scholarly journals Ionomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Different Response Mechanisms to Saline–Alkali Stress Between Suaeda salsa Community and Puccinellia tenuiflora Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Yan Jin ◽  
Zhonghua Zhang ◽  
Meng Cao ◽  
Guanyun Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Suaeda Salsa ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Puccinellia Tenuiflora ◽  
High K ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Salt Overly Sensitive

Soil salinization imposes severe stress to plants, inhibits plant growth, and severely limits agricultural productivity and land utilization. The response of a single plant to saline-alkali stress has been well investigated. However, the plant community that usually works as a group to defend against saline–alkali stress was neglected. To determine the functions of plant community, in our current work, Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) community and Puccinellia tenuiflora (P. tenuiflora) community, two communities that are widely distributed in Hulun Buir Grassland in Northeastern China, were selected as research objects. Ionomic and metabolomic were applied to compare the differences between S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community from the aspects of ion transport and phenolic compound accumulation, respectively. Ionomic studies demonstrated that many macroelements, including potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), were highly accumulated in S. salsa community whereas microelement manganese (Mn) was highly accumulated in P. tenuiflora community. In S. salsa community, transportation of K to aboveground parts of plants helps to maintain high K+ and low Na+ concentrations whereas the accumulation of Ca triggers the salt overly sensitive (SOS)-Na+ system to efflux Na+. In P. tenuiflora community, enrichment of Mn in roots elevates the level of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increases the resistance to saline–alkali stress. Metabolomic studies revealed the high levels of C6C1-compounds and C6C3C6-compounds in S. salsa community and also the high levels of C6C3-compounds in P. tenuiflora community. C6C1-compounds function as signaling molecules to defend against stress and may stimulate the accumulation of C6C3C6-compounds. C6C3-compounds contribute to the elimination of free radicals and the maintenance of cell morphology. Collectively, our findings determine the abundance of phenolic compounds and various elements in S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community in Hulun Buir Grassland and we explored different responses of S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community to cope with saline–alkali stress. Understanding of plant response strategies from the perspective of community teamwork may provide a feasible and novel way to transform salinization land.

scholarly journals Metabolic Differences Between Suaeda Salsa and Puccinellia Tenuiflora Under Saline-alkali Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Huansong Xie ◽  
Guanyun Wei ◽  
Xiaorui Guo ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Suaeda Salsa ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Habitat Transformation ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Puccinellia Tenuiflora

Abstract Background: Salinization of soil is an urgent problem that restricts agroforestry production and environment protection. Substantial accumulation of metal ion or high alkaline alters plant metabolites and may even cause plant death. In order to explore the differences in the response strategies between Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) and Puccinellia tenuiflora (P. tenuiflora), two main constructive species that survive in saline-alkali soil, their metabolic differences were characterized.Result: Metabolomics was conducted to study the role of metabolic differences between S. salsa and P. tenuiflora under saline-alkali stress. A total of 68 significantly different metabolites were identified by GC-MS, including 9 sugars, 13 amino acids, 8 alcohols, and 34 acids. A more detailed analysis indicated that P. tenuiflora utilizes sugars more effectively and may be salt-alkali tolerant via sugar consumption while S. salsa mainly utilizes amino acids, alcohols, and acids to resist salt-alkali stress. Measurement of phenolic compounds showed that more C6C3C6-compounds were accumulated in P. tenuiflora while more C6C1-compounds, phenolic compounds that can be used to defense stress as signaling molecules, were accumulated in S. salsa.Conclusion: Our observations suggest that S. salsa resists the toxicity of saline-alkali stress using aboveground organs and P. tenuiflora eliminates the poison of saline-alkali via roots. S. salsa has a stronger ability of habitat transformation and can provide better habitat for other plants.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Betula halophila in Response to Salt Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenjuan Shao ◽  
Lisha Zhang ◽  
Iain Wilson ◽  
Deyou Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
High Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salt Overly Sensitive

Soil salinization is a matter of concern worldwide. It can eventually lead to the desertification of land and severely damage local agricultural production and the ecological environment. Betula halophila is a tree with high salt tolerance, so it is of importance to understand and discover the salt responsive genes of B. halophila for breeding salinity resistant varieties of trees. However, there is no report on the transcriptome in response to salt stress in B. halophila. Using Illumina sequencing platform, approximately 460 M raw reads were generated and assembled into 117,091 unigenes. Among these unigenes, 64,551 unigenes (55.12%) were annotated with gene descriptions, while the other 44.88% were unknown. 168 up-regulated genes and 351 down-regulated genes were identified, respectively. These Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) involved in multiple pathways including the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway, ion transport and uptake, antioxidant enzyme, ABA signal pathway and so on. The gene ontology (GO) enrichments suggested that the DEGs were mainly involved in a plant-type cell wall organization biological process, cell wall cellular component, and structural constituent of cell wall molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment showed that the top-four enriched pathways were ‘Fatty acid elongation’, ‘Ribosome’, ‘Sphingolipid metabolism’ and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’. The expression patterns of sixteen DEGs were analyzed by qRT-PCR to verify the RNA-seq data. Among them, the transcription factor AT-Hook Motif Nuclear Localized gene and dehydrins might play an important role in response to salt stress in B. halophila. Our results provide an important gene resource to breed salt tolerant plants and useful information for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in B. halophila.

scholarly journals Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Jerusalem Artichoke Seedlings to Mixed Salt-Alkali Stress Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai SHAO ◽  
Mingming QI ◽  
Shuang TAO ◽  
Jixiang LIN ◽  
Yingnan WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Mixed Salt ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Alkaline Conditions

Soil salinization and alkalization frequently co-occur in the grassland, but little information exists concerning the mixed effects of salt-alkaline stress on plant. Jerusalem artichoke is an economically and ecologically important energy crop and also considered as a salt-tolerant species. In this study, we investigated the effects of 12 mixed salt-alkaline conditions on the seedling growth and responses of Jerusalem artichoke to such conditions. The results showed that the seedling growth decreased with the increasing salinity and pH, and the destructive effects were more markedly under the interactions of highest salinity and pH. The Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations were all increased with the increasing salinity and pH, but the K+ kept stable. The Cl- concentration increased when the treatment without alkali salts, and the NO3– and H2PO4- concentrations were decreased with the increasing salinity. Jerusalem artichoke seedlings enhanced organic acids and proline to supply the shortage of inorganic anions and cope with osmotic stress from the high Na+ concentration. Above results show that the toxicity effects of the interactions of salt stress and alkali stress on plant is much greater than that only salt or alkali stress. A better understanding of the seedlings of Jerusalem artichoke under mixed salt-alkali stress conditions should facilitate the effective utilization of this species under such complex environment in Northeast China.

Water and Salt Regulation Mode of Soil Salinization Based on Change of Land Utilization

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2551-2555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Biao Gu ◽  
Li Juan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Combined Control ◽  
Movement Tendency

Soil Salinization poses a potential threat to human health, socio-economic development, national food security, local ecological environment, and also leads to substantial risks. Therefore, non-engineering and engineering control measures are required to reduce the risks and hazard levels. To achieve the goal, the nature of factors, which affect the salinity formation whether it can be regulated or not, had been first made a thorough analysis. Then the combined control mode which was water and salt regulation management simulation model of soil salinization based on change of land utilization had been put into pratice in Songyuan irrigated district. The specific process is as follows: under the premise of land utilization re-adjustment, three-dimensional hydrogeological numerical model was used as a tool to evaluate the distribution ratio of surface water and groundwater, taking the water table changes as clues to achieve the goal that verifies the mode of soil salinization in Songyuan irrigated district, and can forecast the water and salt movement tendency. On the other hand, from the perspective of critical groundwater depth of soil salinization to analyze its variation trend, different management measures were suggested. The research results showed that the mode of regulation can effectively head off the deterioration of salinization, and taking environmental and economic benefits into account, it can also provide basis for scientific amelioration and field management for saline soil.

scholarly journals Appraisal of Salt Tolerance under Greenhouse Conditions of a Cucurbitaceae Genetic Repository of Potential Rootstocks and Scions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Carlo Modarelli ◽  
Youssef Rouphael ◽  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Gölgen Bahar Öztekin ◽  
Yüksel Tüzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Bottle Gourd ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
Resistant Rootstock ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

Soil salinization due to climate change and intensive use of water and soil is increasing exponentially. Cucurbitaceae species are cultivated worldwide and the identification of salinity tolerant genotypes to be used as rootstock or scion for securing yield stability in salt affected agricultural areas is a research priority. In the present greenhouse study, we assessed the response to salinity (0 mM a non-salt control and 150 mM NaCl dissolved in the nutrient solution) in the seedlings of 30 genotypes of cucurbits grown in a floating hydroponic system. The species tested included 16 genotypes of Cucumis melo L. (CM1-16), 6 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (CV1-6), 2 interspecific hybrids of Cucurbita maxima Duch. × Cucurbita moschata Duch. (CMM-R1 and 2), 4 bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (LS1-4)), 1 Cucurbita moschata Duch. (CMO51-17), and 1 luffa (Luffa cylindrica Mill. (LC1)) species. Results highlighted different morphological and physiological traits between the species and genotypes and a different response to salt stress. We identified C. maxima × C.moscata interspecific hybrid CMM-R2, melon genotypes CM6, CM7, CM10, and CM16 together with watermelon genotypes CV2 and CV6 and bottle gourd LS4 as salt tolerant genotypes and possible candidates as salt resistant rootstock to be introduced in grafting programs.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of Puccinellia tenuiflora during seed germination under a long-term saline-alkali stress

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Ye ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiuling Cao ◽  
Xuejiao Jin ◽  
Fuqiang Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Puccinellia Tenuiflora

Potential of halophytes in managing soil salinity and mitigating climate change for environmental sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Kathirvel Suganya ◽  
Ramesh Poornima ◽  
Paul Sebastian Selvaraj ◽  
E Parameswari - ◽  
P Kalaiselvi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Utilization

Soil salinization is one of the foremost factors affecting global agricultural productivity. More than half billion hectares of agricultural land are unutilized due to excess saline condition. Hence, there is a great urge in exploring scientific interventions in restoring the saline affected areas and promote high productive and effective land utilization in order to respond to today's global concerns of food security. While a sound drainage system is required as a permanent solution to the soil salinity problem in order to regulate the water table, this option cannot be used in larger area with high energy and cost-intensity.Phytoremediation, a plant – based approach is one of the promising technology in enhanced dissolution of Ca levels along with sodium removal through cultivating suitable halophytes.During the process, the proliferation of roots, aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and nutrient availability increases. These improvement in soil quality enables the growth of less tolerant crops, enhances the overall ecosystem and climatic conditions by increasing carbon sequestration. In this perspective, the chapter focuses on halophytes, its kinds, the effects of salinity on soil physical, chemical, biological health, the influence of halophytes in stress management and on the function of halophytes in carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Alkali Tolerance Mechanism in Puccinellia tenuiflora Plants Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxue Yang ◽  
Wenna Zhao ◽  
Yingnan Wang ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Shouchen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Orthogonal Projections ◽  
Puccinellia Tenuiflora ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Soil alkalization is a major environmental threat that affects plant distribution and yield in northeastern China. Puccinellia tenuiflora is an alkali-tolerant grass species that is used for salt-alkali grassland restoration. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance P. tenuiflora responses to alkali stress. Here, metabolite profiling in P. tenuiflora seedlings with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under alkali stress was conducted using liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The results showed that AMF colonization increased seedling biomass under alkali stress. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated that non-AM and AM seedlings showed different responses under alkali stress. A heat map analysis showed that the levels of 88 metabolites were significantly changed in non-AM seedlings, but those of only 31 metabolites were significantly changed in AM seedlings. Moreover, the levels of a total of 62 metabolites were significantly changed in P. tenuiflora seedlings after AMF inoculation. The results suggested that AMF inoculation significantly increased amino acid, organic acid, flavonoid and sterol contents to improve osmotic adjustment and maintain cell membrane stability under alkali stress. P. tenuiflora seedlings after AMF inoculation produced more plant hormones (salicylic acid and abscisic acid) than the non-AM seedlings, probably to enhance the antioxidant system and facilitate ion balance under stress conditions. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms of P. tenuiflora seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under alkali conditions and clarify the role of AM in the molecular regulation of this species under alkali stress.

scholarly journals Horses for courses: analytical tools to explore planetary boundaries

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1711-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. van Vuuren ◽  
P. L. Lucas ◽  
T. Häyhä ◽  
S. E. Cornell ◽  
M. Stafford-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Boundaries ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Underlying Processes

Abstract. There is a need for further integrated research on developing a set of sustainable development objectives, based on the proposed framework of planetary boundaries indicators. The relevant research questions are divided in this paper into four key categories, related to the underlying processes and selection of key indicators, understanding the impacts of different exposure levels and influence of connections between different types of impacts, a better understanding of different response strategies and the available options to implement changes. Clearly, different categories of scientific disciplines and associated models exist that can contribute to the necessary analysis, noting that the distinctions between them are fuzzy. In the paper, we both indicate how different models relate to the four categories of questions but also how further insights can be obtained by connecting the different disciplines (without necessarily fully integrating them). Research on integration can support planetary boundary quantification in a credible way, linking human drivers and social and biophysical impacts.

scholarly journals Assessing resilience of hospitals to cyberattack

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205520762110593
Author(s):  
Hadi Ghayoomi ◽  
Kathryn Laskey ◽  
Elise Miller-Hooks ◽  
Charles Hooks ◽  
Mersedeh Tariverdi
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Impact

Objective This paper investigates the impact on emergency hospital services from initiation through recovery of a ransomware attack affecting the emergency department, intensive care unit and supporting laboratory services. Recovery strategies of paying ransom to the attackers with follow-on restoration and in-house full system restoration from backup are compared. Methods A multi-unit, patient-based and resource-constrained discrete-event simulation model of a typical U.S. urban tertiary hospital is adapted to model the attack, its impacts, and tested recovery strategies. The model is used to quantify the hospital's resilience to cyberattack. Insights were gleaned from systematically designed numerical experiments. Results While paying the ransom was found to result in some short-term gains assuming the perpetrators actually provide the decryption key as promised, in the longer term, the results of this study suggest that paying the ransom does not pay off. Rather, paying the ransom, when considered at the end of the event when services are fully restored, precluded significantly more patients from receiving critically needed care. Also noted was a lag in recovery for the intensive care unit as compared with the emergency department. Such a lag must be considered in preparedness plans. Conclusion Vulnerability to cyberattacks is a major challenge to the healthcare system. This paper provides a methodology for assessing the resilience of a hospital to cyberattacks and analyzing the effects of different response strategies. The model showed that paying the ransom resulted in short-term gains but did not pay off in the longer term.

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