scholarly journals Triple Oxygen Isotope Measurements (Δ'17O) of Body Water Reflect Water Intake, Metabolism, and δ18O of Ingested Water in Passerines

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Sabat ◽  
Seth D. Newsome ◽  
Stephanie Pinochet ◽  
Roberto Nespolo ◽  
Juan Carlos Sanchez-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Passerine Species ◽  
Metabolic Water

Understanding physiological traits and ecological conditions that influence a species reliance on metabolic water is critical to creating accurate physiological models that can assess their ability to adapt to environmental perturbations (e.g., drought) that impact water availability. However, relatively few studies have examined variation in the sources of water animals use to maintain water balance, and even fewer have focused on the role of metabolic water. A key reason is methodological limitations. Here, we applied a new method that measures the triple oxygen isotopic composition of a single blood sample to estimate the contribution of metabolic water to the body water pool of three passerine species. This approach relies on Δ'17O, defined as the residual from the tight linear correlation that naturally exists between δ17O and δ18O values. Importantly, Δ'17O is relatively insensitive to key fractionation processes, such as Rayleigh distillation in the water cycle that have hindered previous isotope-based assessments of animal water balance. We evaluated the effects of changes in metabolic rate and water intake on Δ'17O values of captive rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) and two invertivorous passerine species in the genus Cinclodes from the field. As predicted, colder acclimation temperatures induced increases in metabolic rate, decreases in water intake, and increases in the contribution of metabolic water to the body water pool of Z. capensis, causing a consistent change in Δ'17O. Measurement of Δ'17O also provides an estimate of the δ18O composition of ingested pre-formed (drinking/food) water. Estimated δ18O values of drinking/food water for captive Z. capensis were ~ −11‰, which is consistent with that of tap water in Santiago, Chile. In contrast, δ18O values of drinking/food water ingested by wild-caught Cinclodes were similar to that of seawater, which is consistent with their reliance on marine resources. Our results confirm the utility of this method for quantifying the relative contribution of metabolic versus pre-formed drinking/food water to the body water pool in birds.

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: prediction of water intake from tritiated water turnover

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King ◽  
P. O. Nyamora ◽  
M. R. Stanley-Price ◽  
B. R. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
East African ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Space ◽  
Metabolic Water

SummaryFive male animals of each of the following species, zebu, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx and Dorper sheep, were penned, and their water intake measured and metabolic water production estimated. The figures for water input were compared with simultaneous measurements of body-water turnover by liquid scintillation counting of tritiated water in plasma, following dioxane precipitation. It was found that the resultant regression was sufficiently linear with the intercept near zero to justify the use of a ratio to predict input from turnover. The tritiated water turnover overestimated the water input by an amount approximately equal to the overestimate of the body water pool by the tritiated water space. Although there was a considerable amount of variation in individual ratios which could not be explained, there was no significant difference in the mean ratios between species.

Relating Δ17O Values of Animal Body Water to Exogenous Water Inputs and Metabolism

BioScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 658-668
Author(s):  
John P Whiteman ◽  
Zachary D Sharp ◽  
Alexander R Gerson ◽  
Seth D Newsome
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Metabolic Water

Abstract The dynamics of animal body water and metabolism are integral aspects of biological function but are difficult to measure, particularly in free-ranging individuals. We demonstrate a new method to estimate inputs to body water via analysis of Δ17O, a measure of 17O/16O relative to 18O/16O. Animal body water is primarily a mixture of drinking or food water (meteoric water; Δ17O ≈ 0.030 per mille [‰]) and metabolic water synthesized from atmospheric oxygen (Δ17O ≈ –0.450‰). Greater drinking or food water intake should increase Δ17O toward 0.030‰, whereas greater metabolic rate should decrease Δ17O toward –0.450‰. We found that wild mammal Δ17O values generally increased with body mass, consistent with both a decline in mass-specific metabolic rate and an increase in water intake. Captive mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Δ17O values were higher than predicted but exhibited the expected relative change based on metabolic rate and water intake. Measurements of Δ17O may enable novel ecophysiological studies.

The influence of long-term melatonin administration on basic physiological and metabolic variables of young Wistar:Han rats

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kassayová ◽  
Martina Marková ◽  
Bianka Bojková ◽  
Eva Adámeková ◽  
Peter Kubatka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Food And Water Intake

AbstractThe question of effects of long-term melatonin (MEL) administration have not yet been explained sufficiently, especially its metabolic consequences in young persons and animals. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of MEL given during prolonged time (for 3 months) and chronically (for 6 months) at the dose of 4 µg/mL of tap water, on the selected metabolic and hormonal parameters in young female and male Wistar:Han (WH) rats. The weights of selected organs, tissues, body weight gains and food and water intake were registered. Six weeks aged rats were adapted to standard housing conditions and light regimen L:D=12:12 h, fed standard laboratory diet and drank tap water (controls) or MEL solution ad libitum; finally they were sacrificed after overnight fasting. Prolonged MEL administration decreased serum glucose concentration and increased triacylglycerol and malondialdehyde concentration/content in the liver in females. In males MEL increased concentrations of serum phospholipids, corticosterone and liver malondialdehyde. MEL treatment reduced the body weight in both sexes and weight of epididymal fat in males, without any alterations of food and water intake. Chronic MEL administration reduced serum glucose concentration and increased concentration/content of glycogen, triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the liver and glycogen concentration/content in heart muscle in males. In females, the significant rise of serum corticosterone concentration and liver malondialdehyde content was recorded. MEL significantly increased liver weight and decreased thymus weight in males. MEL administration increased temporarily water intake in males, body and epididymal fat weights were similar to that in controls. Body weight of MEL drinking females was reduced in the 1st half of experiment only; the food and water intake did not differ from control group. The response in WH rats on MEL was more prominent as in the Sprague-Dawley strain (our previous studies). Male rats were generally more affected, probably due to higher daily and total consumption of melatonin.

scholarly journals Feeding and Excretion in the Scorpion Paruroctonus Mesaensis: Water and Material Balance

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-265
Author(s):  
STANLEY D. YOKOTA
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Fluid Uptake ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Minimal Estimate

Scorpions feed by a process involving the external grinding and digestion of prey, with the ingestion of only the soluble fraction. The water obtained from the prey represents the most important source of water intake for scorpions inhabiting arid regions, placing great importance on the animals' ability to utilize prey water effectively. The scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis (Stahnke) was found to ingest a mean of 88% of the body water of selected prey. However, the scorpion loses 0.37 ml of its own body water per ml of prey water extracted, resulting in a net water gain of 0.51 ml water for every ml of prey water. Fluid uptake by the scorpion has been ascribed to a pharyngeal pumping mechanism. Direct measurements of the suction generated by the pharynx yielded a minimal estimate of its pumping capability of 130mmHg. The uptake and excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes by Paruroctonus mesaensis on a diet of Tenebrio molitor adults were also analysed. Almost all the potassium ingested was excreted, whereas most of the sodium and chloride were retained, possibly serving to expand haemolymph volume. Assuming a steady state for nitrogen, it was estimated that the net utilizable water obtained from prey, that is the water intake minus the excretory water necessitated by nitrogen excretion, was equivalent to about 35% of the initial prey water or 69% of the water ingested.

The use of tritiated gypsum for estimating individual intakes of pelleted or unpelleted supplement by lambs fed individually or in groups

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
M Freer
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Food Consumed

Grazing lambs, fed either individually or in groups, received daily supplements of 400 g/lamb of pelleted or unpelleted sunflower meal (SFM), labelled with tritiated gypsum. For pelleted SFM, individual and group intakes, estimated from the accumulation of tritium in the body water pool, were 1.5% and 3-5% less respectively than measured intakes. However, for unpelleted SFM, estimated intakes were 3-24% less than measured intakes. In a second experiment, lambs were individually fed labelled, unpelleted SFM indoors to examine possible losses of radioactive label which might account for the discrepancies observed in experiment 1. Loss of label in water bowls and in SFM adhering to the food bins reduced the effective specific activity of the food consumed by only 0.2%. Estimated intakes were closely related to known intakes by a regression in which the slope did not differ significantly from 1.0 nor the intercept from zero. It is concluded that the low estimates of unpelleted SFM intake in the first experiment are real and reflect wastage of supplement. It follows that the tritiated gypsum technique is equally applicable to pelleted and unpelleted supplements, and may be of greater use with the latter where wastage may be greater.

Voluntary dehydration in man

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Greenleaf ◽  
Frederick Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Voluntary Dehydration ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects singly and in combination of heat, exercise, and hypohydration upon voluntary dehydration were studied in four acclimated, physically fit, young men. Voluntary dehydration is the delay in complete rehydration following water loss. Hypohydration refers to the state of decreased water content while the osmotic concentration of the body is maintained. Ad libitum drinking during the heat experiments was 146% greater than it was in the cool experiments. Hypohydration increased drinking 109% over the corresponding hydration experiment, exercise increased water intake 41% over resting. Hypohydration and exercise were less effective than heat in stimulating drinking. During the 4-hr experimental periods, the subjects did not or could not drink enough to compensate for the water lost. Regardless of the magnitude of the water deficit at the beginning of the recovery periods, the rates of rehydration were the same. The more stressful the experiment, the greater the water consumption and, in general, the longer it took to regain the lost water. water balance; heat; exercise; drinking; hypohydration Submitted on September 8, 1964

EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING FLUID IN THE IMMEDIATE POSTNATAL PERIOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
JOHN D. L. HANSEN ◽  
CLEMENT A. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Weight Losses

These studies were undertaken primarily to evaluate the importance of fluid intake soon after birth and to determine whether consequences of its omission are modified by the relative excess of water in the body of the newborn infant. Weight losses, outputs of Na, K, Cl, N and water, and serum concentrations were investigated in nine infants receiving no intake for 72 hours after birth and in nine controls receiving approximately 50 cc. water/kg. daily. In seven other infants, 2.5 to 10% glucose was added to the water intake of the first three days. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The amounts of electrolytes and nitrogen excreted in the urine were unaffected by water intake. Thus, infants of 36 weeks or more in gestational age excreted averages of about 0.3 mEq. of Na, 0.45 mEq. of K, 0.35 mEq. of Cl and 80 mg. N/kg. daily during three days after birth, whether or not water was provided. The average weight loss of 13% in three days without water intake as against 8% when water was given indicates the greater loss of body water necessitated if fluid is withheld. 2. Five infants of less than 35 weeks' gestational age excreted amounts of electrolytes 2 to 3 times larger (and somewhat larger amounts of nitrogen) per kg. of body weight than did the more mature infants. Again, the excretions were uninfluenced by water intake. The weight losses of these more premature infants were increased by omission of water intake to about the same degree as in the less premature or full-term ones similarly restricted. 3. In infants of all gestational ages studied, omission of water produced a rather uniform increase in urine concentration; the highest osmolarity of 680 mOsm./l. on the third day was in the urine of a premature infant. Concentrations of Na and Cl in the serum, and of B.U.N. rose in all infants not receiving water, again without regard to maturity. 4. The measurements obtained from infants were compared on the basis of surface area with values which have been established for adults. On this comparison, daily losses of body weight, and thus of body water, were approximately similar for infants and adults during fasting with and without water intake, but outputs of electrolytes by the infants were relatively reduced. 5. The provision of water and glucose to infants, either on the fourth day following birth, or instead of water alone during the first three days, resulted in conservation of body water, but no sodium- or nitrogen-sparing was demonstrated. While possible explanations of these various results are considered above, it seems reasonable to draw a few broad and clinically applicable conclusions here. The composition of the infant at birth affords no protection against the chemical consequences of water deprivation. Age-conditioned limitations in concentration of urine result in inefficient conservation of body water and, therefore, in the occurrence of hemoconcentration before it would take place in the adult. Although thus unable to maintain homeostasis, the clinically satisfactory status of the infants studied and their prompt return to normal serum concentrations after one subsequent day of water and glucose administration suggests their tolerance of three days without water intake. When fluid is given during the immediate postnatal period, the results of this study suggest that body water will be conserved if the fluid be glucose solution rather than plain water.

Validation of the doubly labelled water technique for bumblebees Bombus terrestris (L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Wolf ◽  
C Ellington ◽  
S Davis ◽  
M Feltham
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fractionation Factors

The doubly labelled water (DLW) technique was validated for the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.) using respirometry (RESP) from tethered roundabout flights. We injected small volumes (1 µl) of a mixture containing low concentrations of deuterium and 18O and withdrew 1-2 µl of haemolymph to determine initial 18O concentration. The injected isotopes were equilibrated with the body water pool after 10 min, and high material turnover allowed the analysis of final blood isotope concentrations after 5-7 h. On average (n=16), values measured using the DLW technique exceeded values measured using RESP by 3.1±9.9 %, a difference that was not statistically significant at the 99 % confidence level. The absolute error was 7.4±7.1 % (mean ± s.d.). Isotope dilution spaces of both deuterium and 18O were almost identical with the body water pool. We corrected for isotope fractionation, using a slightly higher value than usual for one of the fractionation factors. The single most important variable to influence DLW results, which could not be measured with the desired accuracy, was the volume of the final body water pool N. An overestimate of final N possibly resulted in the DLW overestimate.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop ◽  
William M. Nicholson ◽  
Margaret Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Meat Diet ◽  
Diuretic Agents ◽  
Active Renal Excretion

1. The withdrawal of maintenance injections of the cortical hormone from the suprarenalectomized dog during balance experiments, in which a constant meat diet is given, with constant fluid and salt intake, is followed by increased urinary loss of sodium and chloride, and by retention of potassium and nitrogen. 2. Where the water intake is low, a definite diuresis usually accompanies this excretion of sodium and chloride, but where fluids are forced, no diuresis may be observed. 3. The reinjection of the cortical hormone in suprarenal insufficiency causes an active renal excretion of potassium which is greatly in excess of the probable extra accumulation of this component in the extracellular fluids during the period when insufficiency is developing. This potassium excretion is surmised to be sufficient to account for such an accumulation, if diffusible potassium is present in like concentration equally throughout all of the body water, intracellular as well as extracellular. The excretion of potassium is accompanied by a. corresponding excretion of phosphate and of nitrogen. 4. The excretion of electrolytes which is associated with withdrawal and with subsequent reinjection of suprarenal cortical hormone differs from the effects produced with various diuretic agents regarding which data are available. The effects produced by injection of the cortical hormone during suprarenal insufficiency, however, do resemble those produced with pituitrin, particularly in the greatly increased excretion of potassium relative to sodium, and in the coincidental dilution of the circulating blood. They suggest the possibility that the two similar effects may be ascribable to a common cause.

scholarly journals Influence of Water Intake and Balance on Body Composition in Healthy Young Adults from Spain.

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
García ◽  
Moráis-Moreno ◽  
Samaniego-Vaesken ◽  
Partearroyo ◽  
Varela-Moreiras
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Body Water ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hydration Status

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has become an epidemic public health problem worldwide. In the last years, several investigations have suggested that water intake and retention could have important implications for both weight management and body composition. However, there is a lack of information about this issue globally, and mainly specifically in Spain. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the association between hydration status and body composition in a sample of healthy Spanish adults. The study involved 358 subjects, aged 18–39 years. The recently validated “hydration status questionnaire” was used to assess their water intake, elimination, and balance. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to the recommendations of the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (ISAK). Body composition variables were acquired by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Differences in anthropometric and body composition variables were assessed through the ANOVA test and considered significant at p < 0.05. Fluid intake was correlated with body water content. Inverse associations between water consumption, normalized by weight, with body weight, body fat mass, and waist circumference were found. Moreover, according to water balance, significant differences in body water content in females were observed. In conclusion, higher fluid intake seems to be related with a healthier body composition. Therefore, the improvement of water intake and water balance could be useful for overweight and obesity prevention, although further studies are needed to confirm the present findings.

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