenced by the characteristics of the workplace, where workers spend most of their daily time.ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between features of the companies, particularly the presence of facilities to provide meals, and of population characteristics and the prevalence of hypertension, taking into account individual risk factors for hypertension.Material and methodsThis multilevel analysis was based on a cross-sectional study with individual and company data from the SESI(Serviço Social da Indústria–Social Service of Industries)study and population-based data from the national census statistics. Workers aged ≥15 years were randomly selected from small (20–99), medium (100–499) and large (≥500 employees) companies per state using multistage sampling. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between hypertension and individual, workplace and population variables, with odds ratios (ORs; 95% CI) adjusted for three-level variables.Results4818 Workers from 157 companies were interviewed and their blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Overall, 77% were men, aged 35.4 ±10.7 years, with 8.7 ±4.1 years of schooling and mostly worked in companies with a staff canteen (66%). Besides individual characteristics—being male, ageing, low schooling, alcohol abuse and higher BMI—a workplace with no staff canteen (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.52), small companies (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.60) and living in cities with higher economic inequality (OR=1.47; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.76) were associated with a higher risk for hypertension.ConclusionAmong Brazilian workers, the prevalence of hypertension is associated with individual risk factors, lack of a canteen at the workplace, small companies and higher economic inequalities of cities. These three-level characteristics help to interpret differences in the prevalence of hypertension between regions or countries.

scholarly journals Ability of Different Measures of Adiposity to Identify High Metabolic Risk in Adolescents

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Moreira ◽  
Rute Santos ◽  
Susana Vale ◽  
Paula C. Santos ◽  
Sandra Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Performance ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Individual

Introduction. This study aimed to evaluate the screening performance of different measures of adiposity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) for high metabolic risk in a sample of adolescents.Methods. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 517 adolescents aged 15–18, from the Azorean Islands, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure. HOMA and TC/HDL-C ratio were calculated. For each of these variables, a Z-score was computed by age and sex. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was constructed by summing the Z-scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered when the individual had ≥1SD of this score. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) were used.Results. Linear regression analyses showed that, after adjusting for age and pubertal stage, all different measures of adiposity are positively and significantly associated with MRS in both sexes, with exception of WHtR for boys. BMI, WC, and WHtR performed well in detecting high MRS, indicated by areas under the curve (AUC), with slightly greater AUC for BMI than for WC and WHtR in both sexes.Conclusion. All measures of adiposity were significantly associated with metabolic risk factors in a sample of Portuguese adolescents.

scholarly journals Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease in Texas: A Hispanic Focused Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Shyam Sheladia ◽  
P. Hemachandra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
American Population ◽  
Hispanic American ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Age Related

The emergence of age-related chronic diseases within the United States has led to the direct increase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as other neurological diseases which ultimately contribute to the development of dementia within the general population. To be specific, age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and kidney disease contribute greatly to the advancement and rapid progression of dementia. Furthermore, unmodifiable risk factors such as advancing age and genetics as well as modifiable risk factors such as socioeconomic status, educational attainment, exercise, and diet further contribute to the development of dementia. Current statistics and research show that minority populations such as Hispanic Americans in the United States face the greatest burden of dementia due to the increase in the prevalence of overall population age, predisposing genetics, age-related chronic diseases, low socioeconomic status, as well as poor lifestyle choices and habits. Additionally, Hispanic Americans living within Texas and the rural areas of West Texas face the added challenge of finding appropriate healthcare services. This article will focus upon the research associated with AD as well as the prevalence of AD within the Hispanic American population of Texas and rural West Texas. Furthermore, this article will also discuss the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, unmodifiable risk factors, and modifiable risk factors which lead to the progression and development of AD within the Hispanic American population of the United States, Texas, and rural West Texas.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to identify the determinants of non-communicable diseases among fishermen in Southern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhila Doddamani ◽  
A. B. Kirthinath Ballala ◽  
Sharath P. Madhyastha ◽  
Asha Kamath ◽  
Muralidhar M. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Practice ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background India is currently facing a rising epidemic of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Identification of modifiable risk factors is of paramount importance to curb this menace. Fishermen are one of the most vulnerable occupational groups with unique characteristics that make them prone to acquire NCDs, as a significant share of their life is spent at sea. Hence, this study was planned to ascertain the burden of NCDs, determine various risk factors of NCDs, and measure the association between risk factors and NCDs among fishermen of Coastal Karnataka in South India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 681 fishermen aged 18 years and above as per the semi-structured interview schedule for two years (2017–2019). A convenience sampling strategy was adopted. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.15.0. The results were described in terms of proportions and their 95% confidence intervals. Continuous data were summarized using the mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range depending on the skewness of data. Chi-square test was used to study the association between NCDs and modifiable risk factors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of NCDs. Results The mean (SD) age of the population was 42.5 (SD 12.5) years. The mean years involved in fishing was 19.8 years (SD 10.9). More than half (59.5%) of the study participants had severe stress and most (80.3%) were ever substance users. Advancing age, not being able to contact family while at sea, poor dietary practice, ever substance use, increasing waist circumference were significant correlates of NCDs. Conclusions The commonly prevalent risk factors of NCDs among fishermen included poor dietary practice, higher stress levels, substance use, increasing waist circumference, and inability to contact with family while at sea. Hypertension and Diabetes were the two common NCDs in the study population. There is a need for immediate attention in managing NCDs’ risk factors by promoting a healthy lifestyle by primary health care providers through a sustainable community awareness program targeting fishermen at a convenient time and location, either at the sea-port or meeting places. Harmful effects of substance use, healthy dietary practices, and the importance of physical activity outside their job need emphasis. In addition, screening programs should be organized with the help of boat owners and fishing associations at-least once a year to pick up NCDs at an early stage.

scholarly journals Factors associated with physical, psychological and social frailty among community-dwelling older persons in Europe: a cross-sectional study of Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Ye ◽  
Liset E. M. Elstgeest ◽  
Xuxi Zhang ◽  
Tamara Alhambra-Borrás ◽  
Siok Swan Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background Frailty is an age-related condition resulting in a state of increased vulnerability regarding functioning across multiple systems. It is a multidimensional concept referring to physical, psychological and social domains. The purpose of this study is to identify factors (demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and health indicators) associated with overall frailty and physical, psychological and social frailty in community-dwelling older people from five European countries. Methods This cross-sectional study used baseline data from 2289 participants of the Urban Health Center European project in five European countries. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations of the factors with overall frailty and the three frailty domains. Results The mean age was 79.7 (SD = 5.7). Participants who were older, were female, had secondary or equivalent education, lived alone, not at risk of alcohol use, were less physically active, had multi-morbidity, were malnourished or with a higher level of medication risk, had higher odds of overall frailty (all P < 0.05). Age was not associated with psychological and social frailty; sex was not associated with social frailty; smoking and migration background was not associated with overall frailty or any of its domains. There existed an interaction effect between sex and household composition regarding social frailty (P < 0.0003). Conclusions The present study contributed new insights into the risk factors for frailty and its three domains (physical, psychological and social frailty). Nurses, physicians, public health professionals and policymakers should be aware of the risk factors of each type of frailty. Furthermore, examine these risk factors more comprehensively and consider overall frailty as well as its three domains in order to further contribute to decision-making more precisely on the prevention and management of frailty. Trial registration The intervention of the UHCE project was registered in the ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN52788952. The date of registration is 13/03/2017.

Friendship Group Composition and Juvenile Institutional Misconduct

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon E. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Incarcerated Youth ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Institutional Misconduct ◽  
Latent Profile

The present study examines both the patterns of friendship networks and how these network characteristics relate to the risk factors of institutional misconduct for incarcerated youth. Using friendship networks collected from males incarcerated with California’s Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ), latent profile analysis was utilized to create homogeneous groups of friendship patterns based on alter attributes and network structure. The incarcerated youth provided 144 egocentric networks reporting 558 social network relationships. Latent profile analysis identified three network profiles: expected group (67%), new breed group (20%), and model citizen group (13%). The three network profiles were integrated into a multiple group analysis framework to examine the relative influence of individual-level risk factors on their rate of institutional misconduct. The analysis finds variation in predictors of institutional misconduct across profile types. These findings suggest that the close friendships of incarcerated youth are patterned across the individual characteristics of the youth’s friends and that the friendship network can act as a moderator for individual risk factors for institutional misconduct.

scholarly journals Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Other Carotenoids as Modifiable Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy and Cataract: The POLA Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ce´cile Delcourt ◽  
Isabelle Carrie`re ◽  
Martine Delage ◽  
Pascale Barberger-Gateau ◽  
Wolfgang Schalch
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Age Related
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