scholarly journals Compatibility Evaluation and Anatomical Observation of Melon Grafted Onto Eight Cucurbitaceae Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Xiong ◽  
Changjin Liu ◽  
Liping Guo ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Xiangshuai Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bottle Gourd ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Graft Incompatibility ◽  
Wax Gourd

Melon (Cucumis melo) is one of the top 10 fruits in the world, and its production often suffers due to soil-borne diseases. Grafting is an effective way to solve this problem. However, graft incompatibility between scion and rootstock limits the application of melon grafting. In this study, the melon was grafted onto eight Cucurbitaceae species (cucumber, pumpkin, melon, luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon), and graft compatibility evaluation and anatomical observation were conducted. Taking melon homo-grafted plants as control, melon grafted onto cucumber and pumpkin rootstocks was compatible, while melon grafted onto luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon rootstocks was incompatible based on the scion dry weight on day 42 after grafting. Meanwhile, we found that starch–iodine staining of scion stem base is an index to predict graft compatibility earlier, on day 14 after grafting. Further, microsection observations showed that there was more cell proliferation at graft junction of melon hetero-grafted combinations; vascular reconnection occurred in all graft combinations. However, excess callose deposited at graft junction resulted in the blockage of photosynthate transport, thus, leading to starch accumulation in scion stem base, and finally graft incompatibility. In addition, undegraded necrotic layer fragments were observed at graft junctions of melon grafted onto incompatible bitter gourd and watermelon rootstocks. The above results provide clues for the selection and breeding of compatible Cucurbitaceae rootstocks of melon and demonstrate that starch accumulation in scion base and callose deposition at graft junction is associated with melon graft compatibility.

Acetyl salicylic acid alleviates chilling-induced damage in muskmelon seedlings

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Korkmaz ◽  
Murat Uzunlu ◽  
Ali Riza Demirkiran
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acetyl Salicylic Acid ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference

Salicylic acid (SA) is a common plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to test whether acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) application at various concentrations through seed immersion or foliar spray would protect muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] seedlings subjected to chilling stress. Twenty-one-day-old plants pre-treated with ASA (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50 or 1.0 mM) were subjected to chilling stress for 72 h at 3 ± 0.5°C. ASA, applied either through seed immersion or foliar spray, was effective within the range of 0.1 to 1 mM in inducing tolerance to chilling stress in muskmelon seedlings; however, there was no significant difference between application methods. ASA significantly and curvilinearly affected all seedling growth and stress indicator variables tested except shoot dry weight. The best protection was obtained from seedlings pre-treated with 0.5 mM ASA. The highest ASA concentration used was slightly less effective in providing chilling stress protection. Even though both methods provided similar means of protection, due to its simplicity and practicality, immersion of muskmelon seeds prior to sowing in 0.5 mM ASA would be a more desirable method to induce tolerance to chilling stress. Key words: Cucumis melo, aspirin, chilling stress tolerance, gas exchange, electrolyte leakage

Effects of Rootstock Source on the Size, Cone Production, and Compatibility of Douglas-Fir Grafts

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Ingemar Karlsson ◽  
Jack H. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Graft Incompatibility

Abstract Scions of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were grafted on rootstock from coastal, northern interior and southern interior origin. Data on ramet size, cone production, and graft compatibility were collected. Twelve years after grafting significant differences for most crown and stem traits were found among the rootstock sources, with coastal rootstock resulting in the fastest scion growth. Northern interior rootstock sources produced larger grafts than southern interior rootstock. Significant graft union appearance and cone production differences were not detected, but coastal sources consistently had higher graft compatibility and healthier unions. It is concluded that, for coastal Douglas-fir, the use of a vigorous coastal rootstock source that promotes fast growth in the scion, and has high graft compatibility potential, is the most desirable for coastal locations. This will result in fewer losses due to graft incompatibility, faster crown development, more options for crown management and increased cone production potential. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):73-77.

Heat Stress During Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Carbohydrate Storage and Metabolism

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Singletary ◽  
R Banisadr ◽  
PL Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Maize Kernels

Heat stress during maize seed development can interfere with endosperm starch biosynthesis and reduce seed size, an important component of yield. Our objectives were to evaluate the direct influence of temperature during grain filling on kernel growth, carbohydrate accumulation, and corresponding endosperm metabolism. Kernels of maize were grown in vitro at 25�C until 15 or 16 days after pollination and then subjected to various temperatures for the remainder of their development. Mature kernel dry weight declined 45% in a linear fashion between 22 and 36�C. The rate of starch accumulation reached a maximum at approximately 32�C, and when measured at frequent intervals, declined only slightly with further temperature increase to 35�C. Reduced seed size resulted from an abbreviated duration of starch-related metabolism, which did not appear to be limited by endogenous sugars. Instead, a survey of 12 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism indicated that ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase were unique in displaying developmental peaks of activity which were compressed both in amount and time, similar to the effect of temperature on starch accumulation. We conclude that decreased starch synthesis in heat-stressed maize kernels results from a premature decline in the activity of these enzymes.

Gene expression during maize kernel development

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Doehlert ◽  
Leslie J. Smith ◽  
Edwin R. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Storage Product ◽  
Product Accumulation

AbstractRelationships have been investigated between gene transcript abundance, enzyme activities and storage product accumulation in developing maize (Zea maysL.) kernels from 10 to 55 days postpollination (DPP). At the early stages of kernel development, there was very little increase in dry weight but kernels accumulated high concentrations of sugars and amino acids. At the end of this ‘lag’ phase (at 15 DPP), many transcripts appeared with little evidence of their translation. The initiation of the kernel-fill period at 20 DPP was characterized by a sudden rise in total RNA, increases in enzyme activities, and the initiation of storage product accumulation. Zein accumulation during this phase was highly correlated with α-zein transcript abundance. Starch accumulation was correlated with both the activity of ADP-GIc pyrophosphorylase and the abundance of gene transcripts encoding this enzyme (Shrunken-2andBrittle-2). DNA content of kernels increased linearly up to 30 DPP as a result of endoreplication, but had no apparent relationship to gene expression. DNA may accumulate as a storage product. Kernel-fill terminated when the moisture content fell below 36% and was marked by a decline of transcripts and a reduction of enzyme activities.

scholarly journals Modification of Petunia Seedling Carbohydrate Partitioning by Irradiance

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-480
Author(s):  
David F. Graper ◽  
Will Healy
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Acid Invertase ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Relative Growth

Petunia × hybrida Villm. `Red Flash' plants received either 10 or 20 mol·day-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in growth chambers at: 175 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 16 hours, 350 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 8 or 16 hours, or 350 μmol·m-2 s-1 for 8 hours plus 8 hours of incandescent photoperiod extension (5 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF). The irradiation components of peak, total, and duration were examined. Doubling total PPF increased total carbohydrate (CHO) production by 60%, seedling dry weight (DW) by 30%, rate of seedling growth by 25%, and acid invertase activity by 50% compared to the other treatments, once the seedlings had reached the two-leaf stage. Seedlings receiving 20 mol·day-1 PPF partitioned 14% more CHO into ethanol soluble sugars rather than starch, which may explain the increase in relative growth rate observed with supplemental irradiance treatments. Extending the photoperiod for 8 hours with 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF reduced total CHO production by 50% compared to the same treatment without photoperiodic lighting. Treatment with 350 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 8 hours resulted in the highest O2 evolution (8.8 μmol O2/min per dm2). Increasing the photoperiod from 8 to 16 hours gave the lowest rate of O2 evolution (4.5 μmol O2/min per dm2). Previous reports of the importance of photosynthetic period in controlling partitioning between starch and sugars may have simply observed a decreasing rate of starch accumulation due to increased total PPF.

scholarly journals Role of Host and Temperature on the Feeding and Oviposition Behaviour of Red Pumpkin Beetle Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas)

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
MM Kamal ◽  
MM Uddin ◽  
M Shajahan ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Bottle Gourd ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Aulacophora Foveicollis

The research was carried out in the field and laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during December, 2011 to October, 2012 on the effect of host and temperature on oviposition and food consumption of red pumpkin beetle (RPB), Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas). Three cucurbitaceous vegetables viz. sweet gourd (BARI Misti Kumra-1, BARI Misti Kumra-2 and Local Misti Kumra), bitter gourd (BARI Karola-1, Taj Karola-88 and Local Karola) and bottle gourd (BARI Lau-3, BARI Lau -4 and Local Lau) were selected to conduct this research. Host plants had the clear role on the feeding of red pumpkin beetle. Due to feeding of A. foveicollis, the highest percentage of weight loss of leaf was recorded from sweet gourd among the selected cucurbits while Local Misti Kumra was found the most preferred host by beetle considering their feeding efficacy compared to other varieties. Results also showed that temperature had a profound effect on the oviposition and food consumption by A. foveicollis while 30oC was the optimum temperature both for oviposition and food consumption for all selected cucurbits and their varieties.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19099 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 53 - 60, 2013

scholarly journals Accumulation of Chiro-inositol and Other Non-structural Carbohydrates in Limonium Species in Response to Saline Irrigation Waters

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Catherine Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
Irrigation Waters

Two statice cultivars, Limonium perezii cv. Blue Seas and L. sinuatum cv. American Beauty, were grown in greenhouse sand tanks to determine the effect of salt stress on carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning. For the first experiment, irrigation waters were prepared to simulate typical saline-sodic drainage effluent in the San Joaquin Valley of California with electrical conductivities of 2.5, 7, 11, 15, 20, 25, and 30 dS·m−1. A second experiment compared responses to two types of irrigation waters with salinity levels of 2.5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20 dS·m−1: 1) San Joaquin Valley drainage waters, and 2) solutions mimicking concentrations of Colorado River water, a major irrigation water source for southern California. In addition to the presence of myo-inositol and three common sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), chiro-inositol was for the first time isolated and identified in leaf and root tissues of both Limonium species. As salinity increased from 2.5 to 30 dS·m−1, leaf chiro-inositol concentration increased from 6.4 to 52.8 and from 2.6 to 72.9 μmol·g−1 dry weight for L. perezii and L. sinuatum, respectively, suggesting that chiro-inositol contributes substantially to osmotic adjustment in the stressed plants. Meanwhile, leaf myo-inositol concentration remained low in both species and showed little response to salinity. Before salt stress, the seedlings contained little chiro-inositol, indicating that salt enhanced chiro-inositol synthesis per unit of biomass formation. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) increasing trends for fructose and glucose and a decreasing trend for sucrose with increasing salinity were observed in the leaves of L. perezii but not L. sinuatum. As a result, the leaves of L. perezii had higher glucose and fructose but lower sucrose levels than that of L. sinuatum. However, no significant (P > 0.05) salt effect was found on the sum of the three common sugar concentrations in either species. Therefore, the accumulation of chiro-inositol resulted in a change in carbon partitioning among the soluble carbohydrates (i.e., the ratio of leaf chiro-inositol over a sum of the three common sugars rose from 0.034 to 0.29 dS·m−1 and from 0.012 to 0.32 dS·m−1 for L. perezii and L. sinuatum, respectively, as salinity increased from 2.5 to 30 dS·m−1). Salt stress did not affect starch accumulation and caused no carbon reserve deficiency. Furthermore, it was observed that salinity increased chiro-inositol phloem transport. The chiro-inositol response might be a physiological process for Limonium salt adaptation. The types of saline irrigation waters (i.e., sodium sulfate-dominated waters vs. a sodium chloride system) appear to have little effect on carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning in L. perezii.

scholarly journals Graft Compatibility in Woody Plants: An Expanded Perspective

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Santamour
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Graft Incompatibility ◽  
Graft Success ◽  
Landscape Trees

Four thousand years of practice and research in grafting woody plants have not provided significant answers to questions about the causes of graft incompatibility nor allowed valid predictions to be made regarding potential incompatibilities between individual plants of most species of landscape trees. In this paper, the author briefly reviews some of the more recent research findings dealing with graft success and failure and discusses three areas of research that have heretofore not been adequately studied. These are (a) wound compartmentalization, (b) girdling, and (c) lignification.

scholarly journals Changes in dry weight and starch content in potato under the effect of herbicides and biostimulants  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Zarzecka ◽  
Marek Gugała ◽  
Iwona Mystkowska ◽  
Anna Sikorska
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Ecklonia Maxima ◽  
Two Factors

The aim of the study was to determine the interaction of herbicides and herbicides with biostimulants on the accumulation of dry matter and starch in potato tubers. In a three-year field experiment based on the method of randomised sub-blocks, two factors were taken into account. The first factor were potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata. The second factor were five methods of herbicides and biostimulants application: (1) the control object without chemical protection (CO); (2) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) (H); (3) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) and biostimulant Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak SL) – (H + K); (4) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) – (S); (5) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) and biostimulant sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol (Asahi SL) – (S + A). The cultivars and weather conditions significantly affected the content and yields of dry matter and starch. The herbicides and biostimulants used determined the starch accumulation as well as dry matter and starch yields. Most starch in tubers (more by 3.7 g/kg) and the highest dry matter and starch yields (more by 2.87 and 1.79 t/ha, respectively), compared to the control object, were obtained after the application of the herbicide Sencor 70 WG and biostimulant Asahi SL.  

scholarly journals A New Grafting Method for Watermelon to Inhibit Rootstock Re-Growth and Enhance Scion Growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjing Liu ◽  
Weiguo Lin ◽  
Chongran Feng ◽  
Xiangshuai Wu ◽  
Xiaohu Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bottle Gourd ◽  
New Method ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Time Required

Grafting is an effective way to increase plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stressors, it is widely used in watermelon production. However, grafting is labor intensive due to the additional time is required, such as the management of rootstock regrowth. This study used a new grafting tool to destroy (remove) the epidermis of pumpkin and bottle gourd rootstock cotyledon base during grafting, we called this a new grafting method. Compared with the traditional grafting (100%), the new grafting method had significantly lower rate of rootstock regrowth (2-23%), higher watermelon scion dry weight and leaf area. In addition, the time used for the new hole insertion and one cotyledon grafting method to destroy (remove) the epidermis of rootstock cotyledon base (4.2 s/plant, 4.2 s/plant) is significantly shorter than the time required to remove the rootstock regrowth manually in the traditional grafting (9.3 s/plant, 8.8 s/plant). Thus, this study developed a new grafting method for watermelon to inhibit rootstock regrowth and enhance scion growth, and this new method is cost-effective for grafted watermelon seedlings.

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